Japan's "Coalition of the Willing" on security policies

Orbis

Volumn 49, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 429-444

  Pekkanen, Robert ^a   Krauss, Ellis S ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 19944410562     PISSN: 00304387     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.orbis.2005.04.002     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Christopher W. Hughes, Japan's Reemergence as a 'Normal' Military Power (ISS/Oxford University Press: Adelphi Paper 368-9, 2004)
2. See, e.g., Yoshihide Soeya, "Japan: Normative Constraints Versus Structural Imperatives", in Muthiah Alagappa, ed., Asian Security Practice: Material and Ideational Influences (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998), pp. 228-31
3. and Thomas U. Berger, "From Sword to Chrysanthemum: Japan's Culture of Anti-Militarism", International Security, Spring 1993
4. On public attitudes toward the Self-Defense Forces, see Michio Muramatsu and Ellis S. Krauss, "The Conservative Policy Line and the Development of Patterned Pluralism", in Kozo Yamamura and Yasukichi Yasuba, eds., The Political Economy of Japan: Volume 1: The Domestic Transformation (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987), especially pp. 526-7
5. On Japan's becoming a "normal nation" again, see Ichiro Ozawa, Blueprint for a New Japan: The Rethinking of a Nation (New York: Kodansha America, 1994).
6. Jennifer M. Lind, "Pacifism or Passing the Buck: Testing Theories of Japanese Security Policy", International Security, Summer 2004
7. Richard P. Cronin, William Cooper, Mark Manyin, and Larry A. Niksch, "Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress", Congressional Research Service, Report IB97004, Sept. 7, 2004, pp. 5-6
8. "Japanese Troops Due in Iraq, Opinion Split at Home", Washington Post, Jan. 18, 2004
9. Norimitsu Onishi, "Japan Approves Deployment of Troops to Aid U.S. in Iraq", New York Times, Dec. 9, 2003
10. See, e.g., Michael J. Green, Japan's Reluctant Realism (New York: Palgrave, 2001).
11. Paul Midford, "Japan's Response to Terror: Dispatching the SDF to the Arabian Sea", Asian Survey, Mar.-Apr. 2003
12. Tomohito Shinoda, "Koizumi's Top-Down Leadership in the Anti-Terrorism Legislation: The Impact of Political Institutional Changes, SAIS Review, Winter-Spring 2003.
13. Kenneth B. Pyle, "Japan's Postwar National Purpose", ch. 3 of his The Japanese Question: Power and Purpose in a New Era (Washington, D.C.: AEI Press, 1996)
14. Richard J. Samuels, Machiavelli's Children: Leaders and Their Legacies in Italy and Japan (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003), pp. 200-11
15. The same chapter contains an interesting comparison to Alcide De Gasperi, the Italian leader who faced a similar postwar situation to Yoshida's. On how the Yoshida Doctrine is playing out today as a "dual hedge" in the security and economic dimensions, see Eric Heginbotham and Richard J. Samuels, "Japan's Dual Hedge", Foreign Affairs, Sept./Oct. 2002
16. Robert A. Scalapino and Junnosuke Masumi, Parties and Politics in Contemporary Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962), ch. V ("The Crisis of May-June, 1960")
17. Gerald L. Curtis, The Japanese Way of Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), pp. 145-8.
18. Duverger's Law states that the number of parties will equal the average number of representatives in districts plus 1. Thus in a single-member districts system, the likelihood is for a two-party system. Maurice Duverger, Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State, translated by Barbara and Robert North (New York: Wiley, 1954)
19. Yoichi Funabashi, Alliance Adrift (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1999).
20. The Guidelines are available at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan's website, www.mofa.go.jp.
21. Chris Hughes and Akiko Fukushima, "Japan-U.S. Security Relations - Toward Bilateralism Plus?" in Ellis S. Krauss and T. J. Pempel, eds., Beyond Bilateralism: The U.S.-Japan Relationship in the New Asia-Pacific (Stanford University Press, 2003), p. 72
22. Karen E. Cox and Leonard J. Schoppa, "Interaction Effects in Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: Theory and Evidence From Germany, Japan, and Italy", Comparative Political Studies, vol. 35, no. 9 (2002), discusses the effects of the two kinds of systems as well as the complicated "interaction effects" of combining them into a mixed-member system
23. See Leonard J. Schoppa, "Neoliberal Economic Policy Preferences of the 'New Left': Home-Grown or an Anglo-American Import?" in Rikki Kersten and David Williams, eds., The Left in Japanese Politics (forthcoming, Routledge, Nov. 2005)
24. Kenji Hayao, The Japanese Prime Minister and Public Policy (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989).
25. See, e.g., Aurelia George Mulgan, "Japan: A Setting Sun?" Foreign Affairs, July/Aug. 2000, and her Japan's Failed Revolution: Koizumi and the Politics of Economic Reform (Canberra: Asia Pacific Press, 2002).
26. Michio Muramatsu, "In Search of National Identity: The Politics and Policies of the Nakasone Administration", Journal of Japanese Studies, Summer 1987
27. Ellis S. Krauss and Benjamin Nyblade, "'Presidentialization' in Japan? The Prime Minister, Media and Elections in Japan", British Journal of Political Science, April 2005
28. Shinoda, "Koizumi's Top-Down Leadership", pp. 25-28.
29. A previous 1983 reform in the House of Councillors had also added a proportional-representation portion to that body's electoral system.
30. Ellis S. Krauss and Robert Pekkanen, "Explaining Party Adaptation to Electoral Reform: The Discreet Charm of the LDP?" Journal of Japanese Studies, Winter 2004.
31. Shinoda, "Koizumi's Top-Down Leadership", pp. 29-30.
32. Ibid., pp. 30-31.
33. Tomohito Shinoda, "Japan's Policy Process on Iraq", presentation given to the authors at SAIS, October 2004
34. Nihon Keizai Shinbun, June 10, 2003
35. "Diet Discusses Arms and Ammunition Transportation", Nihon Keizai Shinbun, June 11, 2003
36. "Politics, Money, and Iraq Act: Led by LDP; CGP is Complaining", Nihon Keizai Shinbun, June 30, 2003
37. "Real Discussion on New Iraq Act has Begun", Nihon Keizai Shinbun, June 11, 2003
38. "Draft of New Iraq Act to be Submitted to Diet Today", Nihon Keizai Shinbun, June 13, 2003
39. "Draft of New Iraq Act to be Submitted on June 13", Nihon Keizai Shinbun, June 5, 2003
40. "Completed", Nihon Keizai Shinbun, June 30, 2003 "Politics, Money, and Iraq Act"
41. "Government Party Helps Each Other on the Election for the House of Representatives: CGP has Influence, LDP and CGP to Endorse Candidacies without Question", Nihon Keizai Shinbun, June 6, 2003
42. "We Should be Part of Iraq's Reconstruction", Nihon Keizai Shinbun, June 4, 2003
43. "DP Accommodates New Iraq Act", Nihon Keizai Shinbun, June 11, 2003
44. "DP Waiting to See What Happens", Nihon Keizai Shinbun, June 13, 2003
45. "Is Baghdad Safe Enough for SDF? It Depends on Which Party You Ask", Japan Times, July 2, 2003
46. "DPJ Against the Draft, Act Revised, Waiting for Government Party's Reaction", Nihon Keizai Shinbun, June 13, 2003
47. "DPJ Security Advocate Bridges Internal, LDP Gaps", Japan Times, June 19, 2003.
48. "State to Debate Emergency Measures", Nikkei Weekly, Apr. 22, 2002
49. "Emergency Bills Back on Track", Japan Times, Apr. 28, 2002
50. and "Military Bills Put Off Until Next Diet Session", Asahi Shimbun, June 14, 2002
51. "Diet Panel Starts Debating Attack Response Legislation", Japan Times, Apr. 19, 2003
52. and "Minshuto Offers Its own Emergency Bills", Asahi Shimbun, May 2, 2003
53. "LDP Seeks Early End to Talks on Military Emergency Bills", Asahi Shimbun, May 10, 2003.
54. Ichiro Ozawa even penned "A Draft Proposal for Revision of Japan's Constitution" in the influential journal Bungei Shunju in September 1999 Hatoyama made his proposals in 1999, while he was DPJ president, also in Bungei Shunju. "Acknowledge the SDF as Armed Forces", October 1999
55. "DPJ Security Advocate Bridges Internal, LDP Gaps" Japan Times, June 19, 2003.
56. Interview with LDP House of Representatives Diet member, Aug. 26, 2004.
57. On the importance of timing and sequence in creating a particular pattern of political outcomes, see Paul Pierson, Politics in Time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), pp. 54-78