Control of ecdysteroidogenesis in prothoracic glands of insects: A review

Peptides

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 506-519

  Marchal, Elisabeth ^a   Vandersmissen, Hans Peter ^a   Badisco, Liesbeth ^a   Van de Velde, Sandrien ^b   Verlinden, Heleen ^a   Iga, Masatoshi ^b   Van Wielendaele, Pieter ^a   Huybrechts, Roger ^a   Simonet, Gert ^a   Smagghe, Guy ^b   Vanden Broeck, Jozef ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^b GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Ecdysteroid; Halloween genes; Hormone; Insect; Juvenile hormone; Neuropeptide; Peptide; Prothoracic gland

Indexed keywords

ECDYSONE; ECDYSTEROID; JUVENILE HORMONE; NEUROPEPTIDE; PROTHORACICOTROPIC HORMONE;

BRAIN REGION; GYPSY MOTH; HEMOLYMPH; HORMONAL REGULATION; INSECT DEVELOPMENT; METAMORPHOSIS; MOLTING; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REVIEW; STEROIDOGENESIS;

ANIMALS; ECDYSTEROIDS; ENDOCRINE GLANDS; INSECT HORMONES; INSECTS;

HEXAPODA; LYMANTRIA; LYMANTRIA DISPAR;

EID: 77049125934     PISSN: 01969781     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.08.020     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. Agui N., Hiruma K. In vitro activation of neurosecretory brain cells in Mamestra brassicae by β-ecdysone. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1977, 33:467-472.
2. Altstein M. Role of neuropeptides in sex pheromone production in moths. Peptides 2004, 25:1491-1501.
3. Benedeczky I., Mala J., Sehnal F. Ultrastructural study on the innervation of prothoracic glands in Galleria mellonella. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1980, 41:400-407.
4. Bersani M., Johnsen A.H., Hojrup P., Dunning B.E., Andreasen J.J., Holst J.J. Human galanin: primary structure and identification of 2 molecular forms. FEBS Lett 1991, 283:189-194.
5. Beydon P., Lafont R. Feedback inhibition of ecdysone production by 20-hydroxyecdysone in Pieris brassicae pupae. J Insect Physiol 1983, 29:529-533.
6. Bidmon H.J., Koolman J. Ecdysteroid receptors located in the central nervous system of an insect. Experientia 1989, 45:106-109.
7. Bitra K., Palli S.R. Interaction of proteins involved in ecdysone and juvenile hormone signal transduction. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2009, 70:90-105.
8. Blackburn M.B., Wagner R.M., Kochansky J.P., Harrison D.J., Thomaslaemont P., Raina A.K. The identification of 2 myoinhibitory peptides, with sequence similarities to the galanins, isolated from the ventral nerve cord of Manduca sexta. Regul Pept 1995, 57:213-219.
9. Bodnaryk R.P. Feedback inhibition of ecdysone production by 20-hydroxyecdysone during pupal adult metamorphosis of Mamestra configurata Wlk. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 1986, 3:53-60.
10. Bollenbacher W.E., Granger N.A., Katahira E.J., O'Brien M.A. Developmental endocrinology of larval moulting in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. J Exp Biol 1987, 128:175-192.
11. Bollenbacher W.E., Katahira E.J., Obrien M., Gilbert L.I., Thomas M.K., Agui N., et al. Insect prothoracicotropic hormone: evidence for 2 molecular forms. Science 1984, 224:1243-1245.
12. Borovsky D., Carlson D.A., Griffin P.R., Shabanowitz J., Hunt D.F. Mosquito oostatic factor: a novel decapeptide modulating trypsin-like enzyme biosynthesis in the midgut. FASEB J. 1990, 4:3015-3020.
13. Borovsky D., Powell C.A., Nayar J.K., Blalock J.E., Hayes T.K. Characterization and localization of mosquito-gut receptors for trypsin modulating oostatic factor using a complementary peptide and immunocytochemistry. FASEB J. 1994, 8:350-355.
14. Bylemans D., Borovsky D., Hunt D.F., Shabanowitz J., Grauwels L., De Loof A. Sequencing and characterization of trypsin modulating oostatic factor (TMOF) from the ovaries of the gray fleshfly, Neobellieria (Sarcophaga) bullata. Regul Pept 1994, 50:61-72.
15. Bylemans D., Hua Y.J., Chiou S.J., Koolman J., Borovsky D., De Loof A. Pleiotropic effects of trypsin modulating oostatic factor (Neb-TMOF) of the fleshfly Neobellieria bullata (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Eur J Entomol 1995, 92:143-149.
16. Caldwell P.E., Walkiewicz M., Stern M. Ras activity in the Drosophila prothoracic gland regulates body size and developmental rate via ecdysone release. Curr Biol 2005, 15:1785-1795.
17. Casali A., Casanova J. The spatial control of Torso RTK activation: a C-terminal fragment of the Trunk protein acts as a signal for Torso receptor in the Drosophila embryo. Development 2009, 128:1709-1715.
18. Chavez V.M., Marques G., Delbecque J.P., Kobayashi K., Hollingsworth M., Burr J., et al. The Drosophila disembodied gene controls late embryonic morphogenesis and codes for a cytochrome P450 enzyme that regulates embryonic ecdysone levels. Development 2000, 127:4115-4126.
19. Claeys I., Simonet G., Poels J., Van Loy T., Vercammen L., De Loof A., et al. Insulin-related peptides and their conserved signal transduction pathway. Peptides 2002, 23:807-816.
20. Colombani J., Bianchini L., Layalle S., Pondeville E., Dauphin-Villemant C., Antoniewski C., et al. Antagonistic actions of ecdysone and insulins determine final size in Drosophila. Science 2005, 310:667-670.
21. Dai J.D., Gilbert L.I. Juvenile hormone prevents the onset of programmed cell death in the prothoracic glands of Manduca sexta. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1998, 109:155-165.
22. De Loof A. Ecdysteroids, juvenile hormone and insect neuropeptides: recent successes and remaining major challenges. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2008, 155:3-13.
23. De Loof A., Bylemans D., Schoofs L., Janssen I., Huybrechts R. The folliculostatins of 2 dipteran insect species, their relation to matrix proteins and prospects for practical applications. Entomol Exp Appl 1995, 77:1-9.
24. De Loof A., Bylemans D., Schoofs L., Janssen I., Spittaels K., Vanden Broeck J., et al. Folliculostatins, gonadotropins and a model for control of growth in the grey fleshfly, Neobellieria (Sarcophaga) bullata. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 1995, 25:661-667.
25. 2+ channels in the prothoracic glands of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2003, 33:219-228.
26. Dedos S.G., Fugo H. Effects of fenoxycarb on the secretory activity of the prothoracic glands in the fifth instar of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1996, 104:213-224.
27. 2+ entry in the prothoracic gland cells of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J Insect Physiol 2008, 54:878-882.
28. Dedos S.G., Nagata S., Ito J., Takamiya M. Action kinetics of a prothoracicostatic petide from Bombyx mori and its possible signaling pathway. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2001, 122:98-108.
29. Delbecque J.P., Weidner K., Hoffmann K.H. Alternative sites for ecdysteroid production in insects. Invert Reprod Devel 1990, 18:29-42.
30. Dubrovsky E.B. Hormonal cross talk in insect development. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2005, 16:6-11.
31. El-salhy M., Falkmer S., Kramer K.J., Speirs R.D. Immunohistochemical investigations of neuropeptides in the brain, corpora cardiaca, and corpora allata of an adult lepidopteran Insect, Manduca sexta (L). Cell Tissue Res 1983, 232:295-317.
32. Furriols M., Casali A., Casanova J. Dissecting the mechanism of torso receptor activation. Mech Dev 1998, 70:111-118.
33. Gelman D.B., Beckage N.E. Low molecular weight ecdysiotropins in proctodaea of fifth instars of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), and hosts parasitized by the braconid wasp Cotesia congregata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Eur J Entomol 1995, 92:123-129.
34. Gelman D.B., Bell R.A. Low molecular weight ecdysiotropins in the hemolymph of 5th instars of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Eur J Entomol 1995, 92:131-141.
35. Gelman D.B., Borovsky D. Aedes aegypti TMOF modulates ecdysteroid production by prothoracic glands of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2000, 45:60-68.
36. Gelman D.B., Thyagaraja B.S., Bell R.A. Ecdysiotropic activity in the lepidopteran hindgut - an update. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 1993, 23:25-32.
37. Gelman D.B., Thyagaraja B.S., Kelly T.J., Masler E.P., Bell R.A., Borkovec A.B. The insect gut: a new source of ecdysiotropic peptides. Experientia 1991, 47:77-80.
38. Giebultowicz J.M., Denlinger D.L. Identification of neurons innervating the ring gland of the flesh fly larva. Sarcophaga crassipalis Macquartt (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Int J Insect Morphol Embryol 1985, 14:155-161.
39. Gilbert L.I., Rybczynski R., Warren J.T. Control and biochemical nature of the ecdysteroidogenic pathway. Annu Rev Entomol 2002, 47:883-916.
40. Gilbert L.I., Song Q., Rybczynski R. Control of ecdysteroidogenesis: activation and inhibition of prothoracic gland activity. Invert Neurosci 1997, 3:205-246.
41. Gu S.H. Autocrine activation of ecdysteroidogenesis in the prothoracic glands of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J Insect Physiol 2007, 53:538-549.
42. Gu S.H. Autocrine activation of DNA synthesis in prothoracic gland cells of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J Insect Physiol 2006, 52:136-145.
43. Gu S.H., Chow Y.S. Temporal changes in DNA synthesis of prothoracic gland cells during larval development and their correlation with ecdysteroidogenic activity in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J Exp Zool Part A Comp Exp Biol 2005, 303A:249-258.
44. Gu S.H., Chow Y.S., Yin C.M. Involvement of juvenile hormone in regulation of prothoracicotropic hormone transduction during the early last larval instar of Bombyx mori. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1997, 127:109-116.
45. Gu S.H., Lin J.L., Lin P.L., Chen C.H. Insulin stimulates ecdysteroidogenesis by prothoracic glands in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2009, 39:171-179.
46. Hayes G.C., Muehleisen D.P., Bollenbacher W.E., Watson R.D. Stimulation of ecdysteroidogenesis by small prothoracicotropic hormone: role of calcium. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1995, 115:105-112.
47. Henrich V.C. The ecdysteroid receptor. Comprehensive molecular insect science 2009, 243-285. Elsevier, Oxford. L.I. Gilbert, K. Iatrou, S.S. Gill (Eds.).
48. Hintze-Podufal C. Innervation of prothoracic glands of Cerura vinula L. (Lepidoptera). Experientia 1970, 26:1269-1271.
49. Hiruma K. Regulation of prothoracicotropic hormone release by juvenile hormone in the penultimate and last instar larvae of Mamestra brassicae. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1986, 63:201-211.
50. Homma T., Watanabe K., Tsurumaru S., Kataoka H., Imai K., Kamba M., et al. G protein-coupled receptor for diapause hormone, an inducer of Bombyx embryonic diapause. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006, 344:386-393.
51. Hua Y.J., Bylemans D., DeLoof A., Koolman J. Inhibition of ecdysone biosynthesis in flies by a hexapeptide isolated from vitellogenic ovaries. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1994, 104:R1-R4.
52. Hua Y.J., Koolman J. An ecdysiostatin from flies. Regul Pept 1995, 57:263-271.
53. Hua Y.J., Tanaka Y., Nakamura K., Sakakibara M., Nagata S., Kataoka H. Identification of a prothoracicostatic peptide in the larval brain of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J Biol Chem 1999, 274:31169-31173.
54. Huang X., Warren J.T., Gilbert L.I. New players in the regulation of ecdysone biosynthesis. J Genet Genomics 2008, 35:1-10.
55. Hull J.J., Ohnishi A., Moto K., Kawasaki Y., Kurata R., Suzuki M.G., et al. Cloning and characterization of the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide receptor from the silkmoth. Bombyx mori - significance of the carboxyl terminus in receptor internalisation. J Biol Chem 2004, 279:51500-51507.
56. Ishizaki H., Suzuki A. The brain secretory peptides that control molting and metamorphosis of the silkmoth, Bombyx mori. Int J Dev Biol 1994, 38:301-310.
57. Iwami M. Bombyxin: an insect brain peptide that belongs to the insulin family. Zool Sci 2000, 17:1035-1044.
58. Iwami M., Furuya I., Kataoka H. Bombyxin-related peptides, cDNA structure and expression in the brain of the hornworm Agrius convoluvuli. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 1996, 26:25-32.
59. Kagawa N., Bischof L.J., Cheng P.Y., Anwar A., Waterman M.R. Biochemical diversity of peptide-hormone-dependent regulation of steroidogenic P450s. Drug Metab Rev 1999, 31:333-342.
60. Karlson P. The hormonal control of insect metamorphosis. A historical review. Int J Dev Biol 1996, 40:93-96.
61. Kataoka H., Nagasawa H., Isogai A., Ishizaki H., Suzuki A. Prothoracicotropic hormone of the silkworm. Bombyx mori: amino acid sequence and dimeric structure. Agric Biol Chem 1991, 55:73-86.
62. Kawakami A., Kataoka H., Oka T., Mizoguchi A., Kimurakawakami M., Adachi T., et al. Molecular cloning of the Bombyx mori prothoracicotropic hormone. Science 1990, 247:1333-1335.
63. Keightley D.A., Lou K.J., Smith W.A. Involvement of translation and transcription in insect steroidogenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1990, 74:229-237.
64. Kim A.J., Cha G.H., Kim K., Gilbert L.I., Lee C.C. Purification and characterization of the prothoracicotropic hormone of Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997, 94:1130-1135.
65. Kimura-Kawakami M., Iwami M., Kawakami A., Nagasawa H., Suzuki A., Ishizaki H. Structure and expression of bombyxin-related peptide genes of the moth Samia cynthia ricini. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1992, 86:257-268.
66. Kiriishi S., Nagasawa H., Kataoka H., Suzuki A., Sakurai S. Comparison of the in vivo and in vitro effects of bombyxin and prothoracicotropic hormone on prothoracic glands of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Zool Sci 1992, 9:149-155.
67. Knowles F. Neuroendocrine correlations at the level of ultrastructure. Arch Anat Microsc 1965, 54:343-357.
68. Kondo H., Ino M., Suzuki A., Ishizaki H., Iwami M. Multiple gene copies for bombyxin, an insulin-related peptide of the silkmoth Bombyx mori: structural signs for gene rearrangement and duplication responsible for generation of multiple molecular forms of bombyxin. J Mol Biol 1996, 259:926-937.
69. Koolman J. Control of ecdysone biosynthesis in insects. Neth J Zool 1995, 45:83-88.
70. Kopec S. Studies on the necessity of the brain for the inception of insect metamorphosis. Biol Bull 1922, 42:323-342.
71. Lafont R., Dauphin-Villemant C., Warren J.T., Rees H.H. Ecdysteroid chemistry and biochemistry. Comprehensive molecular insect science 2005, 125-195. Elsevier, Oxford. L.I. Gilbert, K. Iatrou, S.S. Gill (Eds.).
72. Lin J.L., Gu S.H. In vitro and in vivo stimulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) by the prothoracicotropic hormone in prothoracic gland cells and its developmental regulation in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J Insect Physiol 2007, 53:622-631.
73. Liu X., Tanaka Y., Song Q.S., Xu B.J., Hua Y.J. Bombyx mori prothoracicostatic peptide inhibits ecdysteroidogenesis in vivo. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2004, 56:155-161.
74. Lonard D.M., Bhaskaran G., Dahm K.H. Control of prothoracic gland activity by juvenile hormone in fourth instar Manduca sexta larvae. J Insect Physiol 1996, 42:205-213.
75. Lorenz J.I., Lorenz M.W., Hoffmann K.H. Factors regulating juvenile hormone and ecdysteroid biosynthesis in Gryllus bimaculatus (Ensifera: Gryllidae). Eur J Entomol 1997, 94:369-379.
76. Lorenz M.W., Kellner R., Hoffmann K.H. A family of neuropeptides that inhibit juvenile hormone biosynthesis in the cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus. J Biol Chem 1995, 270:21103-21108.
77. Lorenz M.W., Lorenz J.I., Treiblmayr K., Hoffmann K.H. In vivo effects of allatostatins in crickets. Gryllus bimaculatus (Ensifera: Gryllidae). Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 1998, 38:32-43.
78. Maeda S., Nakashima A., Yamada R., Hara N., Fujimoto Y., Ito Y., et al. Molecular cloning of ecdysone 20-hydroxylase and expression pattern of the enzyme during embryonic development of silkworm Bombyx mori. Comp Biochem Physiol B 2008, 149:507-516.
79. Matsumoto S., Fónagy A., Schoofs L., De Loof A., Kurihara M., Nagamine T., et al. Induction of cuticular melanization in the armyworm larvae, Pseudaletia separate, by insect myotropic neuropeptides possessing FXPRLamide at the C-terminus. J Pestic Sci 1993, 18:127-129.
80. McBrayer Z., Ono H., Shimell M., Parvy J.P., Beckstead R.B., Warren J.T., et al. Prothoracicotropic hormone regulates developmental timing and body size in Drosophila. Dev Cell 2007, 13:857-871.
81. Mizoguchi A., Dedos S.G., Fugo H., Kataoka H. Basic pattern of fluctuation in hemolymph PTTH titers during larval-pupal and pupal-adult development of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2002, 127:181-189.
82. Mizoguchi A., Ishizaki H., Nagasawa H., Kataoka H., Isogai A., Tamura S., et al. A monoclonal antibody against a synthetic fragment of bombyxin (4K-prothoracicotropic hormone) from the silkmoth, Bombyx mori - characterization and immunohistochemistry. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1987, 51:227-235.
83. Mizoguchi A., Kataoka H. An in vitro study on regulation of prothoracic gland activity in the early last-larval instar of the silkworm Bombyx mori. J Insect Physiol 2005, 51:871-879.
84. Mizoguchi A., Ohashi Y., Hosoda K., Ishibashi J., Kataoka H. Developmental profile of the changes in the prothoracicotropic hormone titer in hemolymph of the silkworm Bombyx mori: correlation with ecdysteroid secretion. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2001, 31:349-358.
85. Nagasawa H., Kataoka H., Isogai A., Tamura S., Suzuki A., Ishizaki H., et al. Amino-terminal amino acid sequence of the silkworm prothoracicotropic hormone: homology with insulin. Science 1984, 226:1344-1345.
86. Nagata K., Maruyama K., Kojima K., Yamamoto M., Tanaka M., Kataoka H., et al. Prothoracicotropic activity of SBRPs, the insulin-like peptides of the saturniid silkworm Samia cynthia ricini. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999, 266:575-578.
87. Nagata S., Namiki T., Ko R., Kataoka H., Suzuki A. A novel type of receptor cDNA from the prothoracic glands of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2006, 70:554-558.
88. Nichols R. Signaling pathways and physiological functions of Drosophila melanogaster FMRFamide-related peptides. Annu Rev Entomol 2003, 48:485-503.
89. Niimi S., Sakurai S. Development changes in juvenile hormone and juvenile hormone acid titers in the hemolymph and in vitro juvenile hormone synthesis by corpora allata of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J Insect Physiol 1997, 43:875-884.
90. Niwa R., Matsuda T., Yoshiyama T., Namiki T., Mita K., Fujimoto Y., et al. CYP306A1, a cytochrome P450 enzyme, is essential for ecdysteroid biosynthesis in the prothoracic glands of Bombyx and Drosophila. J Biol Chem 2004, 279:35942-35949.
91. Niwa R., Sakudoh T., Namiki T., Saida K., Fujimoto Y., Kataoka H. The ecdysteroidogenic P450 Cyp302a1/disembodied from the silkworm, Bombyx mori, is transcriptionally regulated by prothoracicotropic hormone. Insect Mol Biol 2005, 14:563-571.
92. Ono H., Rewitz K.F., Shinoda T., Itoyama K., Petryk A., Rybczynski R., et al. Spook and Spookier code for stage-specific components of the ecdysone biosynthetic pathway in Diptera. Dev Biol 2006, 298:555-570.
93. Rewitz K.F., Larsen M.R., Lobner-Olesen A., Rybczynski R., O'Connor M.B., Gilbert L.I. A phosphoproteomics approach to elucidate neuropeptide signal transduction controlling insect metamorphosis. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2009, 39:475-483.
94. Richter K., Bohm G.A. The molting gland of the cockroach Periplaneta americana: secretory activity and its regulation. Gen Pharmac 1997, 29:17-21.
95. Richter K., Gersch M. Electrophysiological evidence of nervous involvement in the control of the prothoracic gland in Periplaneta americana. Experientia 1983, 39:917-918.
96. Rountree D.B., Bollenbacher W.E. The release of the prothoracicotropic hormone in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, is controlled intrinsically by juvenile hormone. J Exp Biol 1986, 120:41-58.
97. Rybczynski R. Prothoracicotropic hormone. Comprehensive molecular insect science 2005, 61-123. Elsevier, Oxford. L.I. Gilbert, K. Iatrou, S.S. Gill (Eds.).
98. Rybczynski R., Bell S.C., Gilbert L.I. Activation of an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) by the insect prothoracicotropic hormone. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001, 184:1-11.
99. Rybczynski R., Gilbert L.I. Prothoracicotropic hormone-regulated expression of a hsp 70 cognate protein in the insect prothoracic gland. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1995, 115:73-85.
100. Rybczynski R., Gilbert L.I. Protein kinase C modulates ecdysteroidogenesis in the prothoracic gland of the tobacco homworm. Manduca sexta. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006, 251:78-87.
101. Rybczynski R., Snyder C.A., Hartmann J., Gilbert L.I., Sakurai S. Manduca sexta prothoracicotropic hormone: evidence for a role beyond steroidogenesis. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2009, 70:217-229.
102. Sakurai S. Feedback regulation of prothoracic gland activity. Comprehensive molecular insect science 2005, 409-431. Elsevier, Oxford. L.I. Gilbert, K. Iatrou, S.S. Gill (Eds.).
103. Sakurai S., Okuda M., Ohtaki T. Juvenile hormone inhibits ecdysone secretion and responsiveness to prothoracicotropic hormone in prothoracic glands of Bombyx mori. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1989, 75:222-230.
104. Sato Y., Oguchi M., Menjo N., Imai K., Saito H., Ikeda M., et al. Precursor polyprotein for multiple neuropeptides secreted from the subesophageal ganglion of the silkworm Bombyx mori: characterization of the cDNA encoding the diapause hormone precursor and identification of additional peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993, 90:3251-3255.
105. Sauman I., Reppert S.M. Molecular characterization of prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) from the giant silkmoth Antheraea pernyi: developmental appearance of PTTH-expressing cells and relationship to circadian clock cells in central brain. Dev Biol 1996, 178:418-429.
106. Scharrer B. The fine structure of Blattarian prothoracic glands. Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 1964, 64:111-119.
107. Schoofs L., Holman G.M., Hayes T.K., Nachman R.J., De Loof A. Isolation, identification and synthesis of locustamyoinhibiting peptide (LOM-MIP), a novel biologically active neuropeptide from Locusta migratoria. Regul Pept 1991, 36:111-119.
108. Schoofs L., Holman G.M., Nachman R., Proost P., Vandamme J., De Loof A. Isolation, identification and synthesis of locustapyrokinin-II from Locusta migratoria, another member of the FXPRL-amide peptide family. Comp Biochem Physiol C 1993, 106:103-109.
109. Sehnal F., Hansen I., Scheller K. The cDNA-structure of the prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) of the silkmoth Hyalophora cecropia. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2002, 32:233-237.
110. Sevala V.M., Sevala V.L., Loughton B.G., Davey K.G. Insulin-like immunoreactivity and molting in Rhodnius prolixus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1992, 86:231-238.
111. Sewer M.B., Waterman M.R. ACTH modulation of transcription factors responsible for steroid hydroxylase gene expression in the adrenal cortex. Microsc Res Tech 2003, 61:300-307.
112. Shionoya M., Matsubayashi H., Asahina M., Kuniyoshi H., Nagata S., Riddiford L.M., et al. Molecular cloning of the prothoracicotropic hormone from the tobacco hornworm. Manduca sexta. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2003, 33:795-801.
113. Siegmund T., Korge G. Innervation of the ring gland of Drosophila melanogaster. J Comp Neurol 2001, 431:481-491.
114. Siew Y.C., Gilbert L.I. Effects of moulting hormone and juvenile hormone on insect endocrine gland activity. J Insect Physiol 1971, 17:2095-2104.
115. Song Q.S., Gilbert L.I. Alterations in ultraspiracle (USP) content and phosphorylation state accompany feedback regulation of ecdysone synthesis in the insect prothoracic gland. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 1998, 28:849-860.
116. Srivastava K.P., Singh H.H. On innervation of prothoracic glands in Papilio demoleus L. (Lepidoptera). Experientia 1968, 24:838-839.
117. Steel C.G. A neuroendocrine feedback mechanism in the insect moulting cycle. Nature 1975, 253:267-269.
118. Sztal T., Chung H., Gramzow L., Daborn P.J., Batterham P., Robin C. Two independent duplications forming the Cyp307a genes in Drosophila. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2007, 37:1044-1053.
119. Takaki K., Sakurai S. Regulation of prothoracic gland ecdysteroidogenic activity leading to pupal metamorphosis. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2003, 33:1189-1199.
120. Tatemoto K., Rokaeus A., Jornvall H., Mcdonald T.J., Mutt V. Galanin: A novel biologically active peptide from porcine intestine. FEBS Lett 1983, 164:124-128.
121. Truman J.W. Steroid hormone secretion in insects comes of age. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006, 103:8909-8910.
122. Tsuzuki S., Masuta T., Furuno M., Sakurai S., Iwami M. Structure and expression of bombyxin E1 gene: a novel family gene that encodes bombyxin-IV, an insect insulin-related neurosecretory peptide. Comp Biochem Physiol B 1997, 117:409-416.
123. Vafopoulou X., Sim C.H., Steel C.G.H. Prothoracicotropic hormone in Rhodnius prolixus: in vitro analysis and changes in amounts in the brain and retrocerebral complex during larval adult development. J Insect Physiol 1996, 42:407-415.
124. Vafopoulou X., Steel C.G.H. Ecdysteroidogenic action of Bombyx prothoracicotropic hormone and bombyxin on the prothoracic glands of Rhodnius prolixus in vitro. J Insect Physiol 1997, 43:651-656.
125. Van de Velde S., Badisco L., Claeys I., Verleyen P., Chen X., Vanden Bosch L., et al. Insulin-like peptides in Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera): detection, localization and identification. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2007, 153:72-79.
126. Vandersmissen T., De Loof A., Gu S.H. Both prothoracicotropic hormone and an autocrine factor are involved in control of prothoracic gland ecdysteroidogenesis in Locusta migratoria and Schistocerca gregaria. Peptides 2007, 28:44-50.
127. Walkiewicz M.A., Stern M. Increased insulin/insulin growth factor signalling advances the onset of metamorphosis in Drosophila. PloS ONE 2009, 10.1371/journal.pone.0005072.
128. Warren J.T., Petryk A., Marques G., Parvy J.P., Shinoda T., Itoyama K., et al. Phantom encodes the 25-hydroxylase of Drosophila melanogaster and Bombyx mori: a P450 enzyme critical in ecdysone biosynthesis. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2004, 34:991-1010.
129. Watanabe K., Hull J.J., Niimi T., Imai K., Matsumoto S., Yaginuma T., et al. FXPRL-amide peptides induce ecdysteroidogenesis through a G-protein coupled receptor expressed in the prothoracic gland of Bombyx mori. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007, 273:51-58.
130. Watson R.D., Bollenbacher W.E. Juvenile hormone regulates the steroidogenic competence of Manduca sexta prothoracic glands. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1988, 57:251-259.
131. Watson R.D., Yeh W.E., Muehleisen D.P., Watson C.J., Bollenbacher W.E. Stimulation of ecdysteroidogenesis by small prothoracicotropic hormone: role of cyclic AMP. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1993, 92:221-228.
132. Wei Z.J., Zhang Q.R., Kang L., Xu W.H., Denlinger D.L. Molecular characterization and expression of prothoracicotropic hormone during development and pupal diapause in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. J Insect Physiol 2005, 51:691-700.
133. Williams C.M. Physiology of insect diapause. IV. The brain and prothoracic glands as an endocrine system in the Cecropia silkworm. Biol Bull 1952, 103:120-138.
134. Wu Q., Brown M.R. Signaling and function of insulin-like peptides in insects. Annu Rev Entomol 2006, 51:1-24.
135. Xu J., Su J., Shen J., Xu W. Molecular characterization and developmental expression of the gene encoding the prothoracicotropic hormone in the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. Sci China C Life Sci 2007, 50:466-472.
136. Xu W.H., Denlinger D.L. Molecular characterization of prothoracicotropic hormone and diapause hormone in Heliothis virescens during diapause, and a new role for diapause hormone. Insect Mol Biol 2003, 12:509-516.
137. Xu W.H., Rinehart J.P., Denlinger D.L. Structural characterization and expression analysis of prothoracicotropic hormone in the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea. Peptides 2003, 24:1319-1325.
138. Yamanaka N., Honda N., Osato N., Niwa R., Mizoguchi A., Kataoka H. Differential regulation of ecdysteroidogenic P450 gene expression in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2007, 71:2808-2814.
139. Yamanaka N., Hua Y.-J., Mizoguchi A., Watanabe K., Niwa R., Tanaka Y., et al. Identification of a novel prothoracicostatic hormone and its receptor in the silkworm Bombyx mori. J Biol Chem 2005, 208:14684-14690.
140. Yamanaka N., Zitnan D., Kim Y.J., Adams M.E., Hua Y.J., Suzuki Y., et al. Regulation of insect steroid hormone biosynthesis by innervating peptidergic neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006, 103:8622-8627.
141. Yoshida I., Moto K., Sakurai S., Iwami M. A novel member of the bombyxin gene family: structure and expression of bombyxin G1 gene, an insulin-related peptide gene of the silkmoth Bombyx mori. Dev Genes Evol 1998, 208:407-410.
142. Yoshida I., Tsuzuki S., Salam S.E.A., Ino M., Korayem A.M., Sakurai S., et al. Bombyxin F1 gene: Structure and expression of a new bombyxin family gene that forms a pair with bombyxin B10 gene. Zool Sci 1997, 14:615-622.
143. Zhang T.Y., Sun J.S., Zhang Q.R., Xu J., Jiang R.J., Xu W.H. The diapause hormone-pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide gene of Helicoverpa armigera encodes multiple peptides that break, rather than induce, diapause. J Insect Physiol 2004, 50:547-554.
144. Iga M., Smagghe G. Identification and expression profile of Halloween genes involved in ecdysteroid biosynthesis in Spodoptera littoralis. Peptides 2010, 31:456-467.
145. Lu D., Lee K.Y., Horodyski F.M., Witten J.L. Molecular characterization and cell-specific expression of a Manduca sexta FLRFamide gene. J Comp Neurol 2002, 446:377-396.