메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 63, Issue 11, 2009, Pages 520-533

Smoking and cardiovascular health: A review of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention and control of tobacco

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Risk factor; Smoking

Indexed keywords

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CIGARETTE SMOKING; COCHRANE LIBRARY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CORONARY ARTERY SPASM; CORONARY ARTERY THROMBOSIS; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; EMBASE; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INDIA; MEDLINE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; OXYGEN TRANSPORT; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PUBLIC HEALTH; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SMOKING CESSATION;

EID: 76549088548     PISSN: 00195359     EISSN: 19983654     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4103/0019-5359.58884     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (50)

References (96)
  • 1
    • 0030983708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global burden of disease study
    • Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Mortality By Cause For Eight Regions Of The World: Global Burden Of Disease Study. Lancet 1997;349:1269-1276
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.349 , pp. 1269-1276
    • Murray, C.J.1    Lopez, A.D.2
  • 2
    • 0030711683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking,cardiovascular disease, and stroke: A statement for healthcare professionals from the American heart association
    • Ockene IS, Miller NH. Cigarette Smoking, Cardiovascular Disease, And Stroke: A Statement For Healthcare Professionals From The American Heart Association. Circulation 1997;96:3243-3247
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.96 , pp. 3243-3247
    • Ockene, I.S.1    Miller, N.H.2
  • 5
    • 0028828489 scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking acutely increases platelet thrombus formation in patients with coronary artery disease taking aspirin
    • Hung J, Lam JY, Lacoste L, Letchacovski G. Cigarette Smoking Acutely Increases Platelet Thrombus Formation In Patients With Coronary Artery Disease Taking Aspirin. Circulation 1995;92:2432-2436
    • (1995) Circulation , vol.92 , pp. 2432-2436
    • Hung, J.1    Lam, J.Y.2    Lacoste, L.3    Letchacovski, G.4
  • 6
    • 0032516496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of long- term smoking on myocardial blood flow, coronary vasomotion,and vasodilator capacity
    • Campisi R, Czernin J, Schöder H, Sayre JW, Marengo FD, Phelps ME, et al. Effects Of Long- Term Smoking On Myocardial Blood Flow, Coronary Vasomotion,And Vasodilator Capacity. Circulation 1998;98:119-125
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.98 , pp. 119-125
    • Campisi, R.1    Czernin, J.2    Schöder, H.3    Sayre, J.W.4    Marengo, F.D.5    Phelps, M.E.6
  • 7
    • 0033559791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Platelet spontaneous aggregation in platelet- rich plasma is increased in habitual smokers
    • Fusegawa Y, Goto S, Handa S, Kawada T, Ando Y. Platelet Spontaneous Aggregation In Platelet- Rich Plasma Is Increased In Habitual Smokers. Thromb Res1999;93:271-278
    • (1999) Thromb Res , vol.93 , pp. 271-278
    • Fusegawa, Y.1    Goto, S.2    Handa, S.3    Kawada, T.4    Ando, Y.5
  • 9
    • 0002637392 scopus 로고
    • Smoking intervention a behavioral, educational and pharmacological perspective
    • Ockene IS, Ockene JK, Editors Boston. Littlebrown
    • Ockene JK. Smoking Intervention: A Behavioral, Educational And Pharmacological Perspective. In: Ockene IS, Ockene JK, Editors. Prevention Of Coronary Heart Disease. Boston. Littlebrown; 1992. P. 201-230
    • (1992) Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease , pp. 201-230
    • Ockene, J.K.1
  • 10
    • 33747124758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of tobacco use and awareness of risks among school children in Jaipur
    • Singh V, Gupta R. Prevalence Of Tobacco Use And Awareness Of Risks Among School Children In Jaipur. J Assoc Physicians India 2006;54:609-612
    • (2006) J Assoc Physicians India , vol.54 , pp. 609-612
    • Singh, V.1    Gupta, R.2
  • 12
    • 76549114130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoking secondhand smoke and cardiovascular disease
    • Willerson JT, Cohn JN, Wellens HJ, Holmes DR, Editors. 3rd Ed. London: Springer-Verlag
    • Barnoya J, Glantz SA. Smoking, Secondhand Smoke, And Cardiovascular Disease. In: Willerson JT, Cohn JN, Wellens HJ, Holmes DR, Editors. Cardiovascular Medicine. 3rd Ed. London: Springer-Verlag; 2007. P. 2649-2664
    • (2007) Cardiovascular Medicine , pp. 2649-2664
    • Barnoya, J.1    Glantz, S.A.2
  • 13
    • 76549089210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoking
    • Eric J.Topol EJ, Editor. 2nd Ed. Cleveland, Ohio: Lippincott Williamsandwilkins
    • Niaura R, Goldstein MG. Smoking. In: Eric J.Topol EJ, Editor. Text Book Of Cardiovascular Medicine CD. 2nd Ed. Cleveland, Ohio: Lippincott Williamsandwilkins; 2002.
    • (2002) Text Book of Cardiovascular Medicine CD
    • Niaura, R.1    Goldstein, M.G.2
  • 14
    • 0030033499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking an epidemiological overview
    • Wald NJ, Hackshaw AK. Cigarette Smoking: An Epidemiological Overview. Br Med Bull 1996;52:3-11.
    • (1996) Br Med Bull , vol.52 , pp. 3-11
    • Wald, N.J.1    Hackshaw, A.K.2
  • 15
    • 0742287192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The problem of tobacco smoking
    • Edwards R. The Problem Of Tobacco Smoking. BMJ 2004;328:217-219
    • (2004) BMJ , vol.328 , pp. 217-219
    • Edwards, R.1
  • 17
  • 18
    • 76549101201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Report On Tobacco Control In India. New Delhi: Ministry Of Health And Family Welfare, Govt. Of India; Centers For Disease Control And Prevention. USA: World Health Organization; 2004
    • Report On Tobacco Control In India. New Delhi: Ministry Of Health And Family Welfare, Govt. Of India; Centers For Disease Control And Prevention. USA: World Health Organization; 2004.
  • 19
    • 40749135294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A nationally representative case-control study of smoking and death in India
    • Jha P, Jacob B, Gajalakshmi V, Gupta PC, Dhingra N, Kumar R, et al. A Nationally Representative Case-Control Study Of Smoking And Death In India. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1137-1147
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.358 , pp. 1137-1147
    • Jha, P.1    Jacob, B.2    Gajalakshmi, V.3    Gupta, P.C.4    Dhingra, N.5    Kumar, R.6
  • 20
    • 25844519809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bidi and cigarette smoking and risk of acute myocardial infarction among males in Urban India
    • Rastogi T, Jha P, Reddy KS, Prabhakaran D, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ, et al. Bidi And Cigarette Smoking And Risk Of Acute Myocardial Infarction Among Males In Urban India. Tob Control 2005;14:356-358
    • (2005) Tob Control , vol.14 , pp. 356-358
    • Rastogi, T.1    Jha, P.2    Reddy, K.S.3    Prabhakaran, D.4    Spiegelman, D.5    Stampfer, M.J.6
  • 21
    • 34447291387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tobacco control efforts: Where is India now?
    • Kabir Z, Clancy L, Connolly GN. Tobacco Control Efforts: Where Is India Now? The Lancet 2007;370:134.
    • (2007) The Lancet , vol.370 , pp. 134
    • Kabir, Z.1    Clancy, L.2    Connolly, G.N.3
  • 22
    • 1542546136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serial epidemiological surveys in an Urban Indian population demonstrate increasing coronary risk factors among the lower socioeconomic strata
    • Gupta R, Gupta VP, Sarna M, Prakash H, Rastogi S, Gupta KD. Serial Epidemiological Surveys In An Urban Indian Population Demonstrate Increasing Coronary Risk Factors Among The Lower Socioeconomic Strata. J Assoc Physicians India 2003;51:470-477
    • (2003) J Assoc Physicians India , vol.51 , pp. 470-477
    • Gupta, R.1    Gupta, V.P.2    Sarna, M.3    Prakash, H.4    Rastogi, S.5    Gupta, K.D.6
  • 23
    • 0024426740 scopus 로고
    • Smoking as a risk factor for chronic airways disease
    • Crofton J, Bjartveit K. Smoking As A Risk Factor For Chronic Airways Disease. Chest 1989;96:307S-12S. (Pubitemid 19223870)
    • (1989) Chest , vol.96 , Issue.3 SUPPL.
    • Crofton, J.1    Bjartveit, K.2
  • 24
    • 0031002938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancer cigarette smoking and premature death in Europe: A review including the recommendations of European cancer experts consensus meeting helsinki october 1996
    • Boyle P. Cancer, Cigarette Smoking And Premature Death In Europe: A Review Including The Recommendations Of European Cancer Experts Consensus Meeting, Helsinki, October 1996. Lung Cancer 1997;17:1-60.
    • (1997) Lung Cancer , vol.17 , pp. 1-60
    • Boyle, P.1
  • 26
    • 0011343225 scopus 로고
    • Tobacco smoke pollution
    • Orleans CT, Slade J, Editors. New York: Oxford University Press
    • Repace J. Tobacco Smoke Pollution. In: Orleans CT, Slade J, Editors. Nicotine Addiction: Principles And Management. New York: Oxford University Press; 1993.
    • (1993) Nicotine Addiction: Principles and Management
    • Repace, J.1
  • 27
    • 0018141860 scopus 로고
    • Effect of passive smoking on angina pectoris
    • Aronow WS. Effect Of Passive Smoking On Angina Pectoris. N Engl J Med 1978;299:21-24
    • (1978) N Engl J Med , vol.299 , pp. 21-24
    • Aronow, W.S.1
  • 28
    • 0026027538 scopus 로고
    • Passive smoking and heart disease: Epidemiology, physiology, and biochemistry
    • Glantz SA, Parmley WW. Passive Smoking And Heart Disease: Epidemiology, Physiology, And Biochemistry. Circulation 1991;83:1-12.
    • (1991) Circulation , vol.83 , pp. 1-12
    • Glantz, S.A.1    Parmley, W.W.2
  • 29
    • 19644372377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular effects of secondhand smoke: Nearly as large as smoking
    • Barnoya J, Glantz SA. Cardiovascular Effects Of Secondhand Smoke: Nearly As Large As Smoking. Circulation 2005;111:2684-2698
    • (2005) Circulation , vol.111 , pp. 2684-2698
    • Barnoya, J.1    Glantz, S.A.2
  • 30
    • 42949090751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brief secondhand smoke exposure depresses endothelial progenitor cells activity and endothelial function
    • Heiss C, Amabile N, Lee AC, Real WM, Schick SF, Lao D, et al. Brief Secondhand Smoke Exposure Depresses Endothelial Progenitor Cells Activity And Endothelial Function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:1760-1771
    • (2008) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.51 , pp. 1760-1771
    • Heiss, C.1    Amabile, N.2    Lee, A.C.3    Real, W.M.4    Schick, S.F.5    Lao, D.6
  • 32
    • 76549088201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Cancer Institute. Health Effects Of Exposure To Environmental Tobacco Smoke: The Report Of The California Environmental Protection Agency Smoking And Tobacco Control Monograph No. 10. NIH Pub. No. 99-4645. Bethesda, MD: Department Of Health And Human Services, National Institutes Of Health, National Cancer Institute, 1999
    • National Cancer Institute. Health Effects Of Exposure To Environmental Tobacco Smoke: The Report Of The California Environmental Protection Agency, Smoking And Tobacco Control Monograph No. 10. NIH Pub. No. 99-4645. Bethesda, MD: Department Of Health And Human Services, National Institutes Of Health, National Cancer Institute, 1999.
  • 33
    • 3142592957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Department Of Health And Human Services Atlanta: Centers For Disease Control And Prevention, National Center For Chronic Disease Prevention And Health Promotion, Office On Smoking And Health
    • U.S. Department Of Health And Human Services. The Health Consequences Of Smoking. A Report Of The Surgeon General. Atlanta: Centers For Disease Control And Prevention, National Center For Chronic Disease Prevention And Health Promotion, Office On Smoking And Health, 2004.
    • (2004) The Health Consequences of Smoking. A Report of the Surgeon General
  • 34
    • 0030860555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term economic and health benefits of smoking cessation: Myocardial infarction and stroke
    • Lightwood JM, Glantz SA. Short-Term Economic And Health Benefits Of Smoking Cessation: Myocardial Infarction And Stroke. Circulation 1997;96:1089-1096
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.96 , pp. 1089-1096
    • Lightwood, J.M.1    Glantz, S.A.2
  • 35
    • 76549100694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Department Of Health And Human Services. The Health Benefits Of Smoking Cessation: A Report Of The Surgeon General DHHS Publication No. (CDC) 90-8416. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department Of Health And Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers For Disease Control And Prevention, 1990
    • U.S. Department Of Health And Human Services. The Health Benefits Of Smoking Cessation: A Report Of The Surgeon General, DHHS Publication No. (CDC) 90-8416. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department Of Health And Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers For Disease Control And Prevention, 1990.
  • 36
    • 14844337377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geneva: World Health Organization; Centres For Disease Control And Prevention
    • Mackay J, Mensah GA. The Atlas Of Heart Disease And Stroke. Geneva: World Health Organization; Centres For Disease Control And Prevention; 2004.
    • (2004) The Atlas of Heart Disease and Stroke
    • MacKay, J.1    Mensah, G.A.2
  • 37
    • 0023241968 scopus 로고
    • Relative and absolute excess risks of coronary heart disease among women who smoke cigarettes
    • Willett WC, Green A, Stampfer MJ, Speizer FE, Colditz GA, Rosner B, et al. Relative And Absolute Excess Risks Of Coronary Heart Disease Among Women Who Smoke Cigarettes. N Engl J Med 1987;317:1303-1309
    • (1987) N Engl J Med , vol.317 , pp. 1303-1309
    • Willett, W.C.1    Green, A.2    Stampfer, M.J.3    Speizer, F.E.4    Colditz, G.A.5    Rosner, B.6
  • 38
    • 0041967223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease pathophysiology and implications for treatment
    • Benowitz NL. Cigarette Smoking And Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiology And Implications For Treatment. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2003;46:91-111.
    • (2003) Prog Cardiovasc Dis , vol.46 , pp. 91-111
    • Benowitz, N.L.1
  • 39
    • 0037065546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of preoperative smoking intervention on postoperative complications:a randomised clinical trial
    • Moller AM, Villebro N, Pedersen T, Tonnesen H. Effect Of Preoperative Smoking Intervention On Postoperative Complications:A Randomised Clinical Trial. Lancet 2002;359:114-117
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.359 , pp. 114-117
    • Moller, A.M.1    Villebro, N.2    Pedersen, T.3    Tonnesen, H.4
  • 40
    • 4444382796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): Case-control study
    • DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17018-9, PII S0140673604170189
    • Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, et al. Effect Of Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors Associated With Myocardial Infarction In 52 Countries (The INTERHEART Study): Case- Control Study. Lancet 2004;364:937-952 (Pubitemid 39208455)
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.364 , Issue.9438 , pp. 937-952
    • Yusuf, P.S.1    Hawken, S.2    Ounpuu, S.3    Dans, T.4    Avezum, A.5    Lanas, F.6    McQueen, M.7    Budaj, A.8    Pais, P.9    Varigos, J.10    Lisheng, L.11
  • 41
    • 7544223688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current smoking and the risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction in the WHO MONICA project populations
    • WHO MONICA Project
    • Mähönen MS, Mcelduff P, Dobson AJ, Kuulasmaa KA, Evans A; WHO MONICA Project. Current Smoking And The Risk Of Nonfatal Myocardial Infarction In The WHO MONICA Project Populations. Tob Control 2004;13:244-250.
    • (2004) Tob Control , vol.13 , pp. 244-250
    • Mähönen, M.S.1    McElduff, P.2    Dobson, A.J.3    Kuulasmaa, K.A.4    Evans, A.5
  • 42
    • 0028983839 scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking, tar yields, and non-fatal myocardial infarction 14,000 cases and 32,000 controls in the United Kingdom
    • The International Studies Of Infarct Survival (ISIS) Collaborators
    • Parish S, Collins R, Peto R, Youngman L, Barton J, Jayne K, et al. Cigarette Smoking, Tar Yields, And Non-Fatal Myocardial Infarction: 14,000 Cases And 32,000 Controls In The United Kingdom. The International Studies Of Infarct Survival (ISIS) Collaborators. BMJ 1995;311:471-477
    • (1995) BMJ , vol.311 , pp. 471-477
    • Parish, S.1    Collins, R.2    Peto, R.3    Youngman, L.4    Barton, J.5    Jayne, K.6
  • 43
    • 0024730489 scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking and the risk of myocardial infarction,and acute non-infarct coronary events among malaysian women
    • Quek DK, Lim LY, Ong SB. Cigarette Smoking And The Risk Of Myocardial Infarction,And Acute Non-Infarct Coronary Events Among Malaysian Women. Med J Malaysia 1989;44:210-223
    • (1989) Med J Malaysia , vol.44 , pp. 210-223
    • Quek, D.K.1    Lim, L.Y.2    Ong, S.B.3
  • 46
    • 0033602551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Passive smoking and the risk of coronary heart disease -- a meta- analysis of epidemiologic studies
    • He J, Vupputuri S, Allen K, Prerost MR, Hughes J, Whelton PK. Passive Smoking And The Risk Of Coronary Heart Disease -- A Meta- Analysis Of Epidemiologic Studies. N Engl J Med 1999;340:920-926
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.340 , pp. 920-926
    • He, J.1    Vupputuri, S.2    Allen, K.3    Prerost, M.R.4    Hughes, J.5    Whelton, P.K.6
  • 47
    • 0030578665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in Indians: A caseñcontrol study
    • Pais P, Pogue J, Gerstein H, Zachariah E, Savitha D, Jayprakash S, et al. Risk Factors For Acute Myocardial Infarction In Indians: A Caseñcontrol Study. Lancet 1996;348:358-363
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.348 , pp. 358-363
    • Pais, P.1    Pogue, J.2    Gerstein, H.3    Zachariah, E.4    Savitha, D.5    Jayprakash, S.6
  • 48
    • 40749135294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A nationally representative case-control study of smoking and death in India
    • Jha P, Jacob B, Gajalakshmi V, Gupta PC, Dhingra N, Kumar R, et al. A Nationally Representative Case-Control Study Of Smoking And Death In India. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1137-1147
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.358 , pp. 1137-1147
    • Jha, P.1    Jacob, B.2    Gajalakshmi, V.3    Gupta, P.C.4    Dhingra, N.5    Kumar, R.6
  • 49
    • 1942436013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced incidence of admissions for myocardial infarction associated with public smoking ban: Before and after study
    • Sargent RP, Shepard RM, Glantz SA. Reduced Incidence Of Admissions For Myocardial Infarction Associated With Public Smoking Ban: Before And After Study. BMJ 2004;328:977-983
    • (2004) BMJ , vol.328 , pp. 977-983
    • Sargent, R.P.1    Shepard, R.M.2    Glantz, S.A.3
  • 50
    • 48749126545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coronary heart disease deaths and decreased smoking prevalence in Massachusetts, 1993-2003
    • Kabir Z, Connolly GN, Clancy L, Koh HK, Capewell S. Coronary Heart Disease Deaths And Decreased Smoking Prevalence In Massachusetts,1993-2003. Am J Public Health 2008;98:1468-1469
    • (2008) Am J Public Health , vol.98 , pp. 1468-1469
    • Kabir, Z.1    Connolly, G.N.2    Clancy, L.3    Koh, H.K.4    Capewell, S.5
  • 52
    • 0041967223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease pathophysiology and implications for treatment 1
    • Benowitz NL. Cigarette Smoking And Cardiovascular Disease:Pathophysiology And Implications For Treatment: 1. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2003;46:91-111.
    • (2003) Prog Cardiovasc Dis , vol.46 , pp. 91-111
    • Benowitz, N.L.1
  • 53
    • 0033591845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tobacco smoke carcinogens and lung cancer
    • Hecht SS. Tobacco Smoke Carcinogens And Lung Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:1194-1210
    • (1999) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.91 , pp. 1194-1210
    • Hecht, S.S.1
  • 55
    • 2442547743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: An update
    • Ambrose JA, Barua RS. The Pathophysiology Of Cigarette Smoking And Cardiovascular Disease: An Update. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:1731-1737
    • (2004) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.43 , pp. 1731-1737
    • Ambrose, J.A.1    Barua, R.S.2
  • 56
    • 0035859919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nicotine does not influence arterial lipid deposits in rabbits exposed to second-hand smoke
    • Sun YP, Zhu BQ, Browne AE, Sievers RE, Bekker JM, Chaterjee K, et al. Nicotine Does Not Influence Arterial Lipid Deposits In Rabbits Exposed To Second-Hand Smoke. Circulation 2001;104: 810-814
    • (2001) Circulation , vol.104 , pp. 810-814
    • Sun, Y.P.1    Zhu, B.Q.2    Browne, A.E.3    Sievers, R.E.4    Bekker, J.M.5    Chaterjee, K.6
  • 57
    • 2642540057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: A statement for healthcare professionals from the expert panel on population and prevention science of the American heart association
    • Brook RD, Franklin B, Cascio W, Hong Y, Howard G, Lipsett M, et al. Air Pollution And Cardiovascular Disease: A Statement For Healthcare Professionals From The Expert Panel On Population And Prevention Science Of The American Heart Association. Circulation 2004;109:2655-2671
    • (2004) Circulation , vol.109 , pp. 2655-2671
    • Brook, R.D.1    Franklin, B.2    Cascio, W.3    Hong, Y.4    Howard, G.5    Lipsett, M.6
  • 58
    • 0029555396 scopus 로고
    • Influence of worksite environmental tobacco smoke on serum lipoprotein profiles of female nonsmokers
    • Moffatt RJ, Stamford BA, Biggerstaff KD. Influence Of Worksite Environmental Tobacco Smoke On Serum Lipoprotein Profiles Of Female Nonsmokers. Metabolism 1995;44:1536-1539
    • (1995) Metabolism , vol.44 , pp. 1536-1539
    • Moffatt, R.J.1    Stamford, B.A.2    Biggerstaff, K.D.3
  • 59
    • 1842423304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute exposure to environmental tobacco smoke reduces HDL-C and HDL2-C
    • Moffatt RJ, Chelland SA, Pecott DL, Stamford BA. Acute Exposure To Environmental Tobacco Smoke Reduces HDL-C And HDL2-C. Prev Med 2004;38:637-641
    • (2004) Prev Med , vol.38 , pp. 637-641
    • Moffatt, R.J.1    Chelland, S.A.2    Pecott, D.L.3    Stamford, B.A.4
  • 60
    • 0032568476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Passive smoking induces atherogenic changes in low-density lipoprotein
    • Valkonen M, Kuusi T. Passive Smoking Induces Atherogenic Changes In Low-Density Lipoprotein. Circulation 1998;97:2012-2016
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.97 , pp. 2012-2016
    • Valkonen, M.1    Kuusi, T.2
  • 61
    • 0142055950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress and cardiovascular injury part I: Basic mechanisms and in vivo monitoring of ROS
    • Griendling KK, Fitzgerald GA. Oxidative Stress And Cardiovascular Injury: Part I: Basic Mechanisms And In Vivo Monitoring Of ROS. Circulation 2003;108:1912-1916
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.108 , pp. 1912-1916
    • Griendling, K.K.1    Fitzgerald, G.A.2
  • 62
    • 0029002677 scopus 로고
    • Increase in circulating products of lipid peroxidation (F2-Isoprostanes) in smokers -- smoking as a cause of oxidative damage
    • Morrow JD, Frei B, Longmire AW, Gaziano JM, Lynch SM, Shyr Y, et al. Increase In Circulating Products Of Lipid Peroxidation (F2-Isoprostanes) In Smokers -- Smoking As A Cause Of Oxidative Damage. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1198-1203
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.332 , pp. 1198-1203
    • Morrow, J.D.1    Frei, B.2    Longmire, A.W.3    Gaziano, J.M.4    Lynch, S.M.5    Shyr, Y.6
  • 63
    • 0037844491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between cigarette smoking and novel risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the United States
    • Bazzano LA, He J, Muntner P, Vupputuri S, Whelton PK. Relationship Between Cigarette Smoking And Novel Risk Factors For Cardiovascular Disease In The United States. Ann Intern Med 2003;138:891-897
    • (2003) Ann Intern Med , vol.138 , pp. 891-897
    • Bazzano, L.A.1    He, J.2    Muntner, P.3    Vupputuri, S.4    Whelton, P.K.5
  • 64
    • 0032515362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking and progression of atherosclerosis: The atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study
    • Howard G, Wagenknecht LE, Burke GL, Diez- Roux A, Evans GW, Mcgovern P, et al. Cigarette Smoking And Progression Of Atherosclerosis: The Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) Study. JAMA 1998;279:119-124
    • (1998) JAMA , vol.279 , pp. 119-124
    • Howard, G.1    Wagenknecht, L.E.2    Burke, G.L.3    Diez- Roux, A.4    Evans, G.W.5    McGovern, P.6
  • 65
    • 0031823558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoking hemorheologic factors and progression of peripheral arterial disease in patients with claudication
    • Smith FB, Lowe GD, Lee AJ, Rumley A, Leng GC, Fowkes FG. Smoking, Hemorheologic Factors, And Progression Of Peripheral Arterial Disease In Patients With Claudication. J Vasc Surg 1998;28:129-135
    • (1998) J Vasc Surg , vol.28 , pp. 129-135
    • Smith, F.B.1    Lowe, G.D.2    Lee, A.J.3    Rumley, A.4    Leng, G.C.5    Fowkes, F.G.6
  • 66
    • 0030796146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and ischaemic heart disease: An evaluation of the evidence
    • Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure And Ischaemic Heart Disease: An Evaluation Of The Evidence. BMJ 1997;315:973-980
    • (1997) BMJ , vol.315 , pp. 973-980
    • Law, M.R.1    Morris, J.K.2    Wald, N.J.3
  • 67
    • 0030454205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term smoking impairs platelet-derived nitric oxide release
    • Ichiki K, Ikeda H, Haramaki N, Ueno T, Imaizumi T. Long-Term Smoking Impairs Platelet-Derived Nitric Oxide Release. Circulation 1996;94:3109-3114
    • (1996) Circulation , vol.94 , pp. 3109-3114
    • Ichiki, K.1    Ikeda, H.2    Haramaki, N.3    Ueno, T.4    Imaizumi, T.5
  • 68
    • 0035901623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impaired coronary tissue plasminogen activator release is associated with coronary atherosclerosis and cigarette smoking: Direct link between endothelial dysfunction and atherothrombosis
    • Newby DE, Mcleod AL, Uren NG, Flint L, Ludlam CA, Webb DJ, et al. Impaired Coronary Tissue Plasminogen Activator Release Is Associated With Coronary Atherosclerosis And Cigarette Smoking: Direct Link Between Endothelial Dysfunction And Atherothrombosis. Circulation 2001;103:1936-1941
    • (2001) Circulation , vol.103 , pp. 1936-1941
    • Newby, D.E.1    McLeod, A.L.2    Uren, N.G.3    Flint, L.4    Ludlam, C.A.5    Webb, D.J.6
  • 69
    • 0032967916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nicotine increases plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 production by human brain endothelial cells via protein kinase C-associated pathway
    • Zidovetzki R, Chen P, Fisher M, Hofman FM, Faraci FM. Nicotine Increases Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Production By Human Brain Endothelial Cells Via Protein Kinase Cûassociated Pathway. Stroke 1999;30:651-655 (Pubitemid 29115406)
    • (1999) Stroke , vol.30 , Issue.3 , pp. 651-655
    • Zidovetzki, R.1    Chen, P.2    Fisher, M.3    Hofman, F.M.4
  • 71
    • 0029942397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of 21 Mg transdermal nicotine patches and smoking cessation on heart rate variability
    • Stein PK, Rottman JN, Kleiger RE. Effect Of 21 Mg Transdermal Nicotine Patches And Smoking Cessation On Heart Rate Variability. Am J Cardiol 1996;77:701-705
    • (1996) Am J Cardiol , vol.77 , pp. 701-705
    • Stein, P.K.1    Rottman, J.N.2    Kleiger, R.E.3
  • 72
  • 73
    • 0027058499 scopus 로고
    • Effect of smoking on the oxidative processes of cardiomyocytes
    • Gvozdjakova A, Kucharska J, Gvozdjak J. Effect Of Smoking On The Oxidative Processes Of Cardiomyocytes. Cardiology 1992;1992:81-84
    • (1992) Cardiology , vol.1992 , pp. 81-84
    • Gvozdjakova, A.1    Kucharska, J.2    Gvozdjak, J.3
  • 75
    • 0037133157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoke exposure and hypercholesterolemia increase mitochondrial damage in cardiovascular tissues
    • Knight-Lozano CA, Young CG, Burow DL, Hu ZY, Uyeminami D, Pinkerton KE, et al. Cigarette Smoke Exposure And Hypercholesterolemia Increase Mitochondrial Damage In Cardiovascular Tissues. Circulation 2002;105:849-854
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.105 , pp. 849-854
    • Knight-Lozano, C.A.1    Young, C.G.2    Burow, D.L.3    Hu, Z.Y.4    Uyeminami, D.5    Pinkerton, K.E.6
  • 76
    • 0037217427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of smoking on arterial stiffness and pulse pressure amplification
    • Mahmud A, Feely J. Effect Of Smoking On Arterial Stiffness And Pulse Pressure Amplification. Hypertension 2003;41:183-187
    • (2003) Hypertension , vol.41 , pp. 183-187
    • Mahmud, A.1    Feely, J.2
  • 77
    • 0347319053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of passive smoking on blood pressure and aortic pressure waveform in healthy young adults- influence of gender
    • Mahmud A, Feely J. Effects Of Passive Smoking On Blood Pressure And Aortic Pressure Waveform In Healthy Young Adults- Influence Of Gender. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004;57:37-43.
    • (2004) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.57 , pp. 37-43
    • Mahmud, A.1    Feely, J.2
  • 80
    • 13844275555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms
    • Isselbacher EM. Thoracic And Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms. Circulation 2005;111:816-828
    • (2005) Circulation , vol.111 , pp. 816-828
    • Isselbacher, E.M.1
  • 81
    • 0034796963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoking and erectile dysfunction: Evidence based analysis
    • Subcommittee On Smoking And Erectile Dysfunction Socioeconomic Committee Sexual Medicine Society Of North America
    • Mcvary KT, Carrier S, Wessells H; Subcommittee On Smoking And Erectile Dysfunction Socioeconomic Committee, Sexual Medicine Society Of North America. Smoking And Erectile Dysfunction: Evidence Based Analysis. J Urol 2001;166:1624-1632
    • (2001) J Urol , vol.166 , pp. 1624-1632
    • McVary, K.T.1    Carrier, S.2    Wessells, H.3
  • 82
  • 83
    • 0037827722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality risk reduction associated with smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease: A systematic review
    • Critchley JA, Capewell S. Mortality Risk Reduction Associated With Smoking Cessation In Patients With Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review. JAMA 2003;290:86-97.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.290 , pp. 86-97
    • Critchley, J.A.1    Capewell, S.2
  • 84
    • 0035040373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship of current and past smoking to mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction 1
    • Suskin N, Sheth T, Negassa A, Yusuf S. Relationship Of Current And Past Smoking To Mortality And Morbidity In Patients With Left Ventricular Dysfunction: 1. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1677-1682
    • (2001) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.37 , pp. 1677-1682
    • Suskin, N.1    Sheth, T.2    Negassa, A.3    Yusuf, S.4
  • 85
    • 0033549290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL randomised intervention trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF)
    • Effect Of Metoprolol CR/XL In Chronic Heart Failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial In Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 1999;353:2001-2007.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.353 , pp. 2001-2007
  • 86
    • 0033517302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure
    • Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators
    • Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, et al. The Effect Of Spironolactone On Morbidity And Mortality In Patients With Severe Heart Failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1999;341:709-717
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.341 , pp. 709-717
    • Pitt, B.1    Zannad, F.2    Remme, W.J.3    Cody, R.4    Castaigne, A.5    Perez, A.6
  • 87
    • 0025913812 scopus 로고
    • Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure
    • The SOLVD Investigators
    • Effect Of Enalapril On Survival In Patients With Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fractions And Congestive Heart Failure. The SOLVD Investigators. N Engl J Med 1991;325:293-302.
    • (1991) N Engl J Med , vol.325 , pp. 293-302
  • 89
  • 92
    • 0023248571 scopus 로고
    • Are physicians advising smokers to quit? the patient's perspective
    • Anda RF, Remington PL, Sienko DG, Davis RM. Are Physicians Advising Smokers To Quit? The Patient's Perspective. JAMA 1987;257:1916-1919
    • (1987) JAMA , vol.257 , pp. 1916-1919
    • Anda, R.F.1    Remington, P.L.2    Sienko, D.G.3    Davis, R.M.4
  • 93
    • 0033577364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceived risks of heart disease and cancer among cigarette smokers
    • Ayanian JZ, Cleary PD. Perceived Risks Of Heart Disease And Cancer Among Cigarette Smokers. JAMA 1999;281:1019-1021
    • (1999) JAMA , vol.281 , pp. 1019-1021
    • Ayanian, J.Z.1    Cleary, P.D.2
  • 94
  • 95
    • 76549133192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoking
    • Topol EJ, Editor. 3rd Ed. New Delhi: Wolters Kluwer (India)
    • Barnoya J, Glantz SA. Smoking. In: Topol EJ, Editor. Textbook Of Cardiovascular Medicine. 3rd Ed. New Delhi: Wolters Kluwer (India); 2007. P. 109-120
    • (2007) Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine , pp. 109-120
    • Barnoya, J.1    Glantz, S.A.2
  • 96
    • 64749098642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical inactivity a cardiovascular risk factor
    • Prasad DS, Das BC. Physical Inactivity: A Cardiovascular Risk Factor. Indian J Med Sci 2009;63:33-42.
    • (2009) Indian J Med Sci , vol.63 , pp. 33-42
    • Prasad, D.S.1    Das, B.C.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.