Becoming More Realistic in the Post-Cold War: Japan's Changing Media and Public Opinion on National Security

Japanese Journal of Political Science

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 171-190

  Shinoda, Tomohito ^a  

^a INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF JAPAN   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 75149177395     PISSN: 14681099     EISSN: 14740060     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1468109907002617     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. See Daniel I. Okimoto, ‘The Japan-America Security Alliance: Prospect for the Twenty First Century’, occasional paper (Stanford University, Asia-Pacific Research Center, Stanford, 1998), available at http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/10106/Okimoto.PM.pdf (20 February 2007)
2. Michael J. Green, ‘State of the Field Report: Research on Japanese Security Policy’, AccessAsia Reivew, 2(1) (September 1998), available at www.nbr.org/publications/aa_review/pdf/aa_vol2no1.pdf (20 February 2007).
3. See also the so-called Armitage Report, ‘The United States and Japan: Advancing Toward a Mature Partnership’, INNS Special Report, October 2000, Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University. Available on the web at www.ndu.edu/inss/strforum/SR_01/SR_Japan.htm (19 May 2006).
4. Paul Midford, ‘Japan's Response to Terror: Dispatching the SDF to the Arabian Sea’, Asian Survey, March-April 2003, pp. 344–346.
5. Tomohito Shinoda, Koizumi Diplomacy: Japan's Kantei Approach to Foreign Defense Affairs (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2007).
6. Tomohiko Taniguchi, ‘A Cold Peace: The Changing Security Equation in Northeast Asia’, Orbis, Summer 2005, pp. 445–457.
7. Robert Pekkanen and Ellis S. Krause, ‘Japan's ‘Coalition of the Willing’ on Security Policies’, Orbis, Summer 2005, pp. 429–444.
8. Douglas H. Mendel, Jr, The Japanese People and Foreign Policy: A Study of Public Opinion in Post-Treaty Japan (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1961).
9. See for example, Yoshihide Soeya, ‘Japan: Normative Constraints Versus Structural Imperatives’, in Muthiah Alagappa (ed.), Asian Security Practice: Material and Ideational Influences (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998), pp. 228–231
10. Thomas Berger, ‘From Sword to Chrysanthemum: Japan's Culture of Anti-Militarism’, International Security, Spring 1993.
11. Paul Midford, ‘Japanese Public Opinion and the War on Terrorism: Implications for Japan's Security Strategy’, Policy Studies, 27 (Washington: East-West Center Washington, 2006), p. 50.
12. Ellis S. Krauss, ‘Media Coverage of US-Japanese Relations’, in Media and Politics in Japan, edited by Susan J. Pharr, and Ellis S. Krauss (Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, 1996), p. 245.
13. Ichiro Miyake, Joji Watanuki, Noboru Shima, and Ikuo Kabashima, Byodo wo meguru Elito to Taiko Elito [Elites and opposition elites over equality] (Sobunsha, 1985), Chapter 6.
14. Ikuo Kabashima, ‘The Mass Media to Seiji, Mo Hitotsu no Tagenshugi [The mass media and politics, another pluralism]’ Chuo Koron, February 1986, pp. 118–119.
15. For the circulation, see the web site of the Japan Newspaper Association, at www.pressnet.or.jp/adarc/ data/1br/01.html and www.pressnet.or.jp/data/01cirsekai.htm (31 January 2006).
16. Richard Halloran, Japan: Images and Realities (Tokyo: Charles E. Tutle, 1969), p. 160.
17. Karel van Wolferen, The Enigma of Japanese Power (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989), pp. 93–96.
18. Yomiuri Shimbun, 12 December 2003.
19. See the web site of the Japan Newspaper Association, at www.pressnet.or.jp/adarc/data/1br/16.html (31 January 2006).
20. ‘Shinbun Hakkosha Report’, Japan ABC Kyokai, January-June 2004.
21. See D. Elenor Westney, ‘Mass Media as Business Organization’, Media and Politics in Japan, pp. 77–82.
22. Frank Gibney, Japan: The Fragile Superpower (New York: W.W. Norton, 1975), p. 246.
23. Yomiuri Shimbun, 13 October 1990.
24. Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 22 Septmber 1990.
25. See also Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 28 Septmber 1990.
26. Asahi Shimbun, 28 September 1990, 16 October 1990, and 6 March 1991.
27. Mainichi Shimbun, 30 October 1990.
28. This result may be distorted as the poll asked ‘which do you think better, non-military contribution or the SDF dispatch by revising the Constitution and the SDF Law.’ This question excluded an option to dispatch the SDF for non-military purposes. Asahi Shimbun, 1 October 1990.
29. Asahi Shimbun, 6 November 1990.
30. Yomiuri Shimbun, 11 April 1991.
31. Yomiuri Shimbun, 26 April 1991.
32. Mainichi Shimbun, 6 April 1991.
33. Asahi Shimbun, 13 April 1991.
34. For example, ‘Japan Pledges Loans and Grants in Gulf, but US Is Annoyed by Lack of Arms Aid’, New York Times, 30 August 1990
35. ‘Tokyo's Share of World Leadership’, New York Times, 31 August 1990.
36. Asahi Shimbun, 24 April 1991.
37. Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 16 June 1992.
38. See also Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 6 June 1992.
39. Asahi Shimbun, 16 June 1992
40. Mainichi Shimbun, 6 June 1992.
41. Asahi Shimbun, 10 November 1991.
42. Asahi Shimbun, 13 July 1992.
43. Sankei Shimbun, 9 September 1992 and 27 September 1992
44. Yomiuri Shimbun 12 November 1992.
45. Mainichi Shimbun, 21 August 1994.
46. Asahi Shimbun, 18 September 1992.
47. Asahi Shimbun, 18 September 1992.
48. Sankei Shimbun, 9 June 1997
49. Yomuri Shimbun, 9 June 1997.
50. Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 9 June 1997.
51. Sankei Keizai Shimbun, 25 May 1999
52. Yomiuri Shimbun, 25 May 1999, and 17 June 1999.
53. Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 25 May 1999.
54. Asahi Shimbun, 24 January 1999.
55. Asahi Shimbun, 24 September 1997 and 9 April 1998.
56. Mainichi Shimbun, 25 August 1999.
57. The second was ‘no need for further cooperation with the United States’, and the third answer was that ‘it is unconstitutional’. Asahi Shimbun, 19 March 1999.
58. Sankei Keizai Shimbun, 14 September 2001
59. Yomiuri Shimbun, 21 September 2001
60. Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 20 September 2001.
61. Mainichi Shimbun, 21 September 2001.
62. Asahi Shimbun, 16 October 2001.
63. Sankei Shimbun, 17 April 2002.
64. Asahi Shimbu, 3 June 2002.
65. Asahi Shimbu, 12 May 200e.
66. Asahi Shimbun, 21 May 2003.
67. Yomiuri Shimbun, 5 April 2003.
68. Sankei Shimbun, 19 February and 21 March 2003.
69. The editorial stated, ‘If Japan makes a choice based on emotional argument against wars, it will make a mistake. In addition to Iraq's fault, we need to make reactions based on the fact that the alliance with the United States is of vital importance for Japan's national security.’ Yomiuri Shimbun, 21 March 2003.
70. Asahi Shimbun, 12 February and 22 March 2003.
71. Mainichi Shimbun, 19 March 2003.
72. Mainichi Shimbun, 22 March 2003.
73. Sankei Shimbun, 10 April and 7 June 2003.
74. Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 4 July 2003.
75. Asahi Shimbun, 10 May and 11 June 2003.
76. Mainichi Shimbun, 12 April 2003.
77. The second popular reason was Japan's assistance other than the SDF was good enough (12 percent), and the third that the constitutionality is questionable (9 percent). Asahi Shimbun, 23 July 2003.
78. ‘Public Opinion Poll on Foreign Policy.’ The Cabinet Office (formerly called the Prime Minister's Office until 2001) has conducted the opinion poll since 1975.
79. See ‘Jieitai Bouei Mondai ni kansuru Yoron Chosa’, the Cabinet Office, January 2003. Available on the web at www8.cao.go.jp/survey/h14/h14-bouei/index.html (24 May 2006).
80. For details of these North Korean provocations, see Dick Nanto, ‘North Korea: Chronology of Provocations, 1950–2003’, Report for Congress, Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress, updated 18 March 2003.
81. Sankei Shimbun, 3 May 1957.
82. Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 3 May 1993 and 3 May 1995.
83. Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 27 July 1999.
84. Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 3 May 2000.
85. Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 3 May 2004 and 3 May 2005.
86. For example, Asahi editorials in 2003 argued that ‘It is our constitution's spirit only to avoid a war by ourselves but also to let any other country to do so despite of our limited power and required efforts’, and ‘If Article 9 were revised, as the prime minister and the LDP advocate, to enable Japan to exercise the right of collective self-defense, it would allow the SDF to participate in military actions such as the Iraq War.’ Asahi Shimbun, 3 May 2003 and 27 August 2003.
87. Mainichi Shimbun, 2 November 2002 and 3 May 2003.
88. The increase by 17 points could be due to the influence of the immediately preceding question which asked whether discussion on the Constitution is desirable (67%) or not (19%). Yomiuri Shimbun, 8 April 1993.