Other Americas: Transnationalism, scholarship, and the culture of poverty in Mexico and the United States

HAHR - Hispanic American Historical Review

Volumn 89, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 603-641

  Rosemblatt, Karin Alejandra ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 75849118524     PISSN: 00182168     EISSN: 15271900     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/00182168-2009-047     Document Type: Article

References (161)

1. Oscar Lewis, "La cultura de la vecindad en la Cuidad de México," Ciencias Politicas y Sociales (July-Sept. 1959): 349-64. Oscar Lewis, Five Families: Mexican Case Studies in the Culture of Poverty (New York: Basic Books, 1959)
2. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, "The Negro Family: The Case for National Action," in The Moynihan Report and the Politics of Controversy: A Trans-action Social Science and Public Policy Report, by Lee Rainwater and William L. Yancey (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1967), 39-124
3. For a transnational perspective on Lewis see Laura Briggs, Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 2002). On scholarly exchanges between Mexico and the United States see Ricardo Godoy, "Franz Boas and His Plans for an International School of American Archaeology and Ethnology in Mexico," Journal ofthe History ofthe Behavioral Sciences 13, no. 3 ( July 1977): 228-42
4. Salomón Nahmad Sittón and Thomas Weaver, "Manuel Gamio, el primer antropólogo aplicado y su relación con la antropología norteamericana," América Indígena 50, no. 4 (Oct.-Dec. 1990): 291-321
5. Guillermo de la Peña, "Nationals and Foreigners in the History of Mexican Anthropology," in The Conditions of Reciprocal Understanding, ed. James W. Fernandez and Milton B. Singer (Chicago: Center for International Studies, 1995), 276-303
6. Mauricio Tenorio Trillo, "Stereophonic Scientific Modernisms: Social Science between Mexico and the United States, 1880s-1930s," Journal of American History 86, no. 3 (Dec. 1999): 1156-87
7. Jesus Velasco, "Reading Mexico, Understanding the United States: American Transnational Intellectuals in the i920s and i990s," Journal of American History 86, no. 2 (Sept. i999): 64i-67
8. Casey Walsh, "Eugenic Acculturation: Manuel Gamio, Migration Studies, and the Anthropology of Development in Mexico, 1910-1940," Latin American Perspectives 138, no. 31 (2004): 118-45
9. Mechthild Rutsch, Entre el campo y el gabinete: Nacionales y extranjeros en la profesionalización de la antropología mexicana (1877-1920) (Mexico City: Instituto de Investigaciones Antropoló gicas, 2007). On the relation between peripheral and metropolitan anthropologies
10. see Quetzil E. Castañeda, "Stocking's Historiography of Influence: The 'Story of Boas,' Gamio and Redfield at the Cross-'Road to Light,' " Critique of Anthropology 23, no. 3 (2003): 235-63
11. Fernando Coronil, "Transculturation and the Politics of Theory: Countering the Center, Cuban Counterpoint," introduction to Cuban Counterpoint: Tobacco and Sugar, by Fernando Ortiz (Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press, i995)
12. Claudio Lomnitz, "Bordering on Anthropology," in Deep Mexico, Silent Mexico (Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, 2001), 228-62
13. Roberto Cardoso de Oliveira, "Peripheral Anthropologies 'Versus' Central Anthropologies," Journal of Latin American Anthropology 4, no. 2 / 5, no. 1 (1999/2000): 10-31
14. Fernando Coronil, "Beyond Occidentalism: Towards Non-Imperial Geohistorical Categories," Cultural Anthropology 11 (1996): 51-87. By showing the impact of Mexico on the United States, I " provincialize" the United States and challenge narratives that give primacy to the West or North in global processes
15. See Dipesh Chakrabarty, "Postcoloniality and the Artifice of History: Who Speaks for 'Indian' Pasts?" Representations, no. 37 (Winter 1992): 1-26
16. See also Frederick Cooper and Ann Laura Stoler, eds., Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1997)
17. Nancy Appelbaum, Anne S. Macpherson, and Karin Alejandra Rosemblatt, "Introduction: Racial Nations," in Race and Nation in Modern Latin America, ed. Nancy Appelbaum, Anne S. Macpherson, and Karin Alejandra Rosemblatt (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2003)
18. Micol Seigel, "Beyond Compare: Comparative Method after the Transnational Turn," Radical History Review no. 91 (Winter 2005): 62-90
19. Thomas Bender, ed., Rethinking American History in a Global Age (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 2002)
20. Sandhya Shukla and Heidi Tinsman, "Editors' Introduction," Radical History Review no. 89 (Spring 2004): 1-10. I am arguing not for national traditions but for nationally bounded circuits of debate
21. See Esteban Krotz, "Mexican Anthropology's Ongoing Search for Identity," Ethnos 47, no. 1 (1982)
22. Seigel, "Beyond Compare"; Ann Laura Stoler, "Tense and Tender Ties: The Politics of Comparison in North American History and (Post)Colonial Studies," Journal of American History 88, no. 3 (Dec. 2001): 829-65
23. Frederick Cooper, "Race, Ideology, and the Perils of Comparative History," American Historical Review (October 1996): 1516-45
24. See also Pierre Bourdieu and Loïc Wacquant, "On the Cunning of Imperialist Reason," Theory, Culture and Society 16, no. 1 (1999): 41-58
25. John D. French, "The Missteps of Anti-Imperialist Reason: Bourdieu, Wacquant and Hanchard's Orpheus and Power," Theory, Culture and Society 17, no. 1 (2000): i07-28
26. Stoler, "Tense and Tender Ties."
27. Here I follow a suggestion made by Coronil, "Beyond Occidentalism."
28. On race, culture, biology, and the body see Peter Wade, Race, Nature and Culture: An Anthropological Perspective (London: Pluto Press, 2002). Pioneering works on psychology and intelligence include Alexandra Minna Stern, "An Empire of Tests: Psychometrics and the Paradoxes of Nationalism in the Americas," in Haunted by Empire: Geographies of Intimacy in North American History, ed. Ann Laura Stoler (Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press, 2006), 325-43
29. Ellen Herman, The Romance of American Psychology: Political Culture in the Age of Experts, 1940-1970 (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1996)
30. Daryl Michael Scott, Contempt and Pity: Social Policy and the Image of the Damaged Black Psyche, 1880-1996 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1997)
31. Oscar Lewis, "Memorandum on the Recent Progress of the Personality Study in Mexico," 28 Dec. 1943, Oscar Lewis Papers, University of Illinois Archives (hereafter cited as Oscar Lewis Papers), Correspondence 1942-1946 folder, box 107
32. George W. Stocking Jr., Race, Culture, and Evolution: Essays in the History of Anthropology (New York: Free Press, 1968), esp. 161-233
33. George W. Stocking Jr., The Ethnographer's Magic and Other Essays in the History of Anthropology (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1992)
34. George W. Stocking Jr., ed., Malinowski, Rivers, Benedict and Others: Essays on Culture and Personality (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1986)
35. Hamilton Cravens, Triumph of Evolution: The Heredity-Environment Controversy, 1900-1941 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1988)
36. Kathy J. Cooke, "The Limits of Heredity: Nature and Nurture in American Eugenics before 1915," Journal of the History of Biology no. 31 ( June 1998): 263-78
37. Susan M. Rigdon, The Culture Facade: Art, Science, and Politics in the Work of Oscar Lewis (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1988), 11
38. Oscar Lewis, The Effects of White Contact upon Blackfoot Culture, with Special Reference to the Role of the Fur Trade (Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press, 1942). Oscar Lewis, "The Possessions of the Poor," Scientific American 221, no. 4 (Oct. 1969): 114-24
39. Oscar Lewis, Life in a Mexican Village: Tepoztlán Restudied (1951; Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1963)
40. W. E. B. DuBois, Chicago Defender, 30 Aug. 1947. DuBois was likely referring to Lewis's essay "Wealth Differences in a Mexican Village," Scientific Monthly 65, no. 2 (Aug. 1947): 127-32
41. Oscar Lewis, "An Anthropological Approach to Family Studies," American Journal of Sociology 55, no. 5 (Mar. 1950): 470, 471
42. Alexander S. Dawson, Indian and Nation in Revolutionary Mexico (Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press, 2004)
43. Luis Villoro, Los grandes momentos del indigenismo en México (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 1950)
44. Manuel Gamio, "Población Indo-Mestiza," in Acculturation in the Americas: Proceedings and Selected Papers, ed. Sol Tax (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1952), 267-70
45. See also Alan Knight, "Racism, Revolution, and Indigenismo: Mexico, 1910-1940," in The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870-1940, ed. Richard Graham (Austin: Univ. of Texas Press, i990), 71-113
46. Manuel Gamio, Forjando patria (pro nacionalismo) (Mexico City: Porrúa Hermanos, 1916), 3-4, 6, 9-10, 58
47. Departamento de la Estadística Nacional, Resumen del censo general de habitantes de 30 de noviembre de 1921 (Mexico City: Talleres Gráficos de la Nación, 1928), 62
48. Dirección General de Estadística, Sexto censo de población 1940, resumen general (Mexico City: Dirección General de Estadística, 1943), 34-35
49. Secretaría de Educación Pública, Departamento de Psicopedagogía Médico Escolar, Instituto Nacional de Psicopedagogía, Características biológicas de los escolares proletarios (Mexico City: n.p., 1937), 8, 63, 64
50. Villoro, Los grandes momentos del indigenismo. Lázaro Cárdenas, "Los indígenas, factor de progreso" (i940), in La antropología social aplicada en México: Trayectoria y antología, ed. Juan Comas (Mexico City: Instituto Indigenista Interamericano, 1976), 136. Secretaría de Educación Pública, Características biológicas, 274
51. Alexandra Minna Stern, "From Mestizophilia to Biotypology: Racialization and Science in Mexico, 1920-1960," in Appelbaum, Macpherson, and Rosemblatt, Race and Nation in Modern Latin America, i87-209. Secretaría de Educación Pública, Características biológicas, 272-73
52. Sarah W. Tracy, "An Evolving Science of Man: The Transformation and Demise of American Constitutional Medicine, 1920-1950," in Greater Than the Parts: Holism in Biomedicine, 1920-1950, ed. Christopher Lawrence and George Weisz (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1988)
53. Alexander H. Leighton, The Governing of Men: General Principles and Recommendations Based on Experience at a Japanese Relocation Camp (New York: Octagon Books, 1964), 250
54. Oscar Lewis to Laura Thompson, 28 Dec. 1943, Oscar Lewis Papers, Personality Study Correspondence 1944-1976 folder, box 107
55. Lewis, "Memorandum on the Recent Progress."
56. Humberto Duran C., "El psicoanálisis en México: Entrevista a Santiago Ramírez," http://www.cartapsi.org/mexico/ entsan.htm (accessed 19 May 2005)
57. Juan José Sánchez Sosa and Pablo Valderrama-Iturbe, "Psychology in Latin America: Historical Reflections and Perspectives," International Journal of Psychology 36, no. 6 (2001): 391. Octavio Paz, The Labyrinth of Solitude., trans. Lysander Kemp, Yara Milos, and Rachel Phillips Belash (1950; New York: Grove Press, 1985)
58. Rigdon, Culture Facade, 64-65, 71 n. 36
59. Santiago Ramírez, El mexicano: Psicología de sus motivaciones (Mexico City: Editorial Pax-México, i959). The correspondence between Lewis and Ramírez can be found in Oscar Lewis Papers, Santiago Ramírez folder, box 58
60. José E. Iturriaga, La estructura social y cultural de México (Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1951), 227-28, 109-10, cited by Lewis in "Urbanization without Breakdown: A Case Study," Scientific American 75, no. 1 (July 1952): 41
61. Oscar Lewis to Santiago Ramírez, 7 Apr. i959, Oscar Lewis Papers, Santiago Ramirez folder, box 58. Oscar Lewis, The Children of Sanchez: Autobiography of a Mexican Family (1961 ; New York: Vintage, i963), xxv
62. Lewis, Five Families, 5, 6, 16, 18. In making these arguments, Lewis drew on Santiago Ramírez and Ramón Parres, "Some Dynamic Patterns in the Organization of the Mexican Family," International Journal of Social Psychiatry 3, no. 1 (June 1957): 18-21
63. and his correspondence with Luján, parts of which are reproduced in Rigdon, Culture Facade
64. Lewis, Five Families, 7
65. Arnaldo Orfila Reynal to Oscar Lewis, 17 Nov. 1961, Oscar Lewis Papers, Arnaldo Orfila Reynal folder, box 59
66. Lewis's collection of reviews, which forms the basis of my discussion below, can be found in Oscar Lewis Papers, Children of Sanchez Mexican Reviews folder, box 2
67. See "Los escritores y el periodismo defienden el derecho a la libertad de expresión," La Gaceta: Publicación del Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mar. 1965
68. "Mas polemicas por el libro de Lewis," Excelsior, 12 Feb. 1965
69. "Agria disputa en la mesa redonda sobre la obra Los Hijos de Sánchez," El Día, 5 Mar. 1965
70. "Censuras, elogios y risas, en una reunión sobre 'Los Hijos de Sánchez,' " Excelsior, i4 Mar. i965
71. "Los Hijos de Sánchez han sido," Novedades, 22 Feb. 1965, p. 10
72. "Censuras, elogios y risas."
73. On Vietnam, "Intelectuales y editores opinan sobre la denuncia en torno al libro de Lewis," El Día, 13 Feb. i965
74. "Agria disputa."
75. "Mas polemicas."
76. "Texto de la denuncia"; "Comentarios al libro Los hijos de Sánchez," El Día, 17 Feb. 1965; "Sorpresa por la acusación contra el escritor O. Lewis," El Universal Gráfico, 18 Feb. 1964, p. 18
77. "Que Lewis era un agente de la F.B.I.," ABC, 20 Feb. 1965, p. 3
78. "Reitera la Sociedad de Geografía los cargos al escritor Oscar Lewis," 20 Feb. 1965. David H. Price, Threatening Anthropology: McCarthyism and the FBI's Surveillance of Activist Anthropologists (Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press, 2004), 237-54
79. "Nuevas opiniones en torno a la denuncia"; Guillermo Bonfil Batalla, "¿El estudio de la pobreza es ciencia subversiva?" Mañana, 6 Mar. 1965, p. 5
80. "¿Es falso el México que vio Oscar Lewis en Los hijos de Sánchez? América, ante la maldita sociologia," ¡Siempre! ca. 24 Mar. 1965
81. Carlos Monsiváis, "Vástagos del decoro," n.p., 10 Mar. 1965
82. "Hablan Flores Olea y Fuentes sobre la denuncia contra Oscar Lewis," El Día, 15 Feb. 1965. Francisco López Camara, "Los hijos de Sánchez ante la Inquisición," n.p., n.d.; "Santo remedio," Ovaciones, 21 Feb. 1965. "¿ Linchamos a los hijos de Sánchez?" Siempre, 10 Mar. 1965. The term "witch hunt" is used in "¿Vamos a cazar brujas?" Siempre, 10 Mar. 1964, p. 33
83. "Los hermanos de Sánchez," El Día, 15 Feb. 1965. Rosario Castellanos, "Intelectuales y editores opinan sobre la denuncia en torno al libro de Lewis," El Día, 13 Feb. 1965
84. See, for instance, the sources cited in footnote 48 below
85. "Los hijos de Jones," Mañana, 6 Mar. 1965. Italicized terms were boldface in the original
86. Oscar Lewis to Julio de la Fuente, 24 Oct. 1961, Oscar Lewis Papers, Julio de la Fuente folder, box 55
87. "Reitera la Sociedad de Geografía los cargos al escritor Oscar Lewis," Excelsior, 20 Feb. 1965. Fernando Benítez, "El drama nacional de los hijos de Sánchez," Suplemento de Siempre, 10 Mar. 1965. "¡Los hijos de Sánchez han sido localizados!" Novedades, 22 Feb. 1965
88. Francisco González Pineda, cited in "Debate en la tribuna de la juventud," La Gaceta: Publicatión del Fondo de Cultura Económica 12, no. 127 (Mar. 1965)
89. González Pineda in "Censuras, elogios y risas."
90. Phil Rude to Oscar Lewis, 2 Sept. 1964
91. Kyle Myer to Oscar Lewis, 7 Nov. 1968
92. and Porfirio Lemus Mendoza to Oscar Lewis, 7 Oct. 1966, all in Oscar Lewis Papers, Fan Mail c. 1962-1970 folder, box 56
93. Oscar Lewis, La Vida: A Puerto Rican Family in the Culture of Poverty - San Juan and New York (New York: Random House, 1966). Wm. Walter Duncan to Mr. John Barkham, 23 Sept. 1966, Oscar Lewis Papers, Fan Mail 1966-1969 folder, box 56
94. Pedro A. Perez Jr. to Oscar Lewis, 7 Dec. 1966, Oscar Lewis Papers, Fan mail 1962-1970 folder, box 56
95. Sixth Grade Class of Jimtown Junior High School to Oscar Lewis, 7 Jan. 1971, Oscar Lewis Papers, Fan Mail: Posthumous 1970-1976 folder, box 56. Rev. Anthony di Russo to Oscar Lewis, n.d., Oscar Lewis Papers, Fan Mail c. 1962-1970 folder, box 56
96. Patricia R. Wofford to Oscar Lewis, 13 Mar. 1972, Oscar Lewis Papers, Fan Mail: Posthumous 1970-1976 folder, box 56
97. Dr. Solomon Goldhirsch to Oscar Lewis, 19 Dec. 1962, Oscar Lewis Papers, Fan Mail c. 1962-1970 folder, box 56
98. Oscar Lewis, Pedro Martínez: A Mexican Peasant and His Family (New York: Random House, 1964). Delta Democrat, 21 June 1964, Oscar Lewis Papers, Reviews of Pedro Martinez American Reviews folder, box 20
99. See also "Father of a Rural Mexican Family Interviewed by an Anthropologist," New Haven Register, n.d., Oscar Lewis Papers, Reviews of Pedro Martinez American Reviews folder, box 20
100. Robert E. Scott to Oscar Lewis, 9 May 1963, Pedro Martinez Correspondence with Readers folder, box 117
101. Anna-Louise MacNeil to Oscar Lewis, 7 Dec. 1966
102. Marilyn Reis [?] to Oscar Lewis, 16 Mar. 1967
103. "The Culture of Poverty: A Review by Enid A. Larson, Pleasant Hill High School"; Dorothy Sue Burman to Oscar Lewis, i0 Feb. 1964
104. all in Oscar Lewis Papers, Fan Mail 1962-1970 folder, box 56
105. Raymond W. Mack, review of Pedro Martinez: A Mexican Peasant and His Family, Chicago Tribune, 26 Apr. 1964, Oscar Lewis Papers, Reviews of Pedro Martinez American Reviews folder, box 20. The Alliance for Progress was a program of U.S. foreign assistance instituted in 196i. It sought collaboration between the United States and Latin American nations to reduce poverty and diminish the appeal of revolutionary social movements
106. "Mito y realidad de la pobreza en la vida cotidiana del mexicano," ¡Siempre! 19 June 1963, p. iv, Oscar Lewis Papers, Children of Sánchez Mexican Reviews folder, box 2
107. Oscar Lewis, Ruth M. Lewis, and Susan M. Rigdon, Living the Revolution: An Oral History of Contemporary Cuba (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1977)
108. John Kenneth Galbraith, The Affluent Society (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1958). Michael Harrington, "Our Fifty Million Poor: Forgotten Men of the Affluent Society," Commentary 28, no. 1 (July 1959): 19-27. James Agee and Walker Evans, Let Us Now Praise Famous Men: Three Tenant Families (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960). I have not found direct evidence that Harrington read Lewis. The connection is alleged in Edwin Eames and Judith Goode, "On Lewis' Culture of Poverty Concept," Current Anthropology 11, nos. 4-5 (Oct.-Dec. 1970): 479
109. Douglas Butterworth, "Oscar Lewis 1914-1970," American Anthropologist 74, no. 3 ( June 1972): 747-57
110. Oscar Lewis to Richard Morse, 23 Nov. 1965, Oscar Lewis Papers, R ichard Morse folder, box 56
111. On the film project see Rigdon, Culture Facade, 149 n. 8
112. Dwight MacDonald, "Our Invisible Poor," New Yorker 38, no. 48 (19 Jan. 1963): 82-132. Michael Harrington, The Other America: Poverty in the United States (New York: Macmillan, 1962). Nicholas Lemann mentions that Kennedy had read MacDonald; Nicholas Lemann, The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America (New York: Knopf, 1991), 130
113. See also Michael B. Katz, The Undeserving Poor: From the War on Poverty to the War on Welfare (New York: Pantheon Books, 1989), 82
114. Review forum on The Children of Sánchez, Pedro Martínez, and La Vida, by Oscar Lewis, Current Anthropology 8, no. 5, pt. 1 (Dec. 1967): 480-500
115. See also Eames and Goode, "On Lewis' Culture of Poverty Concept," 479
116. Lemann, Promised Land, 156-57
117. Katz, Undeserving Poor, esp. 81-90
118. Alice O'Connor, Poverty Knowledge: Social Science, Social Policy, and the Poor in Twentieth-Century U.S. History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 2001)
119. James T. Patterson, America's Struggle against Poverty in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 2000)
120. Harrington, "Our Fifty Million Poor," 22 (emphasis in the original); Harrington, Other America, 20
121. See also p. 78
122. On Galbraith's insular poverty see MacDonald, "Our Invisible Poor"; O'Connor, Poverty Knowledge, 146-50. Harrington, The Other America, 11
123. Harrington, "Our Fifty Million Poor," 25. Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York: Harper and Row, 1944), 78
124. cited in Herbert J. Gans, People, Plans, and Policies: Essays on Poverty, Racism, and Other National Urban Problems (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1991), 336
125. Harrington, Other America, 17, 67
126. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, ed., On Understanding Poverty: Perspectives from the Social Sciences (New York: Basic Books, 1968), 8
127. see also 85-87. Charles Valentine, Culture and Poverty: Critique and Counter-Proposals (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1968), 155. Oscar Lewis, review of Culture and Poverty: Critique and Counter-Proposals, by Charles Valentine, Current Anthropology 10, nos. 2-3 (Apr.-June 1969): 191
128. In Latin America, Lewis argued, revolution would make social work interventions unnecessary. Children of Sánchez, xxx-xxxi. Oscar Lewis to Richard Morse, 23 Nov. 1965, Oscar Lewis Papers, Richard Morse folder, box 56
129. Oscar Lewis to Herbert Gans, 23 Nov. 1966, Oscar Lewis Papers, Herbert Gans folder, box 56
130. Oscar Lewis, reply to reviews of The Children of Sánchez, Pedro Martinez, and La Vida, Current Anthropology 8, no. 5 (Dec. 1967): 499
131. Oscar Lewis, review of Culture and Poverty, 191
132. Lewis, Children of Sanchez, xxv; Oscar Lewis to Joseph Monserrat, 29 Oct. 1965, Oscar Lewis Papers, Joseph Monserrat folder, box 58
133. Nathan Glazer and Daniel P. Moynihan, Beyond the Melting Pot: The Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish of New York City (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1963), 52
134. See also Rainwater and Yancey, Moynihan Report, 27, 250, 3i8, 468. Stanley M. Elkins, Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life, 2nd ed. (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1968), 83, 126-33, 228-29, 241-42, quotations on 228, 133
135. On Glazer's reading of Lewis's manuscript, David Riesman to Oscar Lewis, 26 Jan. 1961, Oscar Lewis Papers, David Riesman folder, box 60. Scott, Contempt and Pity, 150-56. Herman, Romance of American Psychology
136. Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: W. W. Norton, 1963). Elaine Tyler May, "Explosive America: Sex, Women, and the Bomb," in Recasting America: Culture and Politics in the Age of Cold War, ed. Lary May (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1989), 154-70
137. Nathan Glazer, foreword to The Negro Family in the United States, by Edward Franklin Frazier (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1966), xi-xii
138. "American Poverty in the Mid-Sixties," special issue, Journal of Marriage and the Family 26, no. 4 (Nov. 1964)
139. For instance, Moynihan and Lewis are connected in Seymour Parker and Robert J. Kleiner, "The Culture of Poverty: An Adjustive Dimension," American Anthropologist 72, no. 3 ( June 1970): 516-27
140. Edward Franklin Frazier, The Negro Family in the United States, rev. ed. (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1968). On Frazier see Jonathan Scott Holloway, Confronting the Veil: Abram Harris Jr., E. Franklin Frazier, and Ralph Bunche, 1919-1941 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2002)
141. Tony Platt, "E. Franklin Frazier and Daniel Patrick Moynihan: Setting the Record Straight," Crime, Law, and Social Change 11, no. 3 (Sept. 1987): 265-77
142. Herman, Romance of American Psychology, 188-90
143. Subsequent events included a yearlong American Academy of Arts and Sciences seminar on Negroes and poverty that met during 1966-67
144. and sessions at the American Anthropological Association. There were also two lengthy debates in Current Anthropology. See Eleanor Burke Leacock, The Culture of Poverty: A Critique (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1971), 7
145. Thomas McCorkle to Lee Rainwater, 17 May 1963, Oscar Lewis Papers, Lee Rainwater folder, box 58. Review forum on The Children of Sánchez, Pedro Martínez, and La Vida, by Oscar Lewis, Current Anthropology 8, no. 5, pt. 1 (Dec. 1967): 480-500
146. and review forum on Culture and Poverty: Critique and Counter-Proposals, by Charles Valentine, Current Anthropology 10, nos. 2-3 (Apr.-June 1969): 181-201
147. Moynihan, On Understanding Poverty; and James L. Sundquist, ed., On Fighting Poverty: Perspectives from Experience (New York: Basic Books, 1969)
148. "Transcript of the American Academy Conference on the Negro American - May 14-15, 1965," Daedalus (Winter 1966): 287-441, esp. 311. Moynihan, "Negro Family," followed this line, noting that middle-class black families did not manifest the pathologies he described
149. "Transcript of the American Academy Conference on the Negro American," 291, 299, 301
150. Rainwater and Yancey, Moynihan Report, quotations on 24, 125, 126, 128
151. On race and U.S. foreign policy see Mary Dudziak, Cold War, Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 2000)
152. Brenda Gayle Plummer, ed., Window on Freedom: Race, Civil Rights, and Foreign Affairs, 1945-1988 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2003)
153. Moynihan, "Negro Family," 1. Rainwater and Yancey, Moynihan Report, 125
154. Moynihan, "Negro Family," ix-x, quotation on ix. Elkins, Slavery, 63-80
155. "Transcript of the American Academy Conference on the Negro American," 325-41
156. Rainwater and Yancey, Moynihan Report
157. William Ryan, Blaming the Victim, rev. ed. (1971 ; New York: Vintage Books, 1976), 8
158. Valentine, Culture and Poverty, quotations on 6, 129
159. This point is made by Herman, Romance of American Psychology, 204-5
160. Oscar Lewis to Conrad Arensberg, 3 Nov. 1960, in Rigdon, Culture Facade, 224. Lewis, La Vida, xlv
161. Arturo Warman et al., De eso que llaman antropología mexicana (Mexico City: Editorial Nuestro Tiempo, 1970)