Carotid intima-media thickness for the practicing lipidologist

Journal of Clinical Lipidology

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 24-35

  Liviakis, Lea ^a,c   Pogue, Bryan ^d   Paramsothy, Pathmaja ^a,b   Bourne, Alicia ^b   Gill, Edward A ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^c VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d Selah Medical Center   (United States)

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; Carotid intima medial thickness; Echocardiography; Lipids; Plaque; Preventive cardiology; Statins; Vascular disease; Vascular ultrasound

Indexed keywords

ATORVASTATIN; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; COLESTIPOL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; EZETIMIBE; FLUINDOSTATIN; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; METOPROLOL; MEVINOLIN; NICOTINIC ACID; PHOSPHOLIPASE A2; PLACEBO; PRAVASTATIN; PROBUCOL; ROSUVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN;

ARTERIAL WALL THICKNESS; ARTERY CALCIFICATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DISEASE MARKER; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; MICROVASCULATURE; NORMAL VALUE; PATIENT ASSESSMENT; PATIENT ATTITUDE; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCREENING TEST; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

ADULT; AGED; AGING; CAROTID ARTERIES; CAROTID ARTERY DISEASES; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; ENDPOINT DETERMINATION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; REFERENCE VALUES; RISK FACTORS; TUNICA INTIMA; TUNICA MEDIA;

EID: 75749088578     PISSN: 19332874     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2009.11.004     Document Type: Review

References (64)

1. Yusuf H.R., Giles W.H., Croft J.B., Anda R.F., and Casper M.L. Impact of multiple risk factor profiles on determining cardiovascular disease risk. Prev Med 27 (1998) 1-9
2. Rosamond W., Flegal K., Furie K., et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2008 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 117 (2008) e25-e146
3. O'Leary D.H., Polak J.F., Kronmal R.A., et al. Thickening of the carotid wall. A marker for atherosclerosis in the elderly? Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Stroke 27 (1996) 224-231
4. Mack W.J., LaBree L., Liu C., Selzer R.H., and Hodis H.N. Correlations between measures of atherosclerosis change using carotid ultrasonography and coronary angiography. Atherosclerosis 150 (2000) 371-379
5. Lekakis J.P., Papamichael C.M., Cimponeriu A.T., et al. Atherosclerotic changes of extracoronary arteries are associated with the extent of coronary atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol 85 (2000) 949-952
6. Smith Jr. S.C., Greenland P., and Grundy S.M. AHA Conference Proceedings. Prevention conference V: beyond secondary prevention: Identifying the high-risk patient for primary prevention: executive summary. American Heart Association. Circulation 101 (2000) 111-116
7. Budoff M.J., Achenbach S., Blumenthal R.S., et al. Assessment of coronary artery disease by cardiac computed tomography: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Committee on Cardiovascular Imaging and Intervention, Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention, and Committee on Cardiac Imaging, Council on Clinical Cardiology. Circulation 114 (2006) 1761-1791
8. Stein J., Korcarz C., and Post W. Use of Carotid Ultrasound to Identify Subclinical Vascular Disease and Evaluate Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Summary and Discussion of the American Society of Echocardiography Consensus Statement. Prev Cardiol (2009) Winter:34-38
9. Folsom A.R., Kronmal R.A., Detrano R.C., et al. Coronary artery calcification compared with carotid intima-media thickness in the prediction of cardiovascular disease incidence: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Arch Intern Med 168 (2008) 1333-1339
10. Stein J.H., Korcarz C.E., Hurst R.T., et al. Use of carotid ultrasound to identify subclinical vascular disease and evaluate cardiovascular disease risk: a consensus statement from the American Society of Echocardiography Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Task Force. Endorsed by the Society for Vascular Medicine. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 21 (2008) 93-111 quiz 189-190
11. Pignoli P., Tremoli E., Poli A., Oreste P., and Paoletti R. Intimal plus medial thickness of the arterial wall: a direct measurement with ultrasound imaging. Circulation 74 (1986) 1399-1406
12. Wikstrand J., and Wendelhag I. Methodological considerations of ultrasound investigation of intima-media thickness and lumen diameter. J Intern Med 236 (1994) 555-559
13. O'Leary D.H., Polak J.F., Kronmal R.A., Manolio T.A., Burke G.L., and Wolfson Jr. S.K. Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for MI and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 340 (1999) 14-22
14. O'Leary D.H., Polak J.F., Wolfson Jr. S.K., et al. Use of sonography to evaluate carotid atherosclerosis in the elderly. The Cardiovascular Health Study. CHS Collaborative Research Group. Stroke 22 (1991) 1155-1163
15. Furberg C.D., Adams Jr. H.P., Applegate W.B., et al. Effect of lovastatin on early carotid atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Progression Study (ACAPS) Research Group. Circulation 90 (1994) 1679-1687
16. Smilde T.J., van Wissen S., Wollersheim H., Trip M.D., Kastelein J.J., and Stalenhoef A.F. Effect of aggressive versus conventional lipid lowering on atherosclerosis progression in familial hypercholesterolaemia (ASAP): a prospective, randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet 357 (2001) 577-581
17. Wiklund O., Hulthe J., Wikstrand J., Schmidt C., Olofsson S.O., and Bondjers G. Effect of controlled release/extended release metoprolol on carotid intima-media thickness in patients with hypercholesterolemia: a 3-year randomized study. Stroke 33 (2002) 572-577
18. Gepner A.D., Wyman R.A., Korcarz C.E., Aeschlimann S.E., and Stein J.H. An abbreviated carotid intima-media thickness scanning protocol to facilitate clinical screening for subclinical atherosclerosis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 20 (2007) 1269-1275
19. Touboul P.J., Hennerici M.G., Meairs S., et al. Mannheim intima-media thickness consensus. Cerebrovasc Dis 18 (2004) 346-349
20. Brook R.D., Bard R.L., Patel S., et al. A negative carotid plaque area test is superior to other noninvasive atherosclerosis studies for reducing the likelihood of having underlying significant coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26 (2006) 656-662
21. Fuster V., Badimon L., Badimon J.J., and Chesebro J.H. The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes (2). N Engl J Med 326 (1992) 310-318
22. Belcaro G., Laurora G., Cesarone M.R., De Sanctis M.T., Renton S., and Chong L.C. Evaluation of arteriosclerosis progression with ultrasonic biopsy and intima-media thickness measurements. Vasa 22 (1993) 15-21
23. Hodis H.N., Mack W.J., LaBree L., et al. The role of carotid arterial intima-media thickness in predicting clinical coronary events. Ann Intern Med 128 (1998) 262-269
24. Dijk J.M., van der Graaf Y., Bots M.L., Grobbee D.E., and Algra A. Carotid intima-media thickness and the risk of new vascular events in patients with manifest atherosclerotic disease: the SMART study. Eur Heart J 27 (2006) 1971-1978
25. Chambless L.E., Heiss G., Folsom A.R., et al. Association of coronary heart disease incidence with carotid arterial wall thickness and major risk factors: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, 1987-1993. Am J Epidemiol 146 (1997) 483-494
26. Urbina E.M., Srinivasan S.R., Tang R., Bond M.G., Kieltyka L., and Berenson G.S. Impact of multiple coronary risk factors on the intima-media thickness of different segments of carotid artery in healthy young adults (The Bogalusa Heart Study). Am J Cardiol 90 (2002) 953-958
27. Redberg R.F., Vogel R.A., Criqui M.H., Herrington D.M., Lima J.A., and Roman M.J. 34th Bethesda Conference: Task force #3-What is the spectrum of current and emerging techniques for the noninvasive measurement of atherosclerosis?. J Am Coll Cardiol 41 (2003) 1886-1898
28. Howard G., Sharrett A.R., Heiss G., et al. Carotid artery intimal-medial thickness distribution in general populations as evaluated by B-mode ultrasound. ARIC Investigators. Stroke 24 (1993) 1297-1304
29. Crouse III J.R., Tang R., Espeland M.A., Terry J.G., Morgan T., and Mercuri M. Associations of extracranial carotid atherosclerosis progression with coronary status and risk factors in patients with and without coronary artery disease. Circulation 106 (2002) 2061-2066
30. O'Leary D.H., and Polak J.F. Intima-media thickness: a tool for atherosclerosis imaging and event prediction. Am J Cardiol 90 (2002) 18L-21L
31. Salonen R., Nyyssönen K., Porkkala E., et al. Kuopio Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (KAPS). A population-based primary preventive trial of the effect of LDL lowering on atherosclerotic progression in carotid and femoral arteries. Circulation 92 (1995) 1758-1764
32. Lorenz M.W., Markus H.S., Bots M.L., Rosvall M., and Sitzer M. Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation 115 (2007) 459-467
33. Belcaro G., Nicolaides A.N., Ramaswami G., et al. Carotid and femoral ultrasound morphology screening and cardiovascular events in low risk subjects: a 10-year follow-up study (the CAFES-CAVE study(1)). Atherosclerosis 156 (2001) 379-387
34. Johnsen S.H., Mathiesen E.B., Joakimsen O., et al. Carotid atherosclerosis is a stronger predictor of myocardial infarction in women than in men: a 6-year follow-up study of 6226 persons: the Tromsø Study. Stroke 38 (2007) 2873-2880
35. Rundek T., Arif H., Boden-Albala B., Elkind M.S., Paik M.C., and Sacco R.L. Carotid plaque, a subclinical precursor of vascular events: the Northern Manhattan Study. Neurology 70 (2008) 1200-1207
36. Chambless L.E., Folsom A.R., Clegg L.X., et al. Carotid wall thickness is predictive of incident clinical stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Am J Epidemiol 151 (2000) 478-487
37. O'Leary D.H., Polak J.F., Kronmal R.A., Manolio T.A., Burke G.L., and Wolfson S.K. Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. N Engl J Med 340 (1999) 14-22
38. Bots M.L., Hoes A.W., Koudstaal P.J., Hofman A., and Grobbee D.E. Common carotid intima-media thickness and risk of stroke and myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam Study. Circulation 96 (1997) 1432-1437
39. Wagenknecht L.E., D'Agostino Jr. R.B., Haffner S.M., Savage P.J., and Rewers M. Impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes, and carotid wall thickness: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes Care 21 (1998) 1812-1818
40. Bots M.L., Dijk J.M., Oren A., and Grobbee D.E. Carotid intima-media thickness, arterial stiffness and risk of cardiovascular disease: current evidence. J Hypertens 20 (2002) 2317-2325
41. Crouse III J.R. Thematic review series: patient-oriented research. Imaging atherosclerosis: state of the art. J Lipid Res 47 (2006) 1677-1699
42. Bernard S., Sérusclat A., Targe F., et al. Incremental predictive value of carotid ultrasonography in the assessment of coronary risk in a cohort of asymptomatic type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 1158-1162
43. Scuteri A., Najjar S.S., Muller D.C., et al. Metabolic syndrome amplifies the age-associated increases in vascular thickness and stiffness. J Am Coll Cardiol 43 (2004) 1388-1395
44. Bots M.L., Iglesias del Sol A., and Grobbee D.E. Carotid intima media thickness measurements in observational and intervention studies. Curr Res Vasc Dis 3 (1998) 274-283
45. Kitamura A., Iso H., Imano H., et al. Carotid intima-media thickness and plaque characteristics as a risk factor for stroke in Japanese elderly men. Stroke 35 (2004) 2788-2794
46. Rosvall M., Janzon L., Berglund G., Engström G., and Hedblad B. Incidence of stroke is related to carotid IMT even in the absence of plaque. Atherosclerosis 179 (2005) 325-331
47. Black D.M. A discussion of modalities for assessing regression and progression in vascular disease. Am J Cardiol 89 (2002) 40B-41B
48. Heiss G., Sharrett A.R., Barnes R., Chambless L.E., Szklo M., and Alzola C. Carotid atherosclerosis measured by B-mode ultrasound in populations: associations with cardiovascular risk factors in the ARIC study. Am J Epidemiol 134 (1991) 250-256
49. Taylor A.J., Kent S.M., Flaherty P.J., Coyle L.C., Markwood T.T., and Vernalis M.N. ARBITER: Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol: a randomized trial comparing the effects of atorvastatin and pravastatin on carotid intima medial thickness. Circulation 106 (2002) 2055-2060
50. Taylor A.J., Sullenberger L.E., Lee H.J., Lee J.K., and Grace K.A. Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol (ARBITER) 2: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of extended-release niacin on atherosclerosis progression in secondary prevention patients treated with statins. Circulation 110 (2004) 3512-3517
51. Taylor A.J., Lee H.J., and Sullenberger L.E. The effect of 24 months of combination statin and extended-release niacin on carotid intima-media thickness: ARBITER 3. Curr Med Res Opin 22 (2006) 2243-2250
52. Hedblad B., Wikstrand J., Janzon L., Wedel H., and Berglund G. Low-dose metoprolol CR/XL and fluvastatin slow progression of carotid intima-media thickness: Main results from the Beta-Blocker Cholesterol-Lowering Asymptomatic Plaque Study (BCAPS). Circulation 103 (2001) 1721-1726
53. Zanchetti A., Bond M.G., Hennig M., et al. Calcium antagonist lacidipine slows down progression of asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis: principal results of the European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis (ELSA), a randomized, double-blind, long-term trial. Circulation 106 (2002) 2422-2427
54. Pitt B., Byington R.P., Furberg C.D., et al. Effect of amlodipine on the progression of atherosclerosis and the occurrence of clinical events. PREVENT Investigators. Circulation 102 (2000) 1503-1510
55. Lonn E., Yusuf S., Dzavik V., et al. Effects of ramipril and vitamin E on atherosclerosis: the study to evaluate carotid ultrasound changes in patients treated with ramipril and vitamin E (SECURE). Circulation 103 (2001) 919-925
56. Crouse III J.R., Grobbee D.E., O'Leary D.H., et al. Measuring effects on intima media thickness: an evaluation of rosuvastatin in subclinical atherosclerosis-the rationale and methodology of the METEOR study. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 18 (2004) 231-238
57. Crouse III J.R., Raichlen J.S., Riley W.A., et al. Effect of rosuvastatin on progression of carotid intima-media thickness in low-risk individuals with subclinical atherosclerosis: the METEOR Trial. JAMA 297 (2007) 1344-1353
58. Grassley C. US Senate Memorandum on ENHANCE Trial and Vytorin. In: Finance USSCo (Ed) (2008), Government Press
59. Kastelein J.J., Akdim F., Stroes E.S., et al. Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 358 (2008) 1431-1443
60. Brown B.G., and Taylor A.J. Does ENHANCE diminish confidence in lowering LDL or in ezetimibe?. N Engl J Med 358 (2008) 1504-1507
61. Drazen J.M., Jarcho J.A., Morrissey S., and Curfman G.D. Cholesterol lowering and ezetimibe. N Engl J Med 358 (2008) 1507-1508
62. Taylor A.J., Villines T.C., Stanek E.J., et al. Extended-release niacin or ezetimbie and carotid intima-medi thickness. N Eng J Med 361 (2009) 2113-2122
63. Cannon C.P., Giugliano R.P., Blazing M.A., et al. Rationale and design of IMPROVE-IT (IMProved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial): comparison of ezetimbe/simvastatin versus simvastatin monotherapy on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Am Heart J 156 (2008) 826-832
64. Korcarz C.E., DeCara J.M., Hirsch A.T., et al. Ultrasound detection of increased carotid intima-media thickness and carotid plaque in an office practice setting: does it affect physician behavior or patient motivation?. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 21 (2008) 1156-1162