Distinguishing opaline silica from cristobalite in bentonites: A practical procedure and perspective based on NaOH dissolution

Clay Minerals

Volumn 43, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 477-486

  Hillier, S ^a   Lumsdon, D G ^a  

^a SCOTTISH CROP RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bentonite; Cristobalite; Crystalline silica; Montmorillonite; Opal CT; Powder X ray diffraction

Indexed keywords

BULK SAMPLES; CLAY MATERIALS; CRISTOBALITES; CRYSTALLINE SILICA; DIRECT METHOD; GOOD PRACTICES; INSTRUMENTAL METHODS; MONTMORILLONITE; POWDER X RAY DIFFRACTION; PRACTICAL PROCEDURES; STRAIGHT-FORWARD METHOD; SUPPORTING ROLE; UNDISSOLVED SOLIDS;

BENTONITE; CLAY MINERALS; CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS; DIFFRACTION; DISSOLUTION; LIGHT; SILICA; X RAY DIFFRACTION; X RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION;

SILICATE MINERALS;

BENTONITE; CARCINOGEN; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CRISTOBALITE; CRYSTALLINE ROCK; MONTMORILLONITE; OPAL; SAMPLING; X-RAY DIFFRACTION;

EID: 77049118313     PISSN: 00098558     EISSN: 14718030     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1180/claymin.2008.043.3.11     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Baxter P.J., Bonadonna C., Dupree R., Hards V.L., Kohn S.C., Murphy M.D., Nichols A., Nicholson R.A., Norton G., Searl A., Sparks R.S.J. & Vickers B.P. (1999) Cristobalite in volcanic ash of the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, British West Indies. Science, 283, 1142-1145.
2. Carroll D. & Starky H. (1971) Reactivity of clay minerals with acids and alkalies. Clays and Clay Minerals, 19, 321-333.
3. Chipera S.J. & Bish D.L. (2001) Baseline studies of the Clay Minerals Society Source Clays: Powder X-ray diffraction analyses. Clays and Clay Minerals, 49, 398-409.
4. Elzea J.M., Odom I.E. & Miles W.J. (1994) Distinguishing well-ordered opal-CT and opal-C from high-temperature cristobalite by X-ray diffraction. Analytica Chimica Acta, 286, 107-116.
5. Elzea J.M. & Rice S.B. (1996) TEM and X-ray diffraction evidence for cristobalite and tridymite stacking sequences in opal. Clays and Clay Minerals, 44, 492-500.
6. Flörke O.W., Graetsch H., Martin B., Röller K. & Wirth R. (1991) Nomenclature of micro- and non-crystalline silica minerals, based on structure and microstructure. Neues Jahrbuch Mineralogie Abhandlungen, 163, 19-42.
7. Foster M.D. (1953) Geochemical studies of clay minerals III. The determination of free silica and free alumina in montmorillonites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 3, 143-154.
8. Fubini B. & Fenoglio I. (2007) Toxic potential of mineral dusts. Elements, 3, 407-414.
9. Graetsch H. (1994) Structural characteristics of opaline and microcrystalline silica minerals. Pp. 209-232 in: Silica - Physical Behaviour, Geochemistry and Materials Applications (P.J. Heaney, C.T. Prewitt & C.V. Gibbs, editors). Reviews in Mineralogy 29, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C.
10. Grim R.E. & Güven N. (1978) Bentonites: Geology, Mineralogy, Properties and Uses. Developments in Sedimentology 34, Elsevier, Amsterdam. 256 pp.
11. Gustafsson J.P. (2005) Visual MINTEQ version 2.32. http://www.lwr.kth.se/ English/OurSoftware/vminteq/ index.htm. Stockholm, Sweden.
12. Guthrie G.D., Bish D.L. & Reynolds R.C.Jr. (1995) Modeling the X-ray diffraction pattern of opal CT. American Mineralogist, 80, 869-872.
13. Hashimoto I. & Jackson M.L. (1960) Rapid dissolution of allophane and kaolinite-halloysite after dehydration. Proceedings of the 7th National Conference on Clays and Clay Minerals, 102-113.
14. Hillier S. (2003) Quantitative analysis of clay and other minerals in sandstones by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD). Pp. 213-251 in: Clay Mineral Cements in Sandstones (R.H. Worden & S. Morad, editors). Special Publication 34, International Association of Sedimentologists, Blackwell Science Ltd, Malden, USA.
15. IARC (1997) IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: silica, some silicates, coal dust and para-aramid fibrils. Vol.68. Lyon, France: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer.
16. Jones J.B. & Segnit E.R. (1971) The nature of opal I. Nomenclature and constituent phases. Journal of the Geological Society of Australia, 18, 57-68.
17. Jones R.L. (1969) Determination of opal in soil by alkali dissolution analysis. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, 33, 976-978.
18. Lindsay W.L. (1979) Chemical Equilibrium in Soils. John Wiley and Son, New York.
19. Miles W.J. (1994) Crystalline silica analysis of Wyoming bentonite by X-ray diffraction after phosphoric-acid digestion. Analytica Chimica Acta, 286, 97-105.
20. Miles W.J. & Hamilton R.D. (1994) Chemical methods for the analysis of crystalline silica: A critical review. Analytica Chimica Acta, 286, 3-7.
21. Müller P.J. & Schneider R. (1993) An automated leaching method for the determination of opal in sediments and particulate matter. Deep-Sea Research, 40, 425-444.
22. Mizota C., Toh N. & Matsuhisa Y. (1987) Origin of cristobalite in soils derived from volcanic ash in temperate and tropical regions. Geoderma, 39, 323-330.
23. Musu T. & Sapir M. (2006) Will the silica agreement foil EU legislation? Newsletter of the Health and Safety Department of the ETUI-REHS European Trade Union Institute for Research, Education and Health and Safety, 30-31, 4-8.
24. Nagase T. & Akizuki M. (1997) Texture and structure of opal-CT and opal-C in volcanic rocks. The Canadian Mineralogist, 35, 947-958.
25. NIOSH (2002) NIOSH hazard review, health effects of occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
26. Omotoso O., McCarty D.K., Hillier S. & Kleeberg R. (2006) Some successful approaches to quantitative mineral analysis as revealed by the 3rd Reynolds Cup contest. Clays and Clay Minerals, 54, 748-760.
27. Önal M., Kahramana S. & Sarkayaa Y. (2006) Differentiation of a-cristobalite from opals in bentonites from Turkey. Applied Clay Science, 35, 25-30.
28. Pardue H.L. (1994) Papers presented at the international symposium entitled 'Issues and Controversy - the Measurement of Crystalline Silica' (Cambridge, MA, USA, August 20-21, 1992 - foreword). Analytica Chimica Acta, 286, 1.
29. Pevear D.R., Dethier D.P. & Frank D. (1982) Clay minerals in the 1980 deposits from Mount St Helens. Clays and Clay Minerals, 30, 241-252.
30. Smith B.F.L. & Mitchell B.D. (1987) Characterisation of poorly ordered minerals by selective chemical methods. Pp. 275-294 in: A Handbook of Determinative Methods in Clay Mineralogy (M.J. Wilson, editor). Chapman & Hall, London.
31. Smith D.K. (1997) Evaluation of the detectability and quantification of respirable crystalline silica by X-ray powder diffraction methods. Powder Diffraction, 12, 200-227.
32. Smith D.K. (1998) Opal, cristobalite and tridymite: Noncrystallinity versus crystallinity, nomenclature of the silica minerals and bibliography. Powder Diffraction, 13, 2-19.
33. Wendlandt R.F., Harrison W.J. & Vaughan D.J. (2007) Surface coatings on quartz grains in bentonites and their relevance to human health. Applied Geochemistry, 22, 2290-2306.