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4
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0141935787
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unpub. ms. Berkeley
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more recently, Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson, "The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change and Economic Growth," unpub. ms. (Berkeley, 2002).
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(2002)
The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change and Economic Growth
-
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Acemoglu, D.1
Johnson, S.2
Robinson, J.3
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13
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0032809826
-
Rethinking the Ottoman 'Decline': Military Technology Diffusion in the Ottoman Empire, Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries
-
For the Ottoman propensity to adopt new military technologies, see Jonathan Grant, "Rethinking the Ottoman 'Decline': Military Technology Diffusion in the Ottoman Empire, Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries," Journal of World History, X (1999), 179-201.
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(1999)
Journal of World History
, vol.10
, pp. 179-201
-
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Grant, J.1
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14
-
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0003505140
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-
Ithaca
-
There is a good deal of evidence that the Ottoman state's pragmatism in noneconomic matters continued into later periods, permitting it to co-opt social groups that rebelled against it. See Karen Barkey, Bandits and Bureaucrats, The Ottoman Route to State Centralization (Ithaca, 1994).
-
(1994)
Bandits and Bureaucrats, the Ottoman Route to State Centralization
-
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Barkey, K.1
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15
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0010814279
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The Ottoman State: Economy and Society, 1300-1600
-
idem and Quataert (eds.), New York
-
Halil Inalcik, "The Ottoman State: Economy and Society, 1300-1600," in idem and Quataert (eds.), An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914 (New York, 1994), 103-179.
-
(1994)
An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914
, pp. 103-179
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-
Inalcik, H.1
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16
-
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41449110726
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A Flexible Empire: Authority and Its Limits on the Ottoman Frontiers
-
For Ottoman pragmatism and flexibility in the administration of the frontier provinces, see Gabor Agoston, "A Flexible Empire: Authority and Its Limits on the Ottoman Frontiers," International Journal of Turkish Studies, IX (2003), 15-31.
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(2003)
International Journal of Turkish Studies
, vol.9
, pp. 15-31
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-
Agoston, G.1
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20
-
-
0002641755
-
The Early History of Balkan Fairs
-
Faroqhi, "The Early History of Balkan Fairs", Südost-Forshungen, XXXVII (1978), 50-68;
-
(1978)
Südost-Forshungen
, vol.37
, pp. 50-68
-
-
Faroqhi1
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21
-
-
84861107191
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Sixteenth Century Periodic Markets in Various Anatolian Sancaks
-
Faroqhi, idem, "Sixteenth Century Periodic Markets in Various Anatolian Sancaks," Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, XXII (1979), 32-80;
-
(1979)
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
, vol.22
, pp. 32-80
-
-
Faroqhi1
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23
-
-
3042567979
-
-
New York
-
The practice of riba, the Arabic term for usury and interest, is sharply denounced in a number of passages in the Qur'an and in all subsequent Islamic religious writings. For a recent discussion of the classical Islamic views on interest, see Nabil A. Saleh, Unlawful Gain and Legitimate Profit in Islamic Law: Riba, Gharar and Islamic Banking (New York, 1988), 9-32.
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(1988)
Unlawful Gain and Legitimate Profit in Islamic Law: Riba, Gharar and Islamic Banking
, pp. 9-32
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-
Saleh, N.A.1
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26
-
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84972474637
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Usurious Piety: The Cash Waqf Controversy in the Ottoman Empire
-
Jon E. Mandaville, "Usurious Piety: The Cash Waqf Controversy in the Ottoman Empire," International Journal of Middle East Studies, X (1979), 289-308.
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(1979)
International Journal of middle East Studies
, vol.10
, pp. 289-308
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Mandaville, J.E.1
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28
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56249102613
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France and England
-
Michael M. Postan, Edwin E. Rich, and idem (eds.)
-
Most societies in the late medieval and early modern periods did not have an economic sphere separate from the political, administrative, and fiscal one. Edward Miller, "France and England," in Michael M. Postan, Edwin E. Rich, and idem (eds.), The Cambridge Economic History of Europe (1963), III, 282-291.
-
(1963)
The Cambridge Economic History of Europe
, Issue.3
, pp. 282-291
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Miller, E.1
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29
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84925905926
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Agenda for Ottoman History
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Huri Islamoǧlu and Çaǧlar Keyder, "Agenda for Ottoman History," Review, Fernand Braudel Center, I (1977), 31-55.
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(1977)
Review, Fernand Braudel Center
, vol.1
, pp. 31-55
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Islamoǧlu, H.1
Keyder, Ç.2
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30
-
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84979184263
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Currency Depreciation in Medieval Europe
-
Cipolla noted a virtual identity between the merchants and the state in the trading towns of medieval Italy. "More than once the action of the guild of merchants seemed to imply the affirmation, L'etat c'est moi." Ottoman merchants during the early modern era could not possibly have made a similar claim. Instead, as Udovitch has concluded for the merchants of eleventh-century Egypt, Ottoman merchants could at best proclaim, "L'etat n'est pas contre moi." Carlo M. Cipolla, "Currency Depreciation in Medieval Europe," Economic History Review, XV (1963), 397;
-
(1963)
Economic History Review
, vol.15
, pp. 397
-
-
Cipolla, C.M.1
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31
-
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56249144352
-
Merchants and Amirs: Government and Trade in Eleventh Century Egypt
-
Abraham L. Udovitch, "Merchants and Amirs: Government and Trade in Eleventh Century Egypt," Asian and African Studies, XXII (1988), 53-72.
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(1988)
Asian and African Studies
, vol.22
, pp. 53-72
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Udovitch, A.L.1
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35
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72049130189
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The Italian and Iberian Peninsulas
-
Postan, Rich, and Miller (eds.)
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Cipolla, "The Italian and Iberian Peninsulas," in Postan, Rich, and Miller (eds.), Cambridge Economic History of Europe, III, 397-429.
-
Cambridge Economic History of Europe
, vol.3
, pp. 397-429
-
-
Cipolla1
-
36
-
-
85033656382
-
-
Naima [ed.] Zuhuri Danismanand Danisman Yayinevi, Istanbul
-
The Ottomans were not unaware of mercantilist thought. Naima, an early eighteenth-century historian, for example, defended mercantilist ideas and practices, arguing that if the Islamic population purchased local products instead of imports, coinage would stay in Ottoman lands (Naima [ed.] Zuhuri Danismanand Danisman Yayinevi], Tarih-i Naima [Istanbul, 1968], IV, 1826-1827;
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(1968)
Tarih-i Naima
, Issue.4
, pp. 1826-1827
-
-
-
37
-
-
56249101559
-
-
Tarih-i Naima [1968], VI, 2520-2525.
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(1968)
Tarih-i Naima
, Issue.6
, pp. 2520-2525
-
-
-
38
-
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0008704929
-
-
London, rev. 2d ed.
-
For mercantilism in Europe, compare F. Eli Heckscher, Mercantilism (London, 1955; rev. 2d ed.);
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(1955)
Mercantilism
-
-
Eli Heckscher, F.1
-
42
-
-
56249130954
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İslam Hukuk ve Ahlak Kaynaklarinda Iktisat Siyaseti Meseleleri
-
Kenan Matbaasis (ed.), Istanbul
-
Sabri Ülgener, "İslam Hukuk ve Ahlak Kaynaklarinda Iktisat Siyaseti Meseleleri," in Kenan Matbaasis (ed.), Ebulula Mardin'e Armagan (Istanbul, 1949), 1151-1189;
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(1949)
Ebulula Mardin'e Armagan
, pp. 1151-1189
-
-
Ülgener, S.1
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44
-
-
72049125517
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Bazi Büyük Şehirlerde Eşya ve Yiyecek Fiyatlarinin Tesbit ve Teftişi Hususlarini Tanzim Eden Kanunlar
-
For the texts of late fifteenth- and early sixteenth-century laws regulating the markets in large Ottoman cities, see Ömer Lütfi Barkan, "Bazi Büyük Şehirlerde Eşya ve Yiyecek Fiyatlarinin Tesbit ve Teftişi Hususlarini Tanzim Eden Kanunlar," Tarih Vesikalari, I/II (1942/1943).
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(1942)
Tarih Vesikalari
, vol.1-2
-
-
Barkan, Ö.L.1
-
46
-
-
56249129919
-
-
Paris
-
Istanbul was a large consuming city, dependent on its vast hinterland. The classic work on the economy of the capital city and the nature of state intervention in it remains Robert Mantran, Istanbul dans la seconde Moitie du XVIIe Siecle (Paris, 1962), 233-286.
-
(1962)
Istanbul dans la Seconde Moitie du XVIIe Siecle
, pp. 233-286
-
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Mantran, R.1
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54
-
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0005586065
-
Military and Fiscal Transformation in the Ottoman Empire, 1600-1700
-
Inalcik, "Military and Fiscal Transformation in the Ottoman Empire, 1600-1700," Archivum Ottomanicum, VI (1980), 283-337.
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(1980)
Archivum Ottomanicum
, vol.6
, pp. 283-337
-
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Inalcik1
-
56
-
-
3042612488
-
A Study of the Feasibility of Using Eighteenth Century Ottaman Financial Records as an Indicator of Economic Activity
-
Huri İslamoǧlu-İnan (ed.), New York
-
Genç, "A Study of the Feasibility of Using Eighteenth Century Ottaman Financial Records as an Indicator of Economic Activity," in Huri İslamoǧlu-İnan (ed.), The Ottoman Empire and the World Economy (New York, 1987), 345-373.
-
(1987)
The Ottoman Empire and the World Economy
, pp. 345-373
-
-
Genç1
-
58
-
-
21344482487
-
An Ancien Regime Revisited: 'Privatization' and Political Economy in the Eighteenth Century Ottoman Empire
-
Ariel Salzman, "An Ancien Regime Revisited: 'Privatization' and Political Economy in the Eighteenth Century Ottoman Empire," Politics and Society, XXI (1993), 393-423.
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(1993)
Politics and Society
, vol.21
, pp. 393-423
-
-
Salzman, A.1
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60
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3042519831
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Esham
-
Genç, "Esham," İslam Ansiklopedisi, XI (1995), 376-380.
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(1995)
İslam Ansiklopedisi
, vol.11
, pp. 376-380
-
-
Genç1
-
62
-
-
85033635663
-
-
note
-
Estimates are based on a series of central government budget documents and our estimates of per capita income in the Ottoman Empire.
-
-
-
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63
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0000503726
-
Wages and the Standards of Living in Europe, 1500-1800
-
Even if the representative wage is accepted as an adequate proxy for the annual per capita earnings of labor, it would not be a good proxy for income per capita without the further assumption that factor shares across countries were similar. In many parts of Europe and Asia during the early modern era, incomes of households were often determined by changes in employment levels; participation ratios of men, women, and children; and, above all, non-market incomes. Despite these qualifications, the link between wages and the living standards remains. A decline in real wages resulted in a decline in living standards or household welfare because more labor had to be supplied to buy the same amount of goods. Jan Luiten Van Zanden, "Wages and the Standards of Living in Europe, 1500-1800," European Review of Economic History, III (1999), 175-198;
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European Review of Economic History
, vol.3
, pp. 175-198
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Van Zanden, J.L.1
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64
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0028579549
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The Industrial Revolution and the Industrious Revolution
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Jan de Vries, "The Industrial Revolution and the Industrious Revolution," Journal of Economic History, LIV (1994), 249-270.
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Journal of Economic History
, vol.54
, pp. 249-270
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De Vries, J.1
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65
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0036064420
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Urban Wages and the Standards of Living in the Ottoman Empire, 1469-1914
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Suleyman Ozmucur and Pamuk, "Urban Wages and the Standards of Living in the Ottoman Empire, 1469-1914," Journal of Economic History, LXII (2002), 293-321.
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(2002)
Journal of Economic History
, vol.62
, pp. 293-321
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Ozmucur, S.1
Pamuk2
|