Dilated cardiomyopathy

The Lancet

Volumn 375, Issue 9716, 2010, Pages 752-762

  Jefferies, John Lynn ^a   Towbin, Jeffrey A ^b  

^a BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b CINCINNATI CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK; CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS; CARDIOTOXICITY; CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION; CONGESTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HEART VENTRICLE ARRHYTHMIA; HUMAN; MYOCARDITIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SUDDEN DEATH; SYNCOPE;

EID: 77249109399     PISSN: 01406736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62023-7     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Elliott P., Andersson B., Arbustini E., et al. Classification of the cardiomyopathies: a position statement from the European Society Of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J 29 (2008) 270-276
2. Maron B.J., Towbin J.A., Thiene G., et al. Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 113 (2006) 1807-1816
3. Richardson P., McKenna W., Bristow M., et al. Report of the 1995 World Health Organization/International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the Definition and Classification of cardiomyopathies. Circulation 93 (1996) 841-842
4. Towbin J.A., Lowe A.M., Colan S.D., et al. Incidence, causes, and outcomes of dilated cardiomyopathy in children. JAMA 296 (2006) 1867-1876
5. Taylor M.R., Carniel E., and Mestroni L. Cardiomyopathy, familial dilated. Orphanet J Rare Dis 1 (2006) 27
6. Rosamond W., Flegal K., Furie K., et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2008 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 117 (2008) e25-e146
7. Braunwald E. Biomarkers in heart failure. N Engl J Med 358 (2008) 2148-2159
8. Omland T., Sabatine M.S., Jablonski K.A., et al. Prognostic value of B-Type natriuretic peptides in patients with stable coronary artery disease: the PEACE Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 50 (2007) 205-214
9. Sugiura T., Takase H., Toriyama T., Goto T., Ueda R., and Dohi Y. Circulating levels of myocardial proteins predict future deterioration of congestive heart failure. J Card Fail 11 (2005) 504-509
10. Maisel A.S., Krishnaswamy P., Nowak R.M., et al. Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure. N Engl J Med 347 (2002) 16167
11. Price J.F., Thomas A.K., Grenier M., et al. B-type natriuretic peptide predicts adverse cardiovascular events in pediatric outpatients with chronic left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Circulation 114 (2006) 1063-1069
12. Cooper L.T., Baughman K.L., Feldman A.M., et al. The role of endomyocardial biopsy in the management of cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology. Endorsed by the Heart Failure Society of America and the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 50 (2007) 1914-1931
13. Frustaci A., Chimenti C., Calabrese F., Pieroni M., Thiene G., and Maseri A. Immunosuppressive therapy for active lymphocytic myocarditis: virological and immunologic profile of responders versus nonresponders. Circulation 107 (2003) 857-863
14. Wojnicz R., Nowalany-Kozielska E., Wojciechowska C., et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled study for immunosuppressive treatment of inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy: two-year follow-up results. Circulation 104 (2001) 39-45
15. Cooper Jr. L.T., Hare J.M., Tazelaar H.D., et al. Usefulness of immunosuppression for giant cell myocarditis. Am J Cardiol 102 (2008) 1535-1539
16. Dennert R., Crijns H.J., and Heymans S. Acute viral myocarditis. Eur Heart J 29 (2008) 2073-2082
17. Mobini R., Staudt A., Felix S.B., et al. Hemodynamic improvement and removal of autoantibodies against beta1-adrenergic receptor by immunoadsorption therapy in dilated cardiomyopathy. J Autoimmun 20 (2003) 345-350
18. Bowles N.E., Ni J., Kearney D.L., et al. Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults. J Am Coll Cardiol 42 (2003) 466-472
19. Michels V.V., Moll P.P., Miller F.A., et al. The frequency of familial dilated cardiomyopathy in a series of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 326 (1992) 77-82
20. Towbin J.A., and Bowles N.E. The failing heart. Nature 415 (2002) 227-233
21. Hershberger R.E., Lindenfeld J., Mestroni L., Seidman C.E., Taylor M.R., and Towbin J.A. Genetic evaluation of cardiomyopathy-a Heart Failure Society of America practice guideline. J Card Fail 15 (2009) 83-97
22. Towbin J.A., and Bowles N.E. Dilated cardiomyopathy: a tale of cytoskeletal proteins and beyond. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 17 (2006) 919-926
23. Bowles N.E., Bowles K.R., and Towbin J.A. The "final common pathway" hypothesis and inherited cardiovascular disease. The role of cytoskeletal proteins in dilated cardiomyopathy. Herz 25 (2000) 168-175
24. Towbin J.A. The role of cytoskeletal proteins in cardiomyopathies. Curr Opin Cell Biol 10 (1998) 131-139
25. Feng J., Yan J., Buzin C.H., Towbin J.A., and Sommer S.S. Mutations in the dystrophin gene are associated with sporadic dilated cardiomyopathy. Mol Genet Metab 77 (2002) 119-126
26. Cox G.F., and Kunkel L.M. Dystrophies and heart disease. Curr Opin Cardiol 12 (1997) 329-343
27. Taylor M.R., Slavov D., Ku L., et al. Prevalence of desmin mutations in dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 115 (2007) 1244-1251
28. van Tintelen J.P., Hofstra R.M., Katerberg H., et al. High yield of LMNA mutations in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and/or conduction disease referred to cardiogenetics outpatient clinics. Am Heart J 154 (2007) 1130-1139
29. Tsubata S., Bowles K.R., Vatta M., et al. Mutations in the human delta-sarcoglycan gene in familial and sporadic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Clin Invest 106 (2000) 655-662
30. Barresi R., Di Blasi C., Negri T., et al. Disruption of heart sarcoglycan complex and severe cardiomyopathy caused by beta sarcoglycan mutations. J Med Genet 37 (2000) 102-107
31. Olson T.M., Illenberger S., Kishimoto N.Y., Huttelmaier S., Keating M.T., and Jockusch B.M. Metavinculin mutations alter actin interaction in dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 105 (2002) 431-437
32. Baryshnikova O.K., Robertson I.M., Mercier P., and Sykes B.D. The dilated cardiomyopathy G159D mutation in cardiac troponin C weakens the anchoring interaction with troponin I. Biochemistry 47 (2008) 10950-10960
33. Chang A.N., and Potter J.D. Sarcomeric protein mutations in dilated cardiomyopathy. Heart Fail Rev 10 (2005) 225-235
34. Kamisago M., Sharma S.D., DePalma S.R., et al. Mutations in sarcomere protein genes as a cause of dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 343 (2000) 1688-1696
35. Karkkainen S., and Peuhkurinen K. Genetics of dilated cardiomyopathy. Ann Med 39 (2007) 91-107
36. Pyle W.G., and Solaro R.J. At the crossroads of myocardial signaling: the role of Z-discs in intracellular signaling and cardiac function. Circ Res 94 (2004) 296-305
37. Vatta M., Mohapatra B., Jimenez S., et al. Mutations in Cypher/ZASP in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and left ventricular non-compaction. J Am Coll Cardiol 42 (2003) 2014-2027
38. Mohapatra B., Jimenez S., Lin J.H., et al. Mutations in the muscle LIM protein and alpha-actinin-2 genes in dilated cardiomyopathy and endocardial fibroelastosis. Mol Genet Metab 80 (2003) 207-215
39. Duboscq-Bidot L., Xu P., Charron P., et al. Mutations in the Z-band protein myopalladin gene and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Res 77 (2008) 118-125
40. Moulik M., Vatta M., Witt S.H., et al. ANKRD1, the gene encoding cardiac ankyrin repeat protein, is a novel dilated cardiomyopathy gene. J Am Coll Cardiol 54 (2009) 325-333
41. Hayashi T., Arimura T., Itoh-Satoh M., et al. Tcap gene mutations in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 44 (2004) 2192-2201
42. Schmitt J.P., Kamisago M., Asahi M., et al. Dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure caused by a mutation in phospholamban. Science 299 (2003) 1410-1413
43. Bione S., D'Adamo P., Maestrini E., Gedeon A.K., Bolhuis P.A., and Toniolo D. A novel X-linked gene, G4.5. is responsible for Barth syndrome. Nat Genet 12 (1996) 385-389
44. Olson T.M., Michels V.V., Ballew J.D., et al. Sodium channel mutations and susceptibility to heart failure and atrial fibrillation. JAMA 293 (2005) 447-454
45. Berko B.A., and Swift M. X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 316 (1987) 1186-1191
46. Towbin J.A., Hejtmancik J.F., Brink P., et al. X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy. Molecular genetic evidence of linkage to the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (dystrophin) gene at the Xp21 locus. Circulation 87 (1993) 1854-1865
47. Muntoni F., Cau M., Ganau A., et al. Brief report: deletion of the dystrophin muscle-promoter region associated with X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 329 (1993) 921-925
48. McNally E.M., and Pytel P. Muscle diseases: the muscular dystrophies. Annu Rev Pathol 2 (2007) 87-109
49. Barth P.G., Valianpour F., Bowen V.M., et al. X-linked cardioskeletal myopathy and neutropenia (Barth syndrome): an update. Am J Med Genet A 126A (2004) 349-354
50. Houtkooper R.H., and Vaz F.M. Cardiolipin, the heart of mitochondrial metabolism. Cell Mol Life Sci 65 (2008) 2493-2506
51. Towbin J.A. Pediatric myocardial disease. Pediatr Clin North Am 46 (1999) 289-312
52. Spencer C.T., Byrne B.J., Gewitz M.H., et al. Ventricular arrhythmia in the X-linked cardiomyopathy Barth syndrome. Pediatr Cardiol 26 (2005) 632-637
53. Wilde A.A. Channelopathies in children and adults. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 31 suppl 1 (2008) 41-45
54. Lehnart S.E., Ackerman M.J., Benson Jr. D.W., et al. Inherited arrhythmias: a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Office of Rare Diseases workshop consensus report about the diagnosis, phenotyping, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic approaches for primary cardiomyopathies of gene mutations affecting ion channel function. Circulation 116 (2007) 2325-2345
55. Bowles N.E., Bowles K.R., and Towbin J.A. Viral genomic detection and outcome in myocarditis. Heart Fail Clin 1 (2005) 407-417
56. Ellis C.R., and Di Salvo T. Myocarditis: basic and clinical aspects. Cardiol Rev 15 (2007) 170-177
57. Friedrich M.G. Tissue characterization of acute myocardial infarction and myocarditis by cardiac magnetic resonance. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 1 (2008) 652-662
58. Bestetti R.B., and Muccillo G. Clinical course of Chagas' heart disease: a comparison with dilated cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 60 (1997) 187-193
59. Afonso L., Mohammad T., and Thatai D. Crack whips the heart: a review of the cardiovascular toxicity of cocaine. Am J Cardiol 100 (2007) 1040-1043
60. Klatsky A.L. Alcohol and cardiovascular diseases. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 7 (2009) 499-506
61. Laonigro I., Correale M., Di Biase M., and Altomare E. Alcohol abuse and heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 11 (2009) 453-462
62. Wallace K.B. Adriamycin-induced interference with cardiac mitochondrial calcium homeostasis. Cardiovasc Toxicol 7 (2007) 101-107
63. Lebrecht D., and Walker U.A. Role of mtDNA lesions in anthracycline cardiotoxicity. Cardiovasc Toxicol 7 (2007) 108-113
64. Gianni L., Herman E.H., Lipshultz S.E., Minotti G., Sarvazyan N., and Sawyer D.B. Anthracycline cardiotoxicity: from bench to bedside. J Clin Oncol 26 (2008) 3777-3784
65. Hilfiker-Kleiner D., Sliwa K., and Drexler H. Peripartum cardiomyopathy: recent insights in its pathophysiology. Trends Cardiovasc Med 18 (2008) 173-179
66. Arimura T., Hayashi T., and Kimura A. Molecular etiology of idiopathic cardiomyopathy. Acta Myol 26 (2007) 153-158
67. Ahmad F., Seidman J.G., and Seidman C.E. The genetic basis for cardiac remodeling. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 6 (2005) 185-216
68. Robinson P., Griffiths P.J., Watkins H., and Redwood C.S. Dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutations in troponin and alpha-tropomyosin have opposing effects on the calcium affinity of cardiac thin filaments. Circ Res 101 (2007) 1266-1273
69. LeWinter M.M. Functional consequences of sarcomeric protein abnormalities in failing myocardium. Heart Fail Rev 10 (2005) 249-257
70. Haghighi K., Kolokathis F., Pater L., et al. Human phospholamban null results in lethal dilated cardiomyopathy revealing a critical difference between mouse and human. J Clin Invest 111 (2003) 869-876
71. Murphy R.T., Mogensen J., Shaw A., Kubo T., Hughes S., and McKenna W.J. Novel mutation in cardiac troponin I in recessive idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Lancet 363 (2004) 371-372
72. Knoll R., Hoshijima M., Hoffman H.M., Person V., Lorenzen-Schmidt I., Bang M.L., et al. The cardiac mechanical stretch sensor machinery involves a Z disc complex that is defective in a subset of human dilated cardiomyopathy. Cell 111 (2002) 943-955
73. Zolk O., Caroni P., and Bohm M. Decreased expression of the cardiac LIM domain protein MLP in chronic human heart failure. Circulation 101 (2000) 2674-2677
74. Zhou Q., Chu P.H., Huang C., et al. Ablation of Cypher, a PDZ-LIM domain Z-line protein, causes a severe form of congenital myopathy. J Cell Biol 155 (2001) 605-612
75. Granzier H.L., and Labeit S. The giant protein titin: a major player in myocardial mechanics, signaling, and disease. Circ Res 94 (2004) 284-295
76. Gerull B., Gramlich M., Atherton J., et al. Mutations of TTN, encoding the giant muscle filament titin, cause familial dilated cardiomyopathy. Nat Genet 30 (2002) 201-204
77. Arimura T., Bos J.M., Sato, et al. Cardiac ankyrin repeat protein gene (ANKRD1) mutations in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 54 (2009) 334-342
78. Parnaik V.K. Role of nuclear lamins in nuclear organization, cellular signaling, and inherited diseases. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol 266 (2008) 157-206
79. Parks S.B., Kushner J.D., Nauman D., et al. Lamin A/C mutation analysis in a cohort of 324 unrelated patients with idiopathic or familial dilated cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J 156 (2008) 161-169
80. Drory Y., Turetz Y., Hiss Y., et al. Sudden unexpected death in persons less than 40 years of age. Am J Cardiol 68 (1991) 1388-1392
81. MacLellan W.R., and Lusis A.J. Dilated cardiomyopathy: learning to live with yourself. Nat Med 9 (2003) 1455-1456
82. Li H.S., Ligons D.L., and Rose N.R. Genetic complexity of autoimmune myocarditis. Autoimmun Rev 7 (2008) 168-173
83. Li Y., Heuser J.S., Cunningham L.C., Kosanke S.D., and Cunningham M.W. Mimicry and antibody-mediated cell signaling in autoimmune myocarditis. J Immunol 177 (2006) 8234-8240
84. Caforio A.L., Tona F., Bottaro S., et al. Clinical implications of anti-heart autoantibodies in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. Autoimmunity 41 (2008) 35-45
85. Caforio A.L., Mahon N.G., Baig M.K., et al. Prospective familial assessment in dilated cardiomyopathy: cardiac autoantibodies predict disease development in asymptomatic relatives. Circulation 115 (2007) 76-83
86. Huang C.H., Vallejo J.G., Kollias G., and Mann D.L. Role of the innate immune system in acute viral myocarditis. Basic Res Cardiol 104 (2009) 228-237
87. Liu W., Li W.M., Yang S.S., et al. Association of HLA class II DRB1, DPA1 and DPB1 polymorphism with genetic susceptibility to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in Chinese Han nationality. Autoimmunity 39 (2006) 461-467
88. Lozano M.D., Rubocki R.J., Wilson J.E., McManus B.M., and Wisecarver J.L. Human leukocyte antigen class II associations in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Myocarditis Treatment Trial Investigators. J Card Fail 3 (1997) 97-103
89. Rodriguez-Perez J.M., Fragoso J.M., Alvarez-Leon E., et al. MHC class II genes in Mexican patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Exp Mol Pathol 82 (2007) 49-52
90. Taneja V., Behrens M., Cooper L.T., et al. Spontaneous myocarditis mimicking human disease occurs in the presence of an appropriate MHC and non-MHC background in transgenic mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol 42 (2007) 1054-1064
91. Jaakkola K., Jalkanen S., Kaunismaki K., et al. Vascular adhesion protein-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and P-selectin mediate leukocyte binding to ischemic heart in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol 36 (2000) 122-129
92. Wilhelmi M.H., Leyh R.G., Wilhelmi M., and Haverich A. Upregulation of endothelial adhesion molecules in hearts with congestive and ischemic cardiomyopathy: immunohistochemical evaluation of inflammatory endothelial cell activation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 27 (2005) 122-127
93. Pignatelli R.H., McMahon C.J., Dreyer W.J., et al. Clinical characterization of left ventricular noncompaction in children: a relatively common form of cardiomyopathy. Circulation 108 (2003) 2672-2678
94. Pantazis A.A., and Elliott P.M. Left ventricular noncompaction. Curr Opin Cardiol 24 (2009) 209-213
95. Hunt S.A. ACC/AHA 2005 guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). J Am Coll Cardiol 46 (2005) 1-82
96. Hunt S.A., Abraham W.T., Chin M.H., et al. 2009 focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the diagnosis and management of heart failure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 53 (2009) 1-90
97. Bello D., Shah D.J., Farah G.M., et al. Gadolinium cardiovascular magnetic resonance predicts reversible myocardial dysfunction and remodeling in patients with heart failure undergoing beta-blocker therapy. Circulation 108 (2003) 1945-1953
98. Maisel A., Mueller C., Adams Jr. K., et al. State of the art: using natriuretic peptide levels in clinical practice. Eur J Heart Fail 10 (2008) 824-839
99. van Kimmenade R.R., Januzzi Jr. J.L., Bakker J.A., et al. Renal clearance of B-type natriuretic peptide and amino terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide a mechanistic study in hypertensive subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol 53 (2009) 884-890
100. The SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 325 (1991) 293-302
101. Rogers W.J., Johnstone D.E., Yusuf S., Weiner D.H., Gallagher P., Bittner V.A., et al. Quality of life among 5,025 patients with left ventricular dysfunction randomized between placebo and enalapril: the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction. The SOLVD Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 23 (1994) 393-400
102. Packer M., Bristow M.R., Cohn J.N., Colucci W.S., Fowler M.B., Gilbert E.M., et al. The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. N Engl J Med 334 (1996) 1349-1355
103. Hernandez A.F., Hammill B.G., O'Connor C.M., Schulman K.A., Curtis L.H., and Fonarow G.C. Clinical effectiveness of beta-blockers in heart failure: findings from the OPTIMIZE-HF (Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure) Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 53 (2009) 184-192
104. Moss A.J., Zareba W., Hall W.J., et al. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 346 (2002) 877-883
105. Bardy G.H., Lee K.L., Mark D.B., et al. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 352 (2005) 225-237
106. Cleland J.G., Daubert J.C., Erdmann E., et al. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med 352 (2005) 1539-1549
107. Linde C., Leclercq C., Rex S., et al. Long-term benefits of biventricular pacing in congestive heart failure: results from the MUltisite STimulation in cardiomyopathy (MUSTIC) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 40 (2002) 111-118
108. Leclercq C., Walker S., Linde C., et al. Comparative effects of permanent biventricular and right-univentricular pacing in heart failure patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 23 (2002) 1780-1787
109. St John Sutton M.G., Plappert T., Abraham W.T., et al. Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left ventricular size and function in chronic heart failure. Circulation 107 (2003) 1985-1990
110. Mullens W., Grimm R.A., Verga T., et al. Insights from a cardiac resynchronization optimization clinic as part of a heart failure disease management program. J Am Coll Cardiol 53 (2009) 765-773
111. Redmann K., Lunkenheimer P.P., Dietl K.H., Cryer C.W., Batista R.J., and Anderson R.H. Immediate effects of partial left ventriculectomy on left ventricular function. J Card Surg 13 (1998) 453-462
112. Abe T., Fukada J., and Morishita K. The Batista procedure: fact, fiction and its role in the management of heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 6 (2001) 195-199
113. Koyama T., Nishina T., Ono N., et al. Early and mid-term results of left ventricular volume reduction surgery for dilated cardiomyopathy. J Card Surg 20 (2005) 39-42
114. Mann D.L., Acker M.A., Jessup M., Sabbah H.N., Starling R.C., and Kubo S.H. Clinical evaluation of the CorCap Cardiac Support Device in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Ann Thorac Surg 84 (2007) 1226-1235
115. Tulner S.A., Steendijk P., Klautz R.J., et al. Clinical efficacy of surgical heart failure therapy by ventricular restoration and restrictive mitral annuloplasty. J Card Fail 13 (2007) 178-183
116. Siminiak T., Hoppe U.C., Schofer J., et al. Effectiveness and safety of percutaneous coronary sinus-based mitral valve repair in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (from the AMADEUS trial). Am J Cardiol 104 (2009) 565-570
117. Schofer J., Siminiak T., Haude M., et al. Percutaneous mitral annuloplasty for functional mitral regurgitation: results of the CARILLON Mitral Annuloplasty Device European Union Study. Circulation 120 (2009) 326-333
118. Sharma M.S., Webber S.A., Morell V.O., Gandhi S.K., Wearden P.D., Buchanan J.R., et al. Ventricular assist device support in children and adolescents as a bridge to heart transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 82 (2006) 926-932
119. Frazier O.H., Rose E.A., Oz M.C., Dembitsky W., McCarthy P., Radovancevic B., et al. Multicenter clinical evaluation of the HeartMate vented electric left ventricular assist system in patients awaiting heart transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 122 (2001) 1186-1195
120. Rose E.A., Gelijns A.C., Moskowitz A.J., et al. Long-term mechanical left ventricular assistance for end-stage heart failure. N Engl J Med 345 (2001) 1435-1443
121. Vatta M., Stetson S.J., Perez-Verdia A., et al. Molecular remodelling of dystrophin in patients with end-stage cardiomyopathies and reversal in patients on assistance-device therapy. Lancet 359 (2002) 936-941
122. Mason J.W., O'Connell J.B., Herskowitz A., et al. A clinical trial of immunosuppressive therapy for myocarditis. The Myocarditis Treatment Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 333 (1995) 269-275
123. Maisch B., Hufnagel G., Kolsch S., et al. Treatment of inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy and (peri)myocarditis with immunosuppression and i.v. immunoglobulins. Herz 29 (2004) 624-636
124. McNamara D.M., Holubkov R., Starling R.C., et al. Controlled trial of intravenous immune globulin in recent-onset dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 103 (2001) 2254-2259
125. Kuhl U., Pauschinger M., Schwimmbeck P.L., et al. Interferon-beta treatment eliminates cardiotropic viruses and improves left ventricular function in patients with myocardial persistence of viral genomes and left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 107 (2003) 2793-2798
126. Schachinger V., Erbs S., Elsasser A., Haberbosch W., Hambrecht R., Holschermann H., et al. Improved clinical outcome after intracoronary administration of bone-marrow-derived progenitor cells in acute myocardial infarction: final 1-year results of the REPAIR-AMI trial. Eur Heart J 27 (2006) 2775-2783
127. Stamm C., Choi Y.H., Nasseri B., and Hetzer R. A heart full of stem cells: the spectrum of myocardial progenitor cells in the postnatal heart. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 3 (2009) 215-229
128. Liu J., Sluijter J.P., Goumans M.J., et al. Cell therapy for myocardial regeneration. Curr Mol Med 9 (2009) 287-298
129. Vinge L.E., Raake P.W., and Koch W.J. Gene therapy in heart failure. Circ Res 102 (2008) 1458-1470
130. Yamada S., Nelson T.J., Crespo-Diaz R.J., et al. Embryonic stem cell therapy of heart failure in genetic cardiomyopathy. Stem Cells 26 (2008) 2644-2653