메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 123, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 103-110

The Thrombin Hypothesis in ACS: A Disappointing Disconnect between Bench Data and Bedside Clinical Trials

Author keywords

Acute coronary syndrome; Direct thrombin inhibitors; Factor Xa inhibitors

Indexed keywords

ARGATROBAN; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 10A INHIBITOR; FONDAPARINUX; HEPARIN; HIRUDIN; HIRULOG; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; OTAMIXABAN; THROMBIN; THROMBIN INHIBITOR; XIMELAGATRAN;

EID: 74549225152     PISSN: 00029343     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.09.001     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (4)

References (54)
  • 1
    • 0029771618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adding heparin to aspirin reduces the incidence of myocardial infarction and death in patients with unstable angina. A meta-analysis
    • Oler A., Whooley M.A., Oler J., and Grady D. Adding heparin to aspirin reduces the incidence of myocardial infarction and death in patients with unstable angina. A meta-analysis. JAMA 276 (1996) 811-815
    • (1996) JAMA , vol.276 , pp. 811-815
    • Oler, A.1    Whooley, M.A.2    Oler, J.3    Grady, D.4
  • 2
    • 34948890480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of the low-molecular weight heparin enoxaparin compared with unfractionated heparin across the acute coronary syndrome spectrum: a meta-analysis
    • Murphy S.A., Gibson C.M., Morrow D.A., et al. Efficacy and safety of the low-molecular weight heparin enoxaparin compared with unfractionated heparin across the acute coronary syndrome spectrum: a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 28 (2007) 2077-2086
    • (2007) Eur Heart J , vol.28 , pp. 2077-2086
    • Murphy, S.A.1    Gibson, C.M.2    Morrow, D.A.3
  • 3
    • 33645497961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of fondaparinux on mortality and reinfarction in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the OASIS-6 randomized trial
    • Yusuf S., Mehta S.R., Chrolavicius S., et al. Effects of fondaparinux on mortality and reinfarction in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the OASIS-6 randomized trial. JAMA 295 (2006) 1519-1530
    • (2006) JAMA , vol.295 , pp. 1519-1530
    • Yusuf, S.1    Mehta, S.R.2    Chrolavicius, S.3
  • 4
    • 33751221316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bivalirudin for patients with acute coronary syndromes
    • Stone G.W., McLaurin B.T., Cox D.A., et al. Bivalirudin for patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 355 (2006) 2203-2216
    • (2006) N Engl J Med. , vol.355 , pp. 2203-2216
    • Stone, G.W.1    McLaurin, B.T.2    Cox, D.A.3
  • 5
    • 44249122195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bivalirudin during primary PCI in acute myocardial infarction
    • Stone G.W., Witzenbichler B., Guagliumi G., et al. Bivalirudin during primary PCI in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 358 (2008) 2218-2230
    • (2008) N Engl J Med. , vol.358 , pp. 2218-2230
    • Stone, G.W.1    Witzenbichler, B.2    Guagliumi, G.3
  • 6
    • 2942750024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anticoagulation strategies for patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparins, and direct thrombin inhibitors
    • Kokolis S., Cavusoglu E., Clark L.T., and Marmur J.D. Anticoagulation strategies for patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparins, and direct thrombin inhibitors. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 46 (2004) 506-523
    • (2004) Prog Cardiovasc Dis. , vol.46 , pp. 506-523
    • Kokolis, S.1    Cavusoglu, E.2    Clark, L.T.3    Marmur, J.D.4
  • 7
    • 0034033139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enoxaparin, a low molecular weight heparin, inhibits platelet-dependent prothrombinase assembly and activity by factor-Xa neutralization
    • Spencer F.A., Ball S.P., Zhang Q., et al. Enoxaparin, a low molecular weight heparin, inhibits platelet-dependent prothrombinase assembly and activity by factor-Xa neutralization. J Thromb Thrombolysis 9 (2000) 223-228
    • (2000) J Thromb Thrombolysis , vol.9 , pp. 223-228
    • Spencer, F.A.1    Ball, S.P.2    Zhang, Q.3
  • 8
    • 0025146426 scopus 로고
    • Clot-bound thrombin is protected from inhibition by heparin-antithrombin III but is susceptible to inactivation by antithrombin III-independent inhibitors
    • Weitz J.I., Hudoba M., Massel D., et al. Clot-bound thrombin is protected from inhibition by heparin-antithrombin III but is susceptible to inactivation by antithrombin III-independent inhibitors. J Clin Invest. 86 (1990) 385-391
    • (1990) J Clin Invest. , vol.86 , pp. 385-391
    • Weitz, J.I.1    Hudoba, M.2    Massel, D.3
  • 9
    • 0028007619 scopus 로고
    • The influence of fibrinogen and fibrin on thrombin generation--evidence for feedback activation of the clotting system by clot bound thrombin
    • Kumar R., Béguin S., and Hemker H.C. The influence of fibrinogen and fibrin on thrombin generation--evidence for feedback activation of the clotting system by clot bound thrombin. Thromb Haemost. 72 (1994) 713-721
    • (1994) Thromb Haemost. , vol.72 , pp. 713-721
    • Kumar, R.1    Béguin, S.2    Hemker, H.C.3
  • 10
    • 10944230701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thrombin, an ideal target for pharmacological inhibition: a review of direct thrombin inhibitors
    • Gurm H.S., and Bhatt D.L. Thrombin, an ideal target for pharmacological inhibition: a review of direct thrombin inhibitors. Am Heart J 149 1 Suppl (2005) S43-S53
    • (2005) Am Heart J , vol.149 , Issue.1 SUPPL
    • Gurm, H.S.1    Bhatt, D.L.2
  • 11
    • 74549162657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alexander J. Safety of the factor Xa inhibitor, Apixaban, in combination with antiplatelet therapy after acute coronary syndrome: results of the APPRAISE-1 dose guiding trial. Late-breaking abstract. European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Congress, 30 Aug 2008-03 Sep 2008, Munich, Germany.
    • Alexander J. Safety of the factor Xa inhibitor, Apixaban, in combination with antiplatelet therapy after acute coronary syndrome: results of the APPRAISE-1 dose guiding trial. Late-breaking abstract. European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Congress, 30 Aug 2008-03 Sep 2008, Munich, Germany.
  • 12
    • 34249025394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized, double-blind, dose-ranging study of otamixaban, a novel, parenteral, short-acting direct factor Xa inhibitor, in percutaneous coronary intervention: the SEPIA-PCI trial
    • Cohen M., Bhatt D.L., Alexander J.H., et al. Randomized, double-blind, dose-ranging study of otamixaban, a novel, parenteral, short-acting direct factor Xa inhibitor, in percutaneous coronary intervention: the SEPIA-PCI trial. Circulation 115 (2007) 2642-2651
    • (2007) Circulation , vol.115 , pp. 2642-2651
    • Cohen, M.1    Bhatt, D.L.2    Alexander, J.H.3
  • 13
    • 0037176941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct thrombin inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes: present and future
    • Weitz J.I., and Buller H.R. Direct thrombin inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes: present and future. Circulation 105 (2002) 1004-1011
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.105 , pp. 1004-1011
    • Weitz, J.I.1    Buller, H.R.2
  • 14
    • 0036588770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct thrombin inhibitors
    • Weitz J.I., and Crowther M. Direct thrombin inhibitors. Thromb Res. 106 (2002) V275-V284
    • (2002) Thromb Res. , vol.106
    • Weitz, J.I.1    Crowther, M.2
  • 15
    • 15544379843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The direct thrombin inhibitors: their role and use for rational anticoagulation
    • Frenkel E.P., Shen Y.M., and Haley B.B. The direct thrombin inhibitors: their role and use for rational anticoagulation. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 19 (2005) 119-145
    • (2005) Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. , vol.19 , pp. 119-145
    • Frenkel, E.P.1    Shen, Y.M.2    Haley, B.B.3
  • 16
    • 0025100680 scopus 로고
    • Heparin-resistant thrombus formation by endovascular stents in baboons. Interruption by a synthetic antithrombin
    • Krupski W.C., Bass A., Kelly A.B., et al. Heparin-resistant thrombus formation by endovascular stents in baboons. Interruption by a synthetic antithrombin. Circulation 82 (1990) 570-577
    • (1990) Circulation , vol.82 , pp. 570-577
    • Krupski, W.C.1    Bass, A.2    Kelly, A.B.3
  • 17
    • 0026012551 scopus 로고
    • The porcine model for the understanding of thrombosis and atherogenesis
    • Fuster V., Badimon L., Badimon J.J., et al. The porcine model for the understanding of thrombosis and atherogenesis. Mayo Clinic Proc. 66 (1991) 818-831
    • (1991) Mayo Clinic Proc. , vol.66 , pp. 818-831
    • Fuster, V.1    Badimon, L.2    Badimon, J.J.3
  • 18
    • 0032562154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dissolution of mural thrombus by specific thrombin inhibition with r-hirudin: comparison with heparin and aspirin
    • Meyer B.J., Badimon J.J., Chesebro J.H., et al. Dissolution of mural thrombus by specific thrombin inhibition with r-hirudin: comparison with heparin and aspirin. Circulation 97 (1998) 681-685
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.97 , pp. 681-685
    • Meyer, B.J.1    Badimon, J.J.2    Chesebro, J.H.3
  • 19
    • 34547924093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran and its orally active prodrug, dabigatran etexilate, on thrombus formation and bleeding time in rats
    • Wienen W., Stassen J.M., Priepke H., et al. Effects of the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran and its orally active prodrug, dabigatran etexilate, on thrombus formation and bleeding time in rats. Thromb Haemost. 98 (2007) 333-338
    • (2007) Thromb Haemost. , vol.98 , pp. 333-338
    • Wienen, W.1    Stassen, J.M.2    Priepke, H.3
  • 20
    • 34250030035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antithrombotic and anticoagulant effects of the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran, and its oral prodrug, dabigatran etexilate, in a rabbit model of venous thrombosis
    • Wienen W., Stassen J.M., Priepke H., et al. Antithrombotic and anticoagulant effects of the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran, and its oral prodrug, dabigatran etexilate, in a rabbit model of venous thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost. 5 (2007) 1237-1242
    • (2007) J Thromb Haemost. , vol.5 , pp. 1237-1242
    • Wienen, W.1    Stassen, J.M.2    Priepke, H.3
  • 21
    • 0027959329 scopus 로고
    • Effects of the synthetic thrombin inhibitor argatroban on fibrin- or clot-incorporated thrombin: comparison with heparin and recombinant Hirudin
    • Berry C.N., Girardot C., Lecoffre C., and Lunven C. Effects of the synthetic thrombin inhibitor argatroban on fibrin- or clot-incorporated thrombin: comparison with heparin and recombinant Hirudin. Thromb Haemost. 72 (1994) 381-386
    • (1994) Thromb Haemost. , vol.72 , pp. 381-386
    • Berry, C.N.1    Girardot, C.2    Lecoffre, C.3    Lunven, C.4
  • 23
    • 0344946475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An overview of the direct thrombin inhibitor argatroban
    • Walenga J.M. An overview of the direct thrombin inhibitor argatroban. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb. 32 Suppl 3 (2002) 9-14
    • (2002) Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb. , vol.32 , Issue.SUPPL. 3 , pp. 9-14
    • Walenga, J.M.1
  • 24
    • 0031427237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of argatroban, a direct thrombin inhibitor, and its clinical application
    • Matsuo T., Koide M., and Kario K. Development of argatroban, a direct thrombin inhibitor, and its clinical application. Semin Thromb Hemost. 23 (1997) 517-522
    • (1997) Semin Thromb Hemost. , vol.23 , pp. 517-522
    • Matsuo, T.1    Koide, M.2    Kario, K.3
  • 25
    • 0032694598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multicenter, randomized study of argatroban versus heparin as adjunct to tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) in acute myocardial infarction: myocardial infarction with novastan and TPA (MINT) study
    • Jang I.K., Brown D.F., Giugliano R.P., et al. A multicenter, randomized study of argatroban versus heparin as adjunct to tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) in acute myocardial infarction: myocardial infarction with novastan and TPA (MINT) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 33 (1999) 1879-1885
    • (1999) J Am Coll Cardiol. , vol.33 , pp. 1879-1885
    • Jang, I.K.1    Brown, D.F.2    Giugliano, R.P.3
  • 26
    • 0001184962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Argatroban versus heparin as adjuvant therapy to thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction: safety considerations-ARGAMI-2 Study
    • Behar S., Hod H., and Kaplinsky E. Argatroban versus heparin as adjuvant therapy to thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction: safety considerations-ARGAMI-2 Study. Circulation 98 Suppl 17 (1998) I453-I454
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.98 , Issue.SUPPL. 17
    • Behar, S.1    Hod, H.2    Kaplinsky, E.3
  • 27
    • 0032522549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heparin is more effective than inogatran, a low-molecular-weight thrombin inhibitor in suppressing ischemia and recurrent angina in unstable coronary disease. Thrombin Inhibition in Myocardial Ischemia (TRIM) Study Group
    • Andersen K., and Dellborg M. Heparin is more effective than inogatran, a low-molecular-weight thrombin inhibitor in suppressing ischemia and recurrent angina in unstable coronary disease. Thrombin Inhibition in Myocardial Ischemia (TRIM) Study Group. Am J Cardiol. 81 (1998) 939-944
    • (1998) Am J Cardiol. , vol.81 , pp. 939-944
    • Andersen, K.1    Dellborg, M.2
  • 28
    • 0032886670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efegatran sulfate as an adjunct to streptokinase versus heparin as an adjunct to tissue plasminogen activator in patients with acute myocardial infarction. ESCALAT Investigators
    • Fung A.Y., Lorch G., Cambier P.A., et al. Efegatran sulfate as an adjunct to streptokinase versus heparin as an adjunct to tissue plasminogen activator in patients with acute myocardial infarction. ESCALAT Investigators. Am Heart J 138 (1999) 696-704
    • (1999) Am Heart J , vol.138 , pp. 696-704
    • Fung, A.Y.1    Lorch, G.2    Cambier, P.A.3
  • 29
    • 0041829444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral ximelagatran for secondary prophylaxis after myocardial infarction: the ESTEEM randomised controlled trial
    • Wallentin L., Wilcox R.G., Weaver W.D., et al. Oral ximelagatran for secondary prophylaxis after myocardial infarction: the ESTEEM randomised controlled trial. Lancet 362 (2003) 789-797
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.362 , pp. 789-797
    • Wallentin, L.1    Wilcox, R.G.2    Weaver, W.D.3
  • 30
    • 0038185371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ximelagatran versus warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. SPORTIF II: a dose-guiding, tolerability, and safety study
    • Adler J for the SPORTIF II Investigators
    • Petersen P., Grind M., and Adler J for the SPORTIF II Investigators. Ximelagatran versus warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. SPORTIF II: a dose-guiding, tolerability, and safety study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 41 (2003) 1445-1451
    • (2003) J Am Coll Cardiol. , vol.41 , pp. 1445-1451
    • Petersen, P.1    Grind, M.2
  • 31
    • 0029835392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of recombinant hirudin with heparin for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes. The Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO) IIb investigators
    • A comparison of recombinant hirudin with heparin for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes. The Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO) IIb investigators. N Engl J Med. 335 (1996) 775-782
    • (1996) N Engl J Med. , vol.335 , pp. 775-782
  • 32
    • 0029788104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hirudin in acute myocardial infarction. Thrombolysis and Thrombin Inhibition in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 9B trial
    • Antman E.M. Hirudin in acute myocardial infarction. Thrombolysis and Thrombin Inhibition in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 9B trial. Circulation 94 (1996) 911-921
    • (1996) Circulation , vol.94 , pp. 911-921
    • Antman, E.M.1
  • 33
    • 0037176525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct thrombin inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes: principal results of a meta-analysis based on individual patients' data
    • Direct Thrombin Inhibitor Trialists' Collaborative Group
    • Direct Thrombin Inhibitor Trialists' Collaborative Group. Direct thrombin inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes: principal results of a meta-analysis based on individual patients' data. Lancet 359 (2002) 294-302
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.359 , pp. 294-302
  • 34
    • 0031729548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct thrombin inhibitors for treatment of arterial thrombosis: potential differences between bivalirudin and hirudin
    • Bates S.M., and Weitz J.I. Direct thrombin inhibitors for treatment of arterial thrombosis: potential differences between bivalirudin and hirudin. Am J Cardiol. 82 (1998) 12P-18P
    • (1998) Am J Cardiol. , vol.82
    • Bates, S.M.1    Weitz, J.I.2
  • 35
    • 0035983918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bivalirudin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: effect of renal function, doses, and gender
    • Robson R., White H., Aylward P., and Frampton C. Bivalirudin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: effect of renal function, doses, and gender. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 71 (2002) 433-439
    • (2002) Clin Pharmacol Ther. , vol.71 , pp. 433-439
    • Robson, R.1    White, H.2    Aylward, P.3    Frampton, C.4
  • 36
    • 0029103184 scopus 로고
    • Treatment with bivalirudin (Hirulog) as compared with heparin during coronary angioplasty for unstable or postinfarction angina. Hirulog Angioplasty Study Investigators
    • Bittl J.A., Strony J., Brinker J.A., et al. Treatment with bivalirudin (Hirulog) as compared with heparin during coronary angioplasty for unstable or postinfarction angina. Hirulog Angioplasty Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 333 (1995) 764-769
    • (1995) N Engl J Med. , vol.333 , pp. 764-769
    • Bittl, J.A.1    Strony, J.2    Brinker, J.A.3
  • 37
    • 0037453968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bivalirudin and provisional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade compared with heparin and planned glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade during percutaneous coronary intervention: REPLACE-2 randomized trial
    • Lincoff A.M., Bittl J.A., Harrington R.A., et al. Bivalirudin and provisional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade compared with heparin and planned glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade during percutaneous coronary intervention: REPLACE-2 randomized trial. JAMA 289 (2003) 853-863
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.289 , pp. 853-863
    • Lincoff, A.M.1    Bittl, J.A.2    Harrington, R.A.3
  • 38
    • 36849087424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antithrombotic strategies in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing early invasive management: one-year results from the ACUITY trial
    • Stone G.W., Ware J.H., Bertrand M.E., et al. Antithrombotic strategies in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing early invasive management: one-year results from the ACUITY trial. JAMA 298 (2007) 2497-2506
    • (2007) JAMA , vol.298 , pp. 2497-2506
    • Stone, G.W.1    Ware, J.H.2    Bertrand, M.E.3
  • 39
    • 0035651983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thrombin-specific anticoagulation with bivalirudin versus heparin in patients receiving fibrinolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: the HERO-2 randomised trial
    • Hirulog and Early Reperfusion or Occlusion (HERO)-2 Trial Investigators
    • White H., and Hirulog and Early Reperfusion or Occlusion (HERO)-2 Trial Investigators. Thrombin-specific anticoagulation with bivalirudin versus heparin in patients receiving fibrinolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: the HERO-2 randomised trial. Lancet 358 (2001) 1855-1863
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.358 , pp. 1855-1863
    • White, H.1
  • 40
    • 49449117949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bivalirudin versus unfractionated heparin during percutaneous coronary intervention
    • Kastrati A., Neumann F.J., Mehilli J., et al. Bivalirudin versus unfractionated heparin during percutaneous coronary intervention. N Engl J Med. 359 (2008) 688-696
    • (2008) N Engl J Med. , vol.359 , pp. 688-696
    • Kastrati, A.1    Neumann, F.J.2    Mehilli, J.3
  • 41
    • 33645498094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of fondaparinux and enoxaparin in acute coronary syndromes
    • Fifth Organization to Assess Strategies in Acute Ischemic Syndromes Investigators
    • Yusuf S., Mehta S.R., Chrolavicius S., et al., Fifth Organization to Assess Strategies in Acute Ischemic Syndromes Investigators. Comparison of fondaparinux and enoxaparin in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 354 (2006) 1464-1476
    • (2006) N Engl J Med. , vol.354 , pp. 1464-1476
    • Yusuf, S.1    Mehta, S.R.2    Chrolavicius, S.3
  • 42
    • 0034887402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antithrombotic efficacy of a novel factor Xa inhibitor, FXV673, in a canine model of coronary artery thrombolysis
    • Rebello S.S., Bentley R.G., Morgan S.R., et al. Antithrombotic efficacy of a novel factor Xa inhibitor, FXV673, in a canine model of coronary artery thrombolysis. Br J Pharmacol. 133 (2001) 1190-1198
    • (2001) Br J Pharmacol. , vol.133 , pp. 1190-1198
    • Rebello, S.S.1    Bentley, R.G.2    Morgan, S.R.3
  • 43
    • 33845536606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct and rapid inhibition of factor Xa by otamixaban: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigation in patients with coronary artery disease
    • Hinder M., Frick A., Jordaan P., et al. Direct and rapid inhibition of factor Xa by otamixaban: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigation in patients with coronary artery disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 80 (2006) 691-702
    • (2006) Clin Pharmacol Ther. , vol.80 , pp. 691-702
    • Hinder, M.1    Frick, A.2    Jordaan, P.3
  • 44
    • 74549167126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study of otamixaban versus unfractionated heparin and eptifibatide in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome SEPIA-ACS 1, ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00317395. Available at
    • Study of otamixaban versus unfractionated heparin and eptifibatide in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (SEPIA-ACS 1). ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00317395. Available at: www.clinicaltrials.gov.
  • 45
    • 64549104987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized comparison of rivaroxaban, an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor, with placebo in patients with acute coronary syndromes: the ATLAS ACS-TIMI 46 trial
    • Gibson C.M., Mega J.L., Hammett C.J., et al. Randomized comparison of rivaroxaban, an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor, with placebo in patients with acute coronary syndromes: the ATLAS ACS-TIMI 46 trial. Circulation 118 (2008) 2309-2317
    • (2008) Circulation , vol.118 , pp. 2309-2317
    • Gibson, C.M.1    Mega, J.L.2    Hammett, C.J.3
  • 46
    • 0036847576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antithrombotic effects of DX-9065a, a direct factor Xa inhibitor: a comparative study in humans versus low molecular weight heparin
    • Shimbo D., Osende J., Chen J., et al. Antithrombotic effects of DX-9065a, a direct factor Xa inhibitor: a comparative study in humans versus low molecular weight heparin. Thromb Haemost. 88 (2002) 733-738
    • (2002) Thromb Haemost. , vol.88 , pp. 733-738
    • Shimbo, D.1    Osende, J.2    Chen, J.3
  • 47
    • 13244289984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition and reversal of platelet-rich arterial thrombus in vivo: direct vs. indirect factor Xa inhibition
    • Karnicki K., McBane II R.D., Miller R.S., et al. Inhibition and reversal of platelet-rich arterial thrombus in vivo: direct vs. indirect factor Xa inhibition. J Thromb Haemost. 2 (2004) 2162-2169
    • (2004) J Thromb Haemost. , vol.2 , pp. 2162-2169
    • Karnicki, K.1    McBane II, R.D.2    Miller, R.S.3
  • 48
    • 8544279582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for unstable coronary artery disease. Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in Non-Q-Wave Coronary Events Study Group
    • Cohen M., Demers C., Gurfinkel E.P., et al. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for unstable coronary artery disease. Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in Non-Q-Wave Coronary Events Study Group. N Engl J Med. 337 (1997) 447-452
    • (1997) N Engl J Med. , vol.337 , pp. 447-452
    • Cohen, M.1    Demers, C.2    Gurfinkel, E.P.3
  • 49
    • 3042782723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enoxaparin vs unfractionated heparin in high-risk patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes managed with an intended early invasive strategy: primary results of the SYNERGY randomized trial
    • Ferguson J.J., Califf R.M., Antman E.M., et al. Enoxaparin vs unfractionated heparin in high-risk patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes managed with an intended early invasive strategy: primary results of the SYNERGY randomized trial. JAMA 292 (2004) 45-54
    • (2004) JAMA , vol.292 , pp. 45-54
    • Ferguson, J.J.1    Califf, R.M.2    Antman, E.M.3
  • 50
    • 33845323043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of enoxaparin compared with unfractionated heparin in high-risk patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in the Superior Yield of the New Strategy of Enoxaparin, Revascularization and Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors (SYNERGY) trial
    • White H.D., Kleiman N.S., Mahaffey K.W., et al. Efficacy and safety of enoxaparin compared with unfractionated heparin in high-risk patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in the Superior Yield of the New Strategy of Enoxaparin, Revascularization and Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors (SYNERGY) trial. Am Heart J. 152 (2006) 1042-1050
    • (2006) Am Heart J. , vol.152 , pp. 1042-1050
    • White, H.D.1    Kleiman, N.S.2    Mahaffey, K.W.3
  • 51
    • 33645515458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin with fibrinolysis for ST-elevation myocardial infarction
    • Antman E.M., Morrow D.A., McCabe C.H., et al. Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin with fibrinolysis for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 354 (2006) 1477-1488
    • (2006) N Engl J Med. , vol.354 , pp. 1477-1488
    • Antman, E.M.1    Morrow, D.A.2    McCabe, C.H.3
  • 52
    • 74549148855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of excessive anticoagulation with unfractionated heparin in STEMI
    • Cheng S., Morrow D.A., Sloan S., et al. Predictors of excessive anticoagulation with unfractionated heparin in STEMI. J Am Coll Cardiol. 51 Suppl 1 (2008) A204
    • (2008) J Am Coll Cardiol. , vol.51 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Cheng, S.1    Morrow, D.A.2    Sloan, S.3
  • 53
    • 33947575142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of major bleeding on 30-day mortality and clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes: an analysis from the ACUITY Trial
    • Manoukian S.V., Feit F., Mehran R., et al. Impact of major bleeding on 30-day mortality and clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes: an analysis from the ACUITY Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 49 (2007) 1362-1368
    • (2007) J Am Coll Cardiol. , vol.49 , pp. 1362-1368
    • Manoukian, S.V.1    Feit, F.2    Mehran, R.3
  • 54
    • 0032870952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enoxaparin prevents death and cardiac ischemic events in unstable angina/non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Results of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 11B trial
    • Antman E.M., McCabe C.H., Gurfinkel E.P., et al. Enoxaparin prevents death and cardiac ischemic events in unstable angina/non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Results of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 11B trial. Circulation 100 (1999) 1593-1601
    • (1999) Circulation , vol.100 , pp. 1593-1601
    • Antman, E.M.1    McCabe, C.H.2    Gurfinkel, E.P.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.