Framing and coverage of same-sex marriage in U.S. Newspapers

Howard Journal of Communications

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 72-91

  Li, Xigen ^a   Liu, Xudong ^b  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^b SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Content analysis; Fairness and balance; Framing analysis; Media frame; Same sex marriage; Source dominance; Working context

Indexed keywords

EID: 75849122558     PISSN: 10646175     EISSN: 10964649     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10646170903501161     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Acheson, D. (1969). Present at the creation: My years in the State Department. New York: Norton.
2. Anderson, R., & Fetner, T. (2008). Cohort differences in tolerance of homosexuality: Attitudinal change in Canada and the United States, 1981-2000. Public Opinion Quarterly, 72, 311-330.
3. Arpan, L. M., & Raney, A. A. (2003). An experimental investigation of news source and the hostile media effect. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 80(2), 265-281.
4. Bantz, C. R., McCorkle, S., & Baade, R. C. (1980). The news factory. Communication Research, 7(1), 45-68.
5. Barnhurst, K. G. (2003). Queer political news: Election-year coverage of the lesbian and gay communities on National Public Radio, 1992-2000. Journalism, 4(1), 5-28.
6. Bennett, L. (2000). Fifty years of prejudice in the media. Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide, 7(2), 30-35.
7. Bennett, W. L. (2007). News: The politics of illusion (7th ed.). New York: Pearson Longman.
8. Berkowitz, D. A. (1997). Social meanings of news: A text-reader. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
9. Berkowitz, D. A., Limor, Y., & Singer, J. (2004). A cross-cultural look at serving the public interest: American and Israeli journalists consider ethical scenarios. Journalism, 5, 159-181.
10. Bernt, J. P., & Greenwald, M. (1992). Differing views of senior editors and gay/ lesbian journalists regarding newspaper coverage of the gay and lesbian community. Newspaper Research Journal, 13(4), 99-110.
11. Bonds-Raacke, J. M., Cady, E. T., Schlegel, R., Harris, R. J., & Firebaugh, L. (2007). Remembering gay/lesbian media characters: Can Ellen and Will improve attitudes toward homosexuals? Journal of Homosexuality, 53(3), 19-34.
12. Branchik, B. J. (2007). Pansies to parents: Gay male images in American print advertising. Journal of Macromarketing, 27(1), 38-50.
13. Brewer, P. R. (2002). Framing, value words, and citizens' explanations of their issue opinions. Political Communication, 19, 303-316.
14. Buccola, N. (2005). Finding room for same-sex marriage: Toward a more inclusive understanding of a cultural institution. Journal of Social Philosophy, 36, 331-343.
15. Clark, C. (1969). Television and social controls: Some observations on the portrayals of ethnic minorities. Television Quarterly, 8, 8-22.
16. CNN. (2004). Bush calls for ban on same-sex marriages [electronic version]. CNN.com. Retrieved April 22, 2009, from http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/02/24/elec04.prez.bush.marriage/
17. Colby, D. C., & Cook, T. E. (1991). Epidemics and agendas: The politics of nightly news coverage of AIDS. The Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 16, 215-249.
18. Devitt, J. (2002). Framing gender on the campaign trail: Female gubernatorial candidates and the press. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 79, 445-463.
19. Dimitrova, D. V. (2006). Episodic frames dominate early coverage of Iraq War in the NYTimes.com. Newspaper Research Journal, 27(4), 79-83.
20. Domke, D., Watts, M. D., Shah, D. V., & Fan, D. P. (1999). The politics of conservative elites and the 'liberal media' argument. Journal of Communication, 49(4), 35-58.
21. Drechsel, R. E., Netteburg, K., & Aborisade, B. (1980). Community size and newspaper reporting of local courts. Journalism Quarterly, 57, 71-78.
22. Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58.
23. Fedler, F. (2005). Reporting for the media (8th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
24. Fejes, F., & Petrich, K. (1993). Invisibility, homophobia and heterosexism: Lesbians, gays and the media. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 10, 395-422.
25. Fico, F., & Cote, W. (1997). Fairness and balance in election reporting: The 1994 governor's race in Michigan. Newspaper Research Journal, 18(3/4), 50-63.
26. Fico, F., & Cote, W. (1999). Fairness and balance in the structural characteristics of newspaper stories on the 1996 presidential election. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 76(1), 124-137.
27. Fico, F., & Drager, M. (2001). News stories about conflict generally balanced. Newspaper Research Journal, 22(1), 2-11.
28. Fico, F., Richardson, J. D., & Edwards, S. M. (2004). Influence of story and structure on perceived story bias and news organization credibility. Mass Communication & Society, 7, 301-318.
29. Fico, F., & Soffin, S. (1994). Covering local conflict: Fairness in reporting a public policy issue. Newspaper Research Journal, 15, 64-76.
30. Fico, F., & Soffin, S. (1995). Fairness and balance of selected newspaper coverage of controversial, national, state, and local. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 72, 621-633.
31. Fisher, D. A., Hill, D. L., Grube, J. W., & Gruber, E. L. (2007). Gay, lesbian, and bisexual content on television: A quantitative analysis across two seasons. Journal of Homosexuality, 52, 167-188.
32. Gamson, J. (2000). Lesbians, gays, straights, and the media. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian & Gay Studies, 6, 451-454.
33. Gibson, R., & Hester, J. B. (2007). Effects of sources in coverage of same-sex marriage. Newspaper Research Journal, 28(2), 71-81.
34. Grindstaff, D. (2003). Queering marriage: An ideographic interrogation of heteronor-mative subjectivity. Journal of Homosexuality, 45, 257-275.
35. Gross, K. A. (2006, June 16). Emotional response to news framing of crime. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Dresden, Germany.
36. Gross, L. P. (1991). Out of the mainstream: Sexual minorities and the mass media. Journal of Homosexuality, 21(1/2), 19-46.
37. Hart, K.-P. R., & Powers, E. C. (2001). Combating stigma in the printed news: Contributions of direct quotations and journalistic story type to reader perceptions of a controversial gay man. Journal of Men's Studies, 10(1), 51-58.
38. Henley, N. M., Miller, M. D., Beazley, J. A., Nguyen, D. N., Kaminsky, D., & Sanders, R. (2002). Frequency and specificity of referents to violence in news reports of anti-gay attacks. Discourse & Society, 13(1), 75-104.
39. Hester, J. B., & Gibson, R. (2007). The agenda-setting function of national versus local media: A time-series analysis for the issue of same-sex marriage. Mass Communication & Society, 10, 299-317.
40. Iyengar, S. (1990). Framing responsibility for political issues: The case of poverty. Political Behavior, 12, 19-40.
41. Jamieson, K. H., & Waldman, P. (2003). The press effect: Politicians, journalists, and the stories that shape the political world. New York: Oxford University Press.
42. Koehler, E. M. (1999). The variable nature of defamation: Social mores and accusations of homosexuality. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 76, 217-228.
43. Lacy, S., Fico, F., & Simon, T. F. (1991). Fairness and balance in the prestige press. Journalism Quarterly, 68, 363-370.
44. Lewis, W. G. (2005). Same-sex marriage and the 2004 presidential election. PS: Political Science & Politics, 38, 195-199.
45. Lim, E. T., & Carnes, N. W. (2006). Whither culture war? Cultural peace in the 2004 same-sex marriage debate. Conference Papers-Midwestern Political Science Association, 1-46.
46. McManus, J. H. (1994). Market-driven journalism: Let the citizen beware? Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
47. Morton, T. A., & Duck, J. M. (2000). Social identity and media dependency in the gay community. Communication Research, 27, 438-460.
48. Niven, D. (1999). Partisan bias in the media? A new test. Social Science Quarterly (University of Texas Press), 80, 847-857.
49. Olson, R. L., Cadge, W., & Harrison, T. J. (2006). Religion and public opinion about same-sex marriage. Social Science Quarterly, 87, 340-360.
50. Ragusa, A. T. (2005). Social change and the corporate construction of gay markets in the New York Times' advertising business news. Media, Culture & Society, 27, 653-676.
51. Raley, A. B., & Lucas, J. L. (2006). Stereotype or success? Prime-time television's portrayals of gay male, lesbian, and bisexual characters. Journal of Homosexuality, 51, 19-38.
52. Reese, S. D. (1991). Setting the media's agenda: A power balance perspective. In J. A. Anderson (Ed.), Communication Yearbook (pp. 309-340). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
53. Shah, D. V., Kwak, N., Schmierbach, M., & Zubric, J. (2004). The Interplay of news frames on cognitive complexity. Human Communication Research, 30(1), 102-120.
54. Shepard, A. C. (1993). Did the Networks sanitize the gay rights march? American Journalism Review, 15(6), 27-29.
55. Shoemaker, P. J., & Mayfield, E. K. (1987, June). Building a theory of news content: A synthesis of current approaches. Journalism Monographs, 103, 1-36.
56. Signal, L. V. (1973). Channels and source of news. In L. V. Signal (Ed.), Reporters and officials: The organization and politics of newsmaking (pp. 119-130). Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath.
57. Simon, T. F., Fico, F., & Lacy, S. (1989). Covering conflict and controversy: Measuring balance, fairness, defamation. Journalism Quarterly, 66, 427-434.
58. Steele, J. E. (1997). Don't ask, don't tell, don't explain: Unofficial sources and television coverage of the dispute. Political Communication, 14(1), 83-96.
59. Stempel, G. H., III. (1961). The prestige press covers the 1960 presidential campaign. Journalism Quarterly, 38, 157-163.
60. Tewksbury, D. (2006). Exposure to the newer media in a presidential primary campaign. Political Communication, 23, 313-332.
61. Tiegreen, S., & Newman, E. (2008). How trauma-related stories are framed [electronic version]. Dart Center for Journalism and Trama. Retrieved December 18, 2008 from http://www.dartcenter.org/research/fact_sheets/fact_sheet7.php.
62. Watts, M. D., Domke, D., Shah, D. V., & Fan, D. P. (1999). Elite cues and media bias in presidential campaigns. Communication Research, 26, 144-175.