Physiological stress responses in defensive individuals: Age and sex matter

Psychophysiology

Volumn 47, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 332-341

  Lévesque, Karine ^a,b   Moskowitz, D S ^c   Tardif, Jean Claude ^a   Dupuis, Gilles ^a,b   D'Antono, Bianca ^a,b,d  

^a MONTREAL HEART INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^c MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Blood pressure; Cortisol; Defensiveness; Heart rate variability; Sex differences; Stress reactivity recovery

Indexed keywords

EID: 76349091626     PISSN: 00485772     EISSN: 14698986     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00943.x     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Al'Absi, M., Bongard, S. Lovallo, W. R. (2000). Adrenocorticotropin responses to interpersonal stress: Effects of overt anger expression style and defensiveness. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 37, 257 265.
2. Barger, S. D., Kircher, J. C. Croyle, R. T. (1997). The effects of social context and defensiveness on the physiological responses of repressive copers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1118 1128.
3. Barger, S. D., Marsland, A. L., Bachen, E. A. Manuck, S. B. (2000). Repressive coping and blood measures of disease risk: Lipids and endocrine and immunoligical responses to a laboratory stressor. Journal of Applied and Social Psychology, 30, 1619 1638.
4. Barnett, P. A., Spence, J. D., Manuck, S. B. Jennings, J. R. (1997). Psychological stress and the progression of carotid artery disease. Journal of Hypertension, 15, 49 55.
5. Baumeister, R. F. Tice, D. M. (1990). Anxiety and social exclusion. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 165 195.
6. Bigger, J. T. Jr., Fleiss, J. L., Steinmen, R. C., Rolnitzky, L. M., Kleiger, R. E. Rottman, J. N. (1992). Frequency domain measures of heart period variability and mortality after myocardial infarction. Circulation, 85, 164 171.
7. Blackhart, G. C., Eckel, L. A. Tice, D. M. (2007). Salivary cortisol in response to acute social rejection and acceptance by peers. Biological Psychology, 75, 267 276.
8. Cohen, S., Hamrick, N., Rodrigez, M. S., Feldmen, P. J., Rabin, B. S. Manuck, S. B. (2000). The stability of and intercorrelations among cardiovascular, immune, endocrine, and psychological reactivity. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 22, 1 10.
9. Contrada, R. J., Czarnecki, E. M. Li-Chern Pan, R. (1997). Health-damaging personality traits and verbal-autonomic dissociation: The role of self-control and environmental control. Health Psychology, 16, 451 457.
10. Costa, P. T. Jr. McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory and NEO Five-Factor Inventory. Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Services.
11. Crowne, D. P. Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24, 349 354.
12. Crowne, D. P. Marlowe, D. (1964). The approval motive: Studies in evaluative dependence. New York : Wiley.
13. D'Antono, B., Moskowitz, D. S., Miners, C. Archambault, J. (2005). Gender and communal trait differences in the relations among social behavior, affect arousal, and cardiac autonomic control. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28, 267 279.
14. Dimsdale, J. E. Hackett, T. P. (1982). Effect of denial on cardiac health and psychological assessment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 1477 1480.
15. Emerson, C. S. Harrison, D. W. (1990). Anger and denial as predictors of cardiovascular reactivity in women. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 12, 271 283.
16. Engebretson, T. O. Matthews, K. A. (1992). Dimensions of hostility in men, women, and boys: Relationships to personality and cardiovascular responses to stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 54, 311 323.
17. Everson, S. A., Lynch, J. W., Kaplan, G. A., Lakka, T. A., Sivenius, J. Salonen, J. T. (2001). Stress-induced blood pressure reactivity and incident stroke in middle-aged men. Stroke, 32, 1263 1270.
18. Fuller, B. F. (1992). The effects of stress-anxiety and coping styles on heart rate variability. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 12, 81 86.
19. Furnham, A., Petrides, K. V., Sisterson, G. Baluch, B. (2003). Repressive coping style and positive self-representation. British Journal of Health Psychology, 8, 223 249.
20. Grossman, P., Watkins, L. L., Ristuccia, H. Wilhelm, F. H. (1997). Blood pressure responses to mental stress in emotionally defensive patients with stable coronary artery disease. American Journal of Cardiology, 80, 343 346.
21. Gudjonsson, G. H. (1981). Self-reported emotional disturbance and its relation to electrodermal reactivity, defensiveness and trait anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 2, 47 52.
22. Helmers, K. F. Krantz, D. F. (1996). Defensive hostility, gender and cardiovascular levels and responses to stress. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 18, 246 254.
23. Helmers, K. F., Krantz, D. S., Merz, C. N., Klein, J., Kop, W. J., Gottdiener, J. S., et al 1995). Defensive hostility: Relationship to multiple markers of cardiac ischemia in patients with coronary disease. Health Psychology, 14, 202 209.
24. Jamner, L. D., Schwartz, G. E. Leigh, H. (1988). The relationship between repressive and defensive coping styles and monocyte, eosinophile, and serum glucose levels: Support for the opiod peptide hypothesis of repression. Psychosomatic Medicine, 50, 567 575.
25. Jamner, L. D., Shapiro, D., Goldstein, I. B. Hug, R. (1991). Ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in paramedics: Effects of cynical hostility and defensiveness. Psychosomatic Medicine, 53, 393 406.
26. Jorgensen, R. S., Abdul-Karin, K., Kahan, T. A. Frankowski, J. J. (1995). Defensiveness, cynical hostility and cardiovascular reactivity: A moderator analysis. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 64, 156 161.
27. Jorgensen, R. S., Frankowski, J. J., Latinga, L. J., Phadke, K., Sprafkin, R. P. Abdul-Karim, K. W. (2001). Defensive hostility and coronary heart disease: A preliminary investigation of male veterans. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63, 463 469.
28. Jorgensen, R. S., Johnson, T. B., Kolodziej, M. E. Schreer, G. E. (1996). Elevated blood pressure and personality: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 293 320.
29. Kamarck, T. W., Debski, T. T. Manuck, S. B. (2000). Enhancing the laboratory-to-life generalizability fo cardiovascular reactivity using multiple occasions of measurements. Psychophysiology, 37, 533 542.
30. Kamarck, T. W. Lovallo, B. (2003). Cardiovascular reactivity to psychological challenge: Conceptual and measurement considerations. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 9 21.
31. Kidson, M. A. (1973). Personality and hypertension. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 17, 35 41.
32. Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. Greenberg, B. (1983). On the use of physiological measures in assertion research. Journal of Behavioral Assessment, 5, 97 109.
33. King, A. C., Taylor, C. B., Albright, C. A. Haskell, W. L. (1990). The relationship between repressive and defensive coping styles and blood pressure responses in healthy, middle-aged men and women. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 34, 461 471.
34. Kirschbaum, C. Hellhammer, D. H. (1989). Salivary cortisol in psychobiological research: An overview. Neuropsychobiology, 22, 150 169.
35. Kudielka, B. M., Buske-Kirschbaum, A., Hellhammer, D. H. Kirschbaum, C. (2004). HPA axis responses to laboratory psychosocial stress in healthy elderly adults, younger adults, and children: Impact of age and gender. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 83 98. (Pubitemid 37303960)
36. Lawler, K. A., Wilcox, Z. C. Anderson, S. F. (1993). Gender and cardiovascular responses: What is the role of hostility? Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 37, 603 613.
37. Lévesque, K., Bureau, S., Moskowitz, D. S., Tardif, J. C., Lavoie, J., Dupuis, G., et al 2009). Defensiveness and metabolic syndrome: The impact of sex and age. Biological Psychology, 80, 354 360.
38. Linden, W. (1985). Cardiovascular response as a function of predisposition, coping behavior and stimulus type. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 29, 611 620.
39. Linden, W. Feuerstein, M. (1983). Essential hypertension and social coping behavior: Experimental findings. Journal of Human Stress, 9, 22 31.
40. Lovallo, W. R. Gerin, W. (2003). Psychophysiological reactivity: Mechanisms and pathways to cardiovascular disease. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 36 45.
41. Lovallo, W. R. Thomas, T. L. (2000). Stress hormones in psychophysiological research: Emotional, behavioral, and cognitive implications. In J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary G. Berntson (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology (pp. 342 367). New York : Cambridge University Press.
42. Mann, S. J. James, G. D. (1998). Defensiveness and essential hypertension. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 45, 139 148.
43. Marin, G., Gamba, R. J. Marin, B. V. (1992). Extreme response style and acquiescence among Hispanics: The role of acculturation and education. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 23, 498 509.
44. Matthews, K. A., Katholi, C. R., McCreath, H., Whooley, M. A., Williams, D. R., Zhu, S., et al 2004). Blood pressure reactivity to psychological stress predicts hypertension in the CARDIA Study. Circulation, 110, 74 78.
45. Matthews, K. A. Stoney, C. M. (1988). Influences of sex and age on cardiovascular responses during stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 50, 46 56.
46. McEwen, B. S. (1998). Protective and damaging effects of stress mediator. The New England Journal of Medicine, 338, 171 179.
47. McEwen, B. S. Stellar, E. (1993). Stress and the individual: Mechanisms leading to disease. Archives of Internal Medicine, 153, 2093 2101.
48. Mente, A. Helmers, K. F. (1999). Defensive hostility and cardiovascular responses to stress in young men. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 683 694.
49. Millham, J. (1974). Two components of need for approval score and their relationship to cheating following success and failure. Journal of Research in Personality, 8, 378 392.
50. Movius, H. L. Allen, J. J. B. (2005). Cardiac vagal tone, defensiveness, and motivational style. Biological Psychology, 68, 147 162.
51. Neto, S. E. P., Neidecker, J. Lehot, J. J. (2003). Comprendre la variabilité de la pression artérielle et de la fréquence cardiaque [To understand blood pressure and heart rate variability Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation, 22, 425 452.
52. Newton, T. L. Contrada, R. J. (1992). Repressive coping and verbal-autonomic response dissociation: The influence of social context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 159 167.
53. Niaura, R., Herbert, P. N., McMahon, N. Sommerville, L. (1992). Repressive coping and blood lipids in men and women. Psychosomatic Medicine, 54, 698 706.
54. Nyklicek, I., Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M., Van Heck, G. L. Van Limpt, M. C. A. M. (1998). Defensive coping in relation to casual blood pressure and self-reported daily hassles and life events. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 21, 145 161.
55. O'Brien, E., Waeber, B., Parati, G., Staessen, J. Myers, M. G. (2001). Blood pressure measuring devices: Recommendations of the European Society of Hypertension. British Medical Journal, 322, 531 536.
56. Palatini, P. Stevo, J. (1997). Heart rate and the cardiovascular risk. Journal of Hypertension, 15, 3 17.
57. Paulhus, D. L. (1984). Two-component models of socially desirable responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 598 609.
58. Pauls, C. A. Stemmler, G. (2003). Repressive and defensive coping during fear and anger. Emotion, 3, 284 302.
59. Pruessner, J. C., Kirschbaum, C., Meinlschmid, G. Hellhammer, D. H. (2003). Two formulas for computation of the area under the curve represent measures of total hormone concentration versus time-dependent change. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 28, 916 931.
60. Rovere, M. T. L., Bigger, J. T., Marcus, F. I., Mortara, A. Schwartz, P. J. (1998). Baroreflex sensitivity and heart-rate variability in prediction of total cardiac mortalty after myocardial infarction. ATRAMI (Autonomic Tone and Reflexes after Myocardial Infacrtion) Investigator. Lancet, 351, 478 484.
61. Russell, J. A., Weiss, A. Mendelsohn, G. A. (1989). Affect grid: A single-item scale of pleasure and arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 439 502.
62. Rutledge, T. Linden, W. (2000). Defensiveness status predicts 3-year incidence of hypertension. Journal of Hypertension, 18, 153 159.
63. Rutledge, T. Linden, W. (2003). Defensiveness and 3-year blood pressure levels among young adults: The mediating effect of stress-reactivity. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 25, 34 40.
64. Rutledge, T., Linden, W. Davies, R. F. (2000). Psychological response styles and cardiovascular health: Confound or independent risk factor? Health Psychology, 19, 441 451.
65. Santonasto, P., Canton, G., Ambrosio, G. B. Zamboni, S. (1984). Hypertension and neuroticism. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 41, 7 11.
66. Schuler, J. L. O'Brien, W. H. (1997). Cardiovascular recovery from stress and hypertension risk factors. Psychophysiology, 34, 649.
67. Schwartz, A. R., Gerin, W., Davidson, K. W., Pickering, T. G., Brosschot, J. F., Thayer, J. F., et al 2003). Toward a causal model of cardiovascular responses to stress and the development of cardiovascular disease. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 22 35.
68. Shapiro, D., Goldstein, I. B. Jamner, L. D. (1995). Effects of anger/hostility, defensiveness, gender, and family history of hypertension on cardiovascular reactivity. Psychophysiology, 32, 425 435.
69. Sterling, P. Eyer, J. (1988). Allostasis: A new paradigm to explain arousal pathology. In S. Fisher J. Reason (Eds.), Handbook of life stress, cognition and health (pp. 629 649). New York : John Wiley & Sons.
70. Stewart, J. C. France, C. R. (2001). Cardiovascular recovery from stress predicts longitudinal changes in blood pressure. Biological Psychology, 58, 105.
71. Tabachnick, B. G. Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed). Boston : Pearson Education.
72. Tarvainen, M. P., Ranta-aho, P. O. Karjalainen, P. A. (2001). An advanced detrending method with application to HRV analysis. IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering, 49, 172 175.
73. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. (1996). Heart rate variability: Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Circulation, 93, 1043 1065.
74. Tikkanen, P. (1999). Characterization and application of analysis methods for ECG and time interval variability data. Oulu, Finland : University of Oulu.
75. Tomaka, J., Blaskovich, J. Kelsey, R. M. (1992). Effects of self-deception, social desirability, and repressive coping on psychophysiological reactivity to stress. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 616 624.
76. Treiber, F. A., Musante, L., Braden, D., Arensman, F., Strong, W. B., Levy, M., et al 1990). Racial differences in hemodynamic responses to the cold face stimulus in children and adults. Psychosomatic Medicine, 52, 286 296.
77. Tsuji, H., Larson, M. G., Venditti, F. J., Mandlers, E. S., Evans, J. C., Feldman, J. C., et al 1996). Impact of reduced heart rate variability on risk for cardiac events: The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation, 94, 2850 2855.
78. Urbina, E. M., Bao, W., Pickoff, A. S. Berenson, G. S. (1998). Ethnic (Black-White) contrasts in heart rate variability during cardiovascular reactivity testing in male adolescents with high and low blood pressure. American Journal of Hypertension, 11, 196 202.
79. Vella, E. J. Friedman, B. H. (2007). Autonomic characteristics of defensive hostility: Reactivity and recovery to active and passive stressors. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 66, 95 101.
80. Vitaliano, P. P. (2002). A path model of chronic stress, the metabolic syndrome, and coronary heart disease. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64, 418 435.
81. Warrenburg, S., Levine, J., Schwartz, G. E., Fontana, A. F., Kerns, R. D., Delaney, R., et al 1989). Defensive coping and blood pressure reactivity in medical patients. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12, 407 424.
82. Weinberger, D. A., Schwartz, G. E. Davidson, R. J. (1979). Low-anxious, high-anxious, and repressive coping style: Psychometric patterns and behavioral and psychological responses to stress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 369 380.
83. Weitzman, E. D., Fukushima, D. K., Nogeire, C., Roffwarg, H., Gallagher, T. F. Hellman, L. (1971). Twenty-four hour pattern of the episodic secretion of cortisol in normal subjects. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 33, 14 22.
84. Wennerholm, M. A. Zarle, T. H. (1976). Internal-external control, defensiveness, and anxiety in hypertensive patients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32, 644 648.
85. Westmass, J. L. Jamner, L. D. (2006). Paradoxical effects of social support on blood pressure reactivity among defensive individuals. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 31, 238 247.