Cardiovascular reactivity to psychological challenge: Conceptual and measurement considerations

Psychosomatic Medicine

Volumn 65, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 9-21

  Kamarck, Thomas W ^a   Lovallo, William R ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Biopsychology; Cardiovascular disease; Cardiovascular reactivity; Measurement

Indexed keywords

ADRENAL FUNCTION; ADRENALIN URINE LEVEL; ADRENERGIC SYSTEM; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING; CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSE; CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM; HEART OUTPUT; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; NORADRENALIN URINE LEVEL; PRESSORECEPTOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; RELIABILITY; REVIEW; VALIDATION PROCESS;

EID: 0037251376     PISSN: 00333174     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.PSY.0000030390.34416.3E     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Roessler R, Engel BT. The current status of the concepts of physiological response specificity and activation. In: Lipowski ZJ, Lipsitt DR, Whybrow PC, editors. Psychosomatic medicine: current trends and clinical applications. New York: Oxford University Press; 1977. p. 50-7.
2. Wright RA, Contrada RJ, Glass DC. Psychophysiological correlates of Type A behavior. Adv Behav Med 1985;1:39-88.
3. Manuck SB. Cardiovascular reactivity in cardiovascular disease: 'once more unto the breach.' Int J Behav Med 1994;1: 4-31.
4. Treiber FA, Kamarck T, Schneiderman N, Sheffield D, Kapuku G, Taylor T. Cardiovascular reactivity and development of preclinical and clinical disease states. Psychosom Med 2003;65: 46-62.
5. Manuck SB, Kamarck TW, Kasprowicz AS, Waldstein SR. Stability and patterning of behaviorally evoked cardiovascular reactivity. In: Blascovich J, Katkin SE, editors. Cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stress and disease. Washington DC: American Psychological Association; 1993.
6. Lovallo WR, Gerin W. Psychophysiological reactivity: mechanisms and pathways to cardiovascular disease. Psychosom Med 2003;65:36-45.
7. Sherwood A, Allen MT, Obrist PA, Langer AW. Evaluation of beta-adrenergic influences on cardiovascular and metabolic adjustments to physical and psychological stress. Psychophysiology 1986;23:89-104.
8. Schmidt TH. Cardiovascular reactions and cardiovascular risk. In: Dembroski TM, Schmidt TH, Blumchen G, editors. Biobehavioral bases of coronary heart disease. Basel: Karger; 1983. p.130-74.
9. Houston BK. Psychological variables and cardiovascular and neuroendocrine reactivity. In: Matthews KA, Weiss SM, Detre T, Dembroski, TM, Falkner B, Manuck SB, Williams RB, editors. Handbook of stress, reactivity, and cardiovascular disease. New York: John Wiley; 1986. p. 207-29.
10. Obrist PA. Cardiovascular psychophysiology: a perspective. New York: Plenum Press; 1981.
11. Eliot RS, Buell JC, Dembroski TM. Bio-behavioural perspectives on coronary heart disease, hypertension and sudden cardiac death. Acta Med Scand 1982;660(Suppl):203-13.
12. Blascovich J, Katkin ES, editors. Cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stress and disease. Washington DC: American Psychological Association; 1993.
13. Kasprowicz AL, Manuck SB, Malkoff SB, Krantz DS. Individual differences in behaviorally evoked cardiovascular response: temporal stability and hemodynamic patterning. Psychophysiology 1990;27:605-19.
14. Allen MT, Boquet AJ, Shelley KS. Cluster analyses of cardiovascular responsivity to three laboratory stressors. Psychosom Med 1991;53:272-88.
15. Kamarck TW, Jennings JR, Pogue-Geile M, Manuck SB. A multidimensional measurement model for cardiovascular reactivity: stability and cross-validation in two adult samples. Health Psychol 1994;13:471-8.
16. Berntson G, Cacioppo J, Quigley K, Fabro V. Autonomic space and psychophysiological response. Psychophysiology 1994; 31: 44-61.
17. Cronbach LJ, Furby L. How should we measure 'change' - or should we? Psychol Bull 1970;74:68-80.
18. Gottman JM, editor. The analysis of change. Mahwah (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1995.
19. Llabre M, Spitzer S, Saab P, Ironson G, Schneiderman N. The reliability and specificity of delta vs. residualized change as measures of cardiovascular reactivity to behavioral challenge. Psychophysiology 1991;28:701-11.
20. Linden W, Earle TL, Gerin W, Christenfeld N. Physiological stress reactivity and recovery: conceptual siblings separated at birth? J Psychosom Res 1997;42:117-35.
21. Rutledge T, Linden W, Paul D. Cardiovascular recovery from acute laboratory stress: reliability and concurrent validity. Psychosom Med 2000;62:648-54.
22. Christenfeld N, Glynn LM, Gerin W. On the reliable assessment of cardiovascular recovery: an application of curve-fitting techniques. Psychophysiology 2000;37:543-50.
23. Nunnally J. Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1967.
24. Krantz DS, Kop WJ, Santiago HT, Gottdiener JS. Mental stress as a trigger of myocardial ischemia and infarction. Cardiol Clin 1996;14:271-87.
25. Swain A, Suls J. Reproducibility of blood pressure and heart rate reactivity: a meta-analysis. Psychophysiology 1996;33: 162-74.
26. Turner JR, Sims J, Carroll D, Morgan RK, Hewitt JK. A comparative evaluation of heart rate reactivity during MATH and a standard mental arithmetic task. Int J Psychophysiol 1987;5: 301-3.
27. Kamarck TW, Jennings JR, Debski TT, Glickman-Weiss E, Johnson PS, Eddy MJ, Manuck SB. Reliable measures of behaviorally-evoked cardiovascular reactivity from a PC-based test battery: results from student and community samples. Psychophysiology 1992;29:17-28.
28. Gulliksen H. Theory of mental tests. New York: Wiley; 1994.
29. Thurstone LL. The reliability and validity of tests. Ann Arbor (MI): Edwards; 1932.
30. Epstein S. The stability of behavior. II. Implications for psychological research. Am Psychol 1980;35:790-806.
31. Kamarck TW, Jennings JR, Manuck SB. Psychometric applications in the assessment of cardiovascular reactivity. Homeostasis 1993;34:229-43.
32. Matthews KA, Woodall KL, Stoney CM. Changes in and stability of cardiovascular responses to behavioral stress: results from a four-year longitudinal study of children. Child Dev 1990;61:1134-44.
33. Murphy JK, Stoney CM, Alpert BS, Walker SS. Gender and ethnicity in children's cardiovascular reactivity: 7 years of study. Health Psychol 1995;14:48-55.
34. Hobbs SF. Central command during exercise: parallel activation of the cardiovascular and motor systems by descending command signals. In: Smith OA, Galosy GA, Weiss SM, editors. Developments in neuroscience. Vol 15. Circulation, neurobiology, and behavior. New York: Elsevier Biomedical; 1982. p. 217-32.
35. Rowell LB. Human circulation regulation during physical stress. New York: Oxford University Press; 1986.
36. Gramer M, Huber HP. Temporal and across-task stability of cardiovascular response patterns during psychological and physical challenge. Homeostasis 1993;34:289-301.
37. Smith EE, Guyton AC, Manning RD, White RJ. Integrated mechanisms of cardiovascular response and control during exercise in the normal human. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1976;28:421-43.
38. FitzGerald MJT. Neuroanatomy: basic and clinical. London: Balliere Tindall; 1992.
39. Everson SA, Kaplan GA, Goldberg DE, Salonen JT. Anticipatory blood pressure response to exercise predicts future high blood pressure in middle-aged men. Hypertension 1996;27: 1059-64.
40. Kamarck TW, Eranen J, Jennings JR, Manuck SB, Everson SA, Kaplan GA, Salonen JT. Anticipatory blood pressure responses to exercise are associated with left ventricular mass in Finnish men: Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Circulation 2000;102:1394-9.
41. Everson SA, Lynch JW, Chesney MA, Kaplan GA, Goldberg DE, Shade SB, Cohen RD, Salonen R, Salonen JT. Interaction of workplace demands and cardiovascular reactivity in progression of carotid atherosclerosis: population based study. BMJ 1997;314:553-8.
42. Lovallo WR. The cold pressor test and autonomic function: a review and integration. Psychophysiology 1975;12:268-82.
43. Saab PG, Llabre MM, Hurwitz BE, Schneiderman N, Wohlgemuth W, Durel LA, Massie C, Nagel J. The cold pressor test: vascular and myocardial response patterns and their stability. Psychophysiology 1993;30:366-73.
44. Peckerman A, Saab PG, McCabe PM, Skyler JS, Winters RW, Llabre MM, Schneiderman N. Blood pressure reactivity and perception of pain during the forehead cold pressor test. Psychophysiology 1991;28:485-95.
45. Dembroski TM, MacDougall JM, Herd JA, Shields JL. Effect of level of challenge on pressor and heart rate responses in Type A and B subjects. J Applied Soc Psychol 1979;9:209-28.
46. McKinney ME, Miner MH, Rudel H, McIlvain HE, Witte H, Buell JC, Eliot RS, Grant LB. The standardized mental stress test protocol: test-retest reliability and comparison with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Psychophysiology 1985;22: 453-63.
47. Turner JR, Sherwood A, Light KC. Generalization of cardiovascular response: supportive evidence for the reactivity hypothesis. Int J Psychophysiol 1990;11:207-12.
48. Turner JR, Sherwood A, Light KC. Intertask consistency of hemodynamic responses to laboratory stressors in a biracial sample of men and women. Int J Psychophysiol 1994;17: 159-64.
49. Allen MT, Crowell MD. Patterns of autonomic response during laboratory stressors. Psychophysiology 1989;26:603-14.
50. Parati G, Pomidossi G, Casadei R, Ravogli A, Groppelli A, Cesana B, Mancia G. Comparison of the cardiovascular effects of different laboratory stressors and their relationship with blood pressure variability. J Hypertens 1988;6:481-8.
51. Allen MT, Obrist PA, Sherwood A, Crowell MD. Evaluation of myocardial and peripheral vascular responses during reaction time, mental arithmetic, and cold pressor tasks. Psychophysiology 1987;24:648-56.
52. Sherwood A, Dolan CA, Light KC. Hemodynamics of blood pressure responses during active and passive coping. Psychophysiology 1990;27:656-68.
53. Wright RA. Brehm's theory of motivation as a model of effort and cardiovascular response. In: Gollwitzer PM, Bargh JA, editors. The psychology of action: linking cognition and motivation to behavior. New York: Guilford Press; 1996. p. 424-53.
54. Smith TW, Baldwin M, Christensen A. Interpersonal influence as active coping: effects of task difficulty on cardiovascular reactivity. Psychophysiology 1990;27:429-37.
55. Smith TW, Nealey JB, Kircher JC, Limon JP. Social determinants of cardiovascular reactivity: effects of incentive to exert influence and evaluative threat. Psychophysiology 1997;34: 65-73.
56. Long JM, Lynch JJ, Machiran NM, Thomas SA, Malinow KL. The effect of status on blood pressure during verbal communication. J Behav Med 1982;5:165-72.
57. Gerin W, Milner D, Chawla S, Pickering TG. Social support as a moderator of cardiovascular reactivity in women: a test of the direct effects and buffering hypotheses. Psychosom Med 1995; 57:16-22.
58. Kamarck TW, Peterman A, Raynor D. The effects of the social environment on stress-related cardiovascular activation: current findings, prospects, and implications. Ann Behav Med 1998;20:247-56.
59. Smith TW, Allred KD, Morrison CA, Carlson SD. Cardiovascular reactivity and interpersonal influence: active coping in a social context. J Pers Soc Psychol 1989;56:209-18.
60. Ewart CK, Taylor CB, Kraemer HC, Agras WS. High blood pressure and marital discord: not being nasty matters more than being nice. Health Psychol 1991;10:155-63.
61. Bolger N, DeLongis A, Kessler RC, Schilling EA. The effects of daily stress on negative mood. J Pers Soc Psychol 1989;57: 808-18.
62. Krantz DS, Ratliff-Crain J. The social context of stress and behavioral medicine research: instructions, experimenter effects, and social interactions. In: Schneiderman N, Weiss SM, Kaufmann PG, editors. Handbook of research methods in cardiovascular behavioral medicine. New York: Plenum Press; 1989. p. 383-92.
63. Wright RA, Tunstall AM, Williams BJ, Goodwin JS, Harmon-Jones E. Social evaluation and cardiovascular response: an active coping approach. J Pers Soc Psychol 1995;69:530-43.
64. Kelsey R, Blascovich J, Leitten C, Schneider T, Tomaka J, Wiens S. Cardiovascular reactivity and adaptation to recurrent psychological stress: the moderating effects of evaluative observation. Psychophysiology 2000;31:748-56.
65. Waldstein SR, Beachen EA, Manuck SB. Active coping and cardiovascular reactivity: a multiplicity of influences. Psychosom Med 1997;59:620-5.
66. Linden W, Rutledge T, Con A. A case for the usefulness of laboratory social stressors. Ann Behav Med 1998;20:310-6.
67. Kamarck TW, Debski TT, Manuck SB. Enhancing the laboratory-to-life generalizability of cardiovascular reactivity using multiple occasions of measurement. Psychophysiology 2000; 37:533-42.
68. Davig JP, Larkin, K.T., Goodie JL. Does cardiovascular reactivity to stress measured in the laboratory generalize to thesis and dissertation meetings among doctoral students? Int J Behav Med 2000;7:216-35.
69. Suls J, Wan CK. The relationship between trait hostility and cardiovascular reactivity: a quantitative review and analysis. Psychophysiology 1993;30:615-26.
70. Larkin K, Semenchuk E, Frazier N, Suchday S, Taylor R. Cardiovascular and behavioral response to social confrontation: measuring real-life stress in the laboratory. Ann Beh Med 1998; 20:294-301.
71. Cronbach LJ, Meehl PE. Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychol Bull 1955;52:281-302.
72. Dunlap ED, Pfeifer MA. Autonomic function testing. In: Schneiderman N, Weiss SM, Kaufmann PG, editors. Handbook of research methods in cardiovascular behavioral medicine. New York: Plenum Press; 1989. p. 91-106.
73. Berntson GG, Bigger JT, Eckberg DL, Grossman P, Kaufmann PG, Malik M, Nagaraja HN, Porges SW, Saul JP, Stone PH, van der Molen MW. Heart rate variability: origins, methods, and interpretive caveats. Psychophysiology 1997;34:623-48.
74. Grossman P, Watkins LL, Wilhelm FH, Manolakis D, Lown B. Cardiac vagal control and dynamic responses to psychological stress among patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1996;78:1424-7.
75. Jiang W, Hayano J, Coleman ER, Hanson MW, Frid DJ, O'Connor C, Thurber D, Waugh RA, Blumenthal JA. Relation of cardiovascular responses to mental stress and cardiac vagal activity in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1993;72: 551-4.
76. Lane JD, Adcock A, Burnett RE. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia and cardiovascular responses to stress. Psychophysiology 1992;29:461-70.
77. Folkow B. "Structural factor" in primary and secondary hypertension. Hypertension 1990;16:89-101.
78. Nosaka S. Modification of arterial baroreflexes: obligatory roles in cardiovascular regulation in stress and poststress recovery. Jpn J Physiol 1996;46:271-88.
79. Fauvel JP, Cerutti C, Quelin P, Laville M, Gustin MP, Paultre CZ, Ducher M. Mental stress-induced increase in blood pressure is not related to baroreflex sensitivity in middle-aged healthy men. Hypertension 2000;35:887-91.
80. McCaffery JM. The breadth of expression of individual differences in behaviorally-evoked cardiovascular reactivity: generalization to the cold pressor test, postural challenge and aerobic and isometric exercise [thesis]. Pittsburgh, (PA): Univ. of Pittsburgh; 1998.
81. McCubbin JA, Richeardson JE, Langer AW, Kizer JS, Obrist PA. Sympathetic neuronal function and left ventricular performance during behavioral stress in humans: the relationship between plasma catecholamines and systolic time intervals. Psychophysiology 1983;20:102-10.
82. McCaffery JM, Muldon MF, Bachen EA, Jennings JR, Manuck SB. Behaviorally-evoked plasma catecholamine response and 24-hour excretion of urinary catecholamines among cardiac and vascular reactors. Biol Psychol 2000;52:53-69.
83. Mills PJ, Dimsdale JE, Ziegler MG, Berry CC, Bain RD. Beta-adrenergic receptors predict heart rate reactivity to a psychosocial stressor. Psychosom Med 1990;52:621-23.
84. Marsland AL, Manuck SB, Wood P, Rabin BS, Muldoon MF, Cohen S. Beta-2 adrenergic receptor density and cardiovascular response to mental stress. Physiol Behav 1995;57:1163-7.
85. Pacak K, Nedvidkova J, Horvath M, Frantik E, Hjusek P, Pacovsky V. High cardiovascular reactivity to psychological challenge associated alternatively with high density of beta-adrenergic receptors or with high resting level of catecholamines. Activ Nerv Super 1989;31:96-9.
86. Eisenhofer G, Lambie DG, Johnson RH. Beta-adrenoceptor responsiveness and plasma catecholamines as determinants of cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress. Clin Sci 1985;69: 483-92.
87. Berntson GG, Cacioppo JT, Binkley PF, Uchino BN, Quigley KS, Fieldstone A. Autonomic cardiac control. III. Psychological stress and cardiac response in autonomic space as revealed by pharmacological blockades. Psychophysiology 1994;31: 599-608.
88. Mills PJ, Dimsdale JE Cardiovascular reactivity to psychosocial stressors: a review of the effects of beta-blockade. Psychosomatics 1991;32:209-20.
89. Benschop RJ, Nieuwenhuis EES, Tromp EAM, Godaert GLR, Ballieux RE, van Doornen LJP. Effects of beta-adrenergic blockade on immunologic and cardiovascular changes induced by mental stress. Circulation 1994;89:762-9.
90. Julius S. The blood pressure seeking properties of the central nervous system. J Hypertens 1988;6:177-85.
91. Miller SB, Ditto B. Exaggerated sympathetic nervous system response to extended psychological stress in offspring of hypertensives. Psychophysiology 1991;28:103-13.
92. Kelsey RM. Electrodermal lability and myocardial reactivity to stress. Psychophysiology 1991;28:619-31.
93. Kelsey RM, Arthur CM, Ornduff SR. Electrodermal lability and cardiovascular reactivity to stress in men and women. Psychophysiology 2001;38:S55.
94. Wilson KG, Graham RS. Electrodermal lability and visual information processing. Psychophysiology 1989;26:321-8.
95. Schell AM, Dawson ME, Filion DL. Psychophysiological correlates of electrodermal lability. Psychophysiology 1988;25: 619-32.
96. Critchley H, Corfield D, Chandler M, Mathias C, Dolan R. Cerebral correlates of autonomic cardiovascular arousal: a functional neuroimaging investigation in humans. J Physiol 2000;523:259-70.
97. Manuck SB, Kasprowicz AL, Muldoon MF. Behaviorally-evoked cardiovascular reactivity and hypertension: conceptual issues and potential associations. Ann Behav Med 1990;12: 17-29.
98. Turner J, Ward M, Gellman M, Johnston D, Light K, Van Doornen L. The relationship between laboratory and ambulatory cardiovascular activity: current evidence and future directions. Ann Behav Med 1994;16:12-23.
99. Van Doornen L, Van Blokland R. The relationship between cardiovascular and catecholamine reactions to laboratory and real-life stress. Psychophysiology 1992;29:173-81.
100. Kamarck TW, Schwartz IE, Janicki DL, Shiffman SM, Raynor DA. Correspondence between laboratory and ambulatory measures of cardiovascular reactivity: a multilevel modeling approach. Psychosom Med 2003, In Press.
101. Matthews K, Owens J, Allen M, Stoney C. Do cardiovascular responses to laboratory stress relate to ambulatory blood pressure levels? Yes, in some of the people, some of the time. Psychosom Med 1992;54:686-97.
102. Gerin W, Christenfeld N, Pieper C, DeRafael DA, Su O, Stroessner SJ, Deich J, Pickering, TG. The generalizability of cardiovascular responses across settings. J Psychosom Res 1998; 44:209-18.
103. Fishbein M, Ajzen I. Attitudes towards objects as predictors of single and multiple behavioral criteria. Psychol Rev 1974;81: 59-74.
104. Hartshorme H, May MA. Studies in the nature of character. Vol 1. Studies in deceit. New York: Macmillan; 1928.