State formation and urbanization trajectories: State finance in the Ottoman Empire before 1800, as seen from a Dutch perspective

Journal of Global History

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 405-428

  Fritschy, Wantje ^a  

^a VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 77149153755     PISSN: 17400228     EISSN: 17400236     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1740022809990143     Document Type: Review

References (90)

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11. Summarized in P. Anderson, Lineages of the absolutist state, London: Verso Editions, 1974, pp. 397-401, 462
12. L. Darling, 'Ottoman fiscal administration: decline or adaptation?', Journal of European Economic History, 26, 1, 1997, pp. 178-9
13. S. Pamuk, 'Institutional change and the longevity of the Ottoman Empire, 1500-1800', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 35, 2004, p. 232
14. M. Genç, cited by D. Quataert in H. Inalcik, S. Faroqhi, B. McGowan, D. Quataert, and S. Pamuk, An economic and social history of the Ottoman Empire, 2 vols., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 714 (henceforth Economic and social history, with only the relevant author given)
15. Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis, 'Gewestelijke financien 1572-1795', http://www.inghist.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/GewestelijkeFinancien/ Verzamelposten (consulted 12 August 2009)
16. Darling, 'Ottoman fiscal administration', p. 166
17. M. Genç and Erol Özvar, eds., Osmanli maliyesi: kurumlar ve bütçeler (Ottoman financial institutions and budgets), 2 vols., Istanbul: Osmanli Bankasi Arsiv ve Arastirma Merkezi ('Archive and Research Centre of the Ottoman Bank'), 2006; vol. 1 provides comparisons across time for components of revenue and expenditure for twenty-four years between 1653 and 1786; vol. 2 gives all components of revenue and expenditure and totals per year for eleven years between 1509/10 and 1761/2 (see Figure 1). I am grateful to Asim Han and Dr I. Hakki Kadi for help in consulting the figures in this publication
18. H. Sahilliogcombining brevelu, Studies on Ottoman economic and social history, Istanbul : Organization of the Islamic Conference, Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture, 1999, pp. 67, 71
19. Total revenue in the Imperial Treasury from Egypt in 1798 was nearly 120 million para, the equivalent of just 9.5 tons of silver (S. Shaw, The financial and administrative organization and development of Ottoman Egypt, 1517-1798, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1962, pp. 304-5
20. S. Pamuk, Economic and social history, p. 958). In 1671 it had been 95.8 million para - probably between 52 and 67 tons of silver; the total revenue of the Ottoman Empire in 1669 had been 273 tons of silver
21. H. Sahilliogcombining brevelu, '1683-1740 Yillarinda osmanli imparatorlugcombining breveun hazine gelir ve gider (Yearly revenue and expenditure of the Ottoman Imperial Treasury, 1683-1740)', in Genç and Özvar, Osmanli maliyesi, vol. 1, p. 156, table 30
22. Faroqhi, Economic and social history, p. 536
23. Oral communication by S. Pamuk, Utrecht, 2008
24. McGowan, Economic and social history, p. 670
25. Quataert, Economic and social history, ibid., p. 711
26. Cited by J. Goldstone, in 'East and West in the seventeenth century: political crises in Stuart England, Ottoman Turkey and Ming China', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 30, 1991, p. 111n
27. C. Issawi, 'Economic change and urbanization in the Middle East', in I. Lapidus, ed., Middle Eastern cities, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1969, p. 93
28. D. Quataert, The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 114
29. See n. 6 above; for exchange rates, see N. W. Posthumus, Nederlandse prijsgeschiedenis, vol. 1, Leiden: Brill, 1943, pp. 594-625
30. S. Pamuk, 'Prices and wages in Istanbul, 1469-1914', http://www.iisg.nl/ hpw/istanbul.xls (consulted 12 August 2009); I am grateful to one of the anonymous referees, who suggested that I add this information
31. J. de Vries and A. van der Woude, The first modern economy: success, failure and perseverance of the Dutch economy, 1500-1815, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 610-11, table 12.1: 'Average wages: Western Netherlands 1500-1815'
32. S. Pamuk, ' Institutional change and the longevity of the Ottoman Empire, 1500-1800', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 35, 2, 2004, p. 243
33. W. Fritschy, 'Taxation in Britain, France and the Netherlands in the eighteenth century', in Economic and social history in the Netherlands, vol. 2, Amsterdam: Nederlands-Economisch Historisch Archief, 1990, p. 64
34. M. Prak and J. L. van Zanden, 'Tax morale and citizenship in the Dutch Republic', in O. Gelderblom, ed., The political economy of the Dutch Republic, Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2009, p. 163
35. W. Fritschy, 'Indirect taxes and public debt in the "World of Islam" before 1800', in S. Cavaciocchi, ed., La fiscalità nell'economia europea secc. XIII-XVIII, Florence: Florence University Press, p. 55, tables 1 and 2
36. Economic and social history, Ibid., p. 539
37. Fritschy, 'Indirect taxes', p. 55, tables 1 and 2
38. M. Çizakça, Comparative evolution of business partnerships: the Islamic world and Europe, with specific reference to the Ottoman archives, Leiden: Brill, 1996, p. 132
39. L. T. Darling, Revenue-raising and legitimacy: tax collection and the finance department in the Ottoman Empire, 1560-1660, Leiden: Brill, 1996, p. 169
40. S. Pamuk, A monetary history of the Ottoman Empire, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 85
41. M. Genç, 'A study of the feasibility of using eighteenth-century Ottoman financial records as an indicator of economic activity', in H. Islamoglu-Inan, ed., The Ottoman Empire and the world-economy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, 360-73
42. Cizakça, Comparative evolution, p. 160
43. Genç, 'Eighteenth-century Ottoman financial records', pp. 361-73
44. B. Mitchell and P. Deane, Abstract of British historical statistics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971, pp. 389-91
45. F. Braesch, Les recettes et les dépenses du trésor pendant l'année 1789 : le compte rendu au roi de mars 1788, Paris : Maison du Livre fraņcais, 1936
46. P. Vries, 'Governing growth: a comparative analysis of the role of the state in the rise of the West', Journal of World History, 13, 1, 2002, p. 99, suggested that 'most sultans . . . were not short of money'
47. Inalcik, Economic and social history, pp. 77-8
48. A. Salzmann, Tocqueville in the Ottoman Empire: rival paths to the modern state, Leiden: Brill, 2004, p. 86
49. W. Fritschy, 'A "financial revolution" reconsidered: public finance in Holland during the Dutch Revolt, 1568-1648', Economic History Review, 56, 1, 2003, pp. 57-89
50. For a recent survey see P. T. Hoffman, G. Postel-Vinay, and J.-L. Rosenthal, Priceless markets: the political economy of credit in Paris, 1660-1870, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000, pp. 14-19
51. also J. Munro, 'The usury doctrine and urban public finance in late medieval Flanders (1220-1550)', in Cavaciocchi, La fiscalità , pp. 973-1026
52. R. C. Jennings, 'Loans and credit in early 17th century Ottoman judicial records', Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 16, 1973, pp. 168-216
53. Faroqhi Economic and social history, vol. 2, p. 492: interest rates amounted to between 10% and 20% and 'no secret was made of the fact that interest was demanded or paid'
54. many examples can be found in Salzmann, Tocqueville, pp.110-18
55. S. Pamuk, Monetary history, p. 13
56. The provisional results of this research on population can be found in M. Bosker, E. Buringh, and J. L. van Zanden, 'From Baghdad to London: the dynamics of urban growth in Europe and the Arab world, 800-1800', http://www.iisg.nl/ research/baghdadtolondon.pdf (consulted 12 August 2009); I am indebted to Jan Luiten van Zanden for informing me of its availability on the internet
57. A. Verhulst, The rise of cities in north-west Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 142
58. B. van Bavel found that, in Holland in 1620, 60% of the land was owned by cities: 'Rural development and landownership in Holland, c.1400-1650', in Gelderblom, Political economy, p. 184
59. W. Blockmans, 'De vorming van een politieke unie', in J. Blom and E. Lamberts, eds., Geschiedenis van de Nederlanden, Rijswijk: Nijgh and van Ditmar, n.d. (c.1995), p. 57
60. Verhulst, Rise of cities
61. Rise of cities. Ibid., p. 152
62. Blockmans, 'De vorming', pp. 50-2
63. J. Tracy, 'On the dual origins of long-term urban debt in medieval Europe', in M. Boone, K. Davids, and P. Janssens, eds., Urban public debts, Turnhout: Brepols, 2003, pp. 16-17
64. M. Sanchez Martines, 'Dette publique, autorités princières et villes dans les Pays de la Couronne d'Aragon', in Boone, Davids, and Janssens, Urban public debts, pp. 37, 42
65. J. Tracy, A financial revolution in the Habsburg Netherlands: renten and renteniers in the County of Holland, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1985, pp. 87-8
66. Tracy, 'Dual origins', p. 20
67. C. J. Zuijderduijn, Medieval capital markets: markets for renten between state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550), Leiden: Brill, 2009, pp. 172-4
68. C. J. Zuijderduijn, idem, ' "Het lichaam van het dorp": publieke schuld op het Hollandse platteland rond 1500', Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis, 5, 4, 2008, p. 116
69. P. G. M. Dickson, The financial revolution in England: a study in the development of public credit, London: MacMillan, 1967
70. L. Sicking, Zeemacht en onmacht: maritieme politiek in de Nederlanden, 1488-1558, Amsterdam: De Bataafsche Leeuw, 1998
71. R. van Schaik, 'The sale of annuities and financial politics in a town in the Eastern Netherlands, Zutphen, 1400-1600', in Boone, Davids, and Janssens, Urban public debts, p. 110
72. Fritschy, 'A "financial revolution" reconsidered'
73. Bosker, Buringh, and van Zanden, 'From Baghdad to London'
74. P. Wittek, The rise of the Ottoman Empire, London: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1958, pp. 16-35, 40-8
75. S. Faroqhi, 'Taxation and urban activities in sixteenth century Anatolia', Journal of Turkish Studies, 1, 1, 1979/80, p. 19, mentions studies by Ö. Barkan et al. on the forced transplantations of population known as sürgün
76. See also F. Acun, 'A portrait of the Ottoman cities', Muslim World, 92, 2002, p. 263; further examples can be found in Leo Africanus for Morocco in the sixteenth century
77. Acun, 'Portrait of the Ottoman cities', pp. 262-3
78. K. Hayashi, 'Turkey', in M. Haneda, ed., Islamic urban studies: historical review and perspective, New York: Columbia University Press, 1994, p. 194
79. Hayashi, 'Turkey', p. 195
80. Traian Stoianovich, 'Cities, capital accumulation and the Ottoman Balkan command economy, 1500-1800', in Blockmans and Tilly, Cities, pp. 60-99
81. M. Genç, 'The role of the state in the private capital accumulation in Ottoman economy before the nineteenth century', unpublished paper for a colloquium at Leiden University, 3 December 2008, based on his Turkish publications
82. A. Raymond, 'The management of the city', in S. K. Jayyusi, R. Holod, A. Petruccioli, and A. Raymond, eds., The city in the Islamic world, Leiden: Brill, 2008, p. 792
83. The city in the Islamic world, Ibid., p. 775
84. R. le Tourneau, Fès avant le Protectorat, Casablanca: SMLE, 1949, pp. 211-14 and p. 259, says that these three functions in Fez in Morocco were still similar to those of Damascus in the fourteenth century
85. Shaw, Financial and administrative organization
86. I. Lapidus, Muslim cities in the later Middle Ages, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967, p. 186: 'Muslim cities were no "body politic"'
87. Prak and van Zanden, 'Tax morale', p. 163; I am grateful to the anonymous referee who suggested that I should include this article in my discussion
88. M. Kisaichi, 'The Maghrib', in M. Haneda and T. Miura, eds., Islamic urban studies: historical review and perspectives, London: Kegan Paul International, 1994, p. 42
89. Islamic urban studies: historical review and perspectives, Ibid., p. 38
90. C. Clay, Gold for the sultan: Western bankers and Ottoman finance 1856-1881: a contribution to Ottoman and to international financial history, London: I.B. Tauris, 2000