The fisher variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome (fisher syndrome)

Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 312-324

  Snyder, Lee A ^a   Rismondo, Vivian ^b   Miller, Neil R ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTOANTIBODY; GQ1B ANTIBODY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AREFLEXIA; ASPERGILLUS; ATAXIA; BACTERIAL INFECTION; CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ANALYSIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; COXIELLA BURNETII; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; DEMOGRAPHY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS; EYE MOVEMENT DISORDER; GUILLAIN BARRE SYNDROME; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HUMAN; HYPOREFLEXIA; INCIDENCE; LABORATORY TEST; MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE; NEUROIMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OPHTHALMOPLEGIA; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA; PLASMAPHERESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID LEVEL; REVIEW; STREPTOCOCCUS GROUP A; VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS; VIRUS INFECTION;

ATAXIA; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MILLER FISHER SYNDROME; OPHTHALMOPLEGIA;

EID: 74549191330     PISSN: 10708022     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/WNO.0b013e3181c2514b     Document Type: Review

References (196)

1. Collier J. Peripheral neuritis. Edinb Med J 1932;39:601-618.
2. Fisher M. An unusual variant of acute idiopathic polyneuritis (syndrome of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia). N Engl J Med 1956;255:57-65.
3. Fisher MC, Miller C. Fisher: the master of clinicopathologic correlation. Interview by Jonathan D. Trobe. J Neuroophthalmol 2004;24:68-80.
4. Smith JL, Walsh FB. Syndrome of external ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia (Fisher). AMA Arch Ophthalmol 1957;58:109-114.
5. Odaka M, Yuki N, Yamada M, et al. Bickerstaff 's brainstem encephalitis: clinical features of 62 cases and a subgroup associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Brain 2003;126:2279-2290.
6. Van der Meche FG, Van Doorn PA, Meulstee J, et al. Diagnostic and classification criteria for the Guillain-Barré syndrome. Eur Neurol 2001;45:133-139.
7. Chiba A, Kusunoki S, Shimizu T, et al. Serum IgG antibody to ganglioside GQ1b is a possible marker of Miller Fisher syndrome. Ann Neurol 1992;31:677-679.
8. Odaka M, Yuki N, Hirata K. Anti-GQ1b IgG antibody syndrome: clinical and immunological range. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;70:50-55. (Pubitemid 32096120)
9. Hughes RA, Rees JH. Clinical and epidemiologic features of Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Infect Dis 1997;176(Suppl 2):S92-S98.
10. Bogliun G, Beghi E, Italian GBS Registry Study Group. Incidence and clinical features of acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy in Lombardy, Italy, 1996. Acta Neurol Scand 2004;110:100-106.
11. Ropper AH. Unusual clinical variants and signs in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Arch Neurol 1986;43:1150-1152.
12. Sedano MJ, Calleja J, Canga E, et al. Guillain- Barré syndrome in Cantabria, Spain: an epidemiological and clinical study. Acta Neurol Scand 1994;89:287-292.
13. Guillain-Barré syndrome variants in Emilia-Romagna, Italy: 1992- 3: incidence, clinical features, and prognosis: Emilia-Romagna Study Group on Clinical and Epidemiological Problems in Neurology. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;65:218-224.
14. Rees JH, Soudain SE, Gregson NA, et al. Campylobacter jejuni infection and Guillain-Barré syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995;333: 1374-1379.
15. Govoni V, Granieri E, Tola MR, et al. The frequency of clinical variants of Guillain-Barré syndrome in Ferrara, Italy. J Neurol 1999; 246:1010-1014.
16. Lyu RK, Tang LM, Cheng SY, et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome in Taiwan: a clinical study of 167 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997;63:494-500.
17. Yuan CL, Wang YJ, Tsai CP. Miller Fisher syndrome: a hospitalbased retrospective study. Eur Neurol 2000;44:79-85.
18. Mori M, Kuwabara S, Fukutake T, et al. Clinical features and prognosis of Miller Fisher syndrome. Neurology 2001;56:1104-1106.
19. Ito M, Kuwabara S, Odaka M, et al. Bickerstaff 's brainstem encephalitis and Fisher syndrome form a continuous spectrum: clinical analysis of 581 cases. J Neurol 2008;255:674-682.
20. Lee JH, Sung IY, Rew IS. Clinical presentation and prognosis of childhood Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Paediatr Child Health 2008; 44:449-454.
21. Lee SH, Lim GH, Kim JS, et al. Acute ophthalmoplegia (without ataxia) associated with anti-GQ1b antibody. Neurology 2008;71: 426-429.
22. Benito-Leon J, Bravo J, Mateos F, et al. Miller Fisher syndrome in infancy. Childs Nerv Syst 1996;12:559-561.
23. Berlit P, Rakicky J. The Miller Fisher syndrome: review of the literature. J Clin Neuroophthalmol 1992;12:57-63.
24. Lo YL. Clinical and immunological spectrum of the Miller Fisher syndrome. Muscle Nerve 2007;36:615-627.
25. Garrett J, Ryan P. A child with Miller Fisher syndrome. J Paediatr Child Health 2002;38:414-416.
26. Hung PL, Chang WN, Huang LT, et al. A clinical and electrophysiologic survey of childhood Guillain-Barré syndrome. Pediatr Neurol 2004;30:86-91.
27. Cheng BC, Chang WN, Chang CS, et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome in southern Taiwan: clinical features, prognostic factors and therapeutic outcomes. Eur J Neurol 2003;10:655-662.
28. Yuki N. Infectious origins of, and molecular mimicry in, Guillain- Barré and Fisher syndromes. Lancet Infect Dis 2001;1:29-37.
29. Koga M, Gilbert M, Li J, et al. Antecedent infections in Fisher syndrome: a common pathogenesis of molecular mimicry. Neurology 2005;64:1605-1611.
30. Schnorf H, Rathgeb JP, Kohler A. Anti-GQ1b-positive Miller Fisher syndrome in a patient with acute Epstein-Barr virus infection and negative Campylobacter serology. Eur Neurol 1998;40:177.
31. Yuki N, Hirata K. Fisher's syndrome and group A streptococcal infection. J Neurol Sci 1998;160:64-66.
32. Diaz Ortuno A, Maeztu C, Munoz JA, et al. Miller Fisher syndrome associated with Q fever. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990;53: 615-626.
33. Bennetto LP, Lyons P. Miller Fisher syndrome associated with Pasteurella multocida infection. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:1786-1797.
34. Chiba S, Sugiyama T, Yonekura K, et al. An antibody to VacA of Helicobacter pylori in the CSF of patients with Miller-Fisher syndrome. Neurology 2004;63:2184-2186.
35. Finsterer J, Niedermayr A, Weigl PG, et al. Anti-GQ1b-negative Miller-Fisher syndrome with lower cranial nerve involvement from parasinusoidal aspergilloma. J Infect 2006;52:e81-e85.
36. Takano H, Yuki N. Fisher's syndrome associated with chickenpox and anti-GQ1b antibody. J Neurol 1995;242:255-266.
37. Blanco-Marchite CI, Buznego-Suarez L, Fagundez-Vargas MA, et al. Miller Fisher syndrome, internal and external ophthalmoplegia after flu vaccination. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2008;83:433-435.
38. Thaler A. Miller Fisher syndrome in a 66-year-old female after flu and Pneumovax vaccinations. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2008;9: 283-294.
39. Funakoshi K, Koga M, Takahashi M, et al. Campylobacter coli enteritis and Guillain-Barré syndrome: no evidence of molecular mimicry and serological relationship. J Neurol Sci 2006;246: 163-168.
40. Koga M, Koike S, Hirata K, et al. Ambiguous value of Haemophilus influenzae isolation in Guillain-Barré and Fisher syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76:1736-1738.
41. Yuki N, Odaka M, Hirata K. Acute ophthalmoparesis (without ataxia) associated with anti-GQ1b IgG antibody: clinical features. Ophthalmology 2001;108:196-200. (Pubitemid 32059557)
42. Kimoto K, Koga M, Odaka M, et al. Relationship of bacterial strains to clinical syndromes of Campylobacter-associated neuropathies. Neurology 2006;67:1837-1843.
43. Lau KK, Goh KJ, Lee HC, et al. The co-occurrence of serologically proven myasthenia gravis and Miller Fisher/Guillain Barré overlap syndrome-a case report. J Neurol Sci 2008;276:187-198.
44. Mak W, Chan KH, Ho SL. A case of ocular myasthenia gravis and Miller-Fisher syndrome. Hosp Med 2005;66:116-127.
45. Newsom-Davis J. Myasthenia gravis and the Miller-Fisher variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Curr Opin Neurol 1997;10:18-21.
46. Bingisser R, Speich R, Fontana A, et al. Lupus erythematosus and Miller-Fisher syndrome. Arch Neurol 1994;51:828-830.
47. Hess DC, Awad E, Posas H, et al. Miller Fisher syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1990;17:1520-1522.
48. Desai SS, Allen E, Deodhar A. Miller Fisher syndrome in adult onset Still's disease: case report and review of the literature of other neurological manifestations. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002;41: 216-222.
49. Vetsch G, Pato U, Fischli S, et al. A combined presentation of Graves' disease and Miller-Fisher syndrome. Lancet 2008;371:1886.
50. Polizzi A, Ruggieri M, Vecchio I, et al. Autoimmune thyroiditis and acquired demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2001;103:151-154.
51. Rubio-Nazabal E, Marey-Lopez J, Torres-Carrete JP et al. Miller- Fisher syndrome and Hodgkin's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;73:344.
52. Csepany T, Boczan J, Magyar MT, et al. Miller Fisher syndrome-a presenting clinical manifestation of lung cancer in a previously apparently healthy individual. J Neurol 2004;251:898-900.
53. Nakatsuji Y, Sadahiro S, Watanabe S, et al. Leptomeningeal signetring cell carcinomatosis presenting with ophthalmoplegia, areflexia and ataxia. Clin Neuropathol 2001;20:272-275.
54. Gentile S, Messina M, Rainero I, et al. Miller Fisher syndrome associated with Burkitt's lymphoma. Eur J Neurol 2006;13:430.
55. Aki Z, Aksoy O, Sucak G, et al. Miller-Fisher syndrome associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Neurol India 2008;56:198-200.
56. Hiraga A, Kuwabara S, Nakamura A, et al. Fisher/Gullain-Barré overlap syndrome in advanced AIDS. J Neurol Sci 2007;258: 148-150.
57. Kaushik P, Cohen AJ, Zuckerman SJ, et al. Miller Fisher variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome requiring a cardiac pacemaker in a patient on tacrolimus after liver transplantation. Ann Pharmacother 2005; 39:1124-1127.
58. Shah SS, Rodriguez T, McGowan JP. Miller Fisher variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with lactic acidosis and stavudine therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:e131-e133.
59. Kurmann PT, Van Linthoudt D, So AK. Miller-Fisher syndrome in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with adalimumab. Clin Rheumatol 2009;28:93-104.
60. Stubgen JP. Tumor necrosis factor- antagonists and neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 2008;37:281-292.
61. Friedman DI, Potts E. Headache associated with Miller Fisher syndrome. Headache 2007;47:1347-1358.
62. Maddison P. Anti-GQ1b IgG antibody syndrome without ophthalmoplegia: clinical and immunological features. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;71:282-293.
63. Smith J, Clarke L, Severn P, et al. Unilateral external ophthalmoplegia in Miller Fisher syndrome: case report. BMC Ophthalmol 2007;7:7.
64. Ichikawa H, Kamiya Y, Susuki K, et al. Unilateral oculomotor nerve palsy associated with anti-GQ1b IgG antibody. Neurology 2002;59: 957-968.
65. Susuki K, Yuki N, Muramatsu M, et al. Unilateral ophthalmoparesis and limb ataxia associated with anti-GQ1b IgG antibody. J Neurol 2000;247:652-663.
66. Keane JR. Bilateral ocular paralysis: analysis of 31 inpatients. Arch Neurol 2007;64:178-180.
67. Chiba A, Kusunoki S, Obata H, et al. Serum anti-GQ1b IgG antibody is associated with ophthalmoplegia in Miller Fisher syndrome and Guillain-Barré syndrome: clinical and immunohistochemical studies. Neurology 1993;43:1911-1917.
68. Yuki N. Acute paresis of extraocular muscles associated with IgG anti-GQ1b antibody. Ann Neurol 1996;39:668-672.
69. Sakurai Y, Mannen T, Kusunoki S. Acute isolated ophthalmoplegia as a variant of Miller-Fisher syndrome. Muscle Nerve 1998;21:1107.
70. Tatsumoto M, Odaka M, Hirata K, et al. Isolated abducens nerve palsy as a regional variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Neurol Sci 2006;243:35-38.
71. Meienberg O, Ryffel E. Supranuclear eye movement disorders in Fisher's syndrome of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia: report of a case and literature review. Arch Neurol 1983;40:402-405.
72. Najim al-Din AS, Anderson M, Eeg-Olofsson O, et al. Neuroophthalmic manifestations of the syndrome of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia: observations on 20 patients. Acta Neurol Scand 1994;89:87-94. (Pubitemid 24095262)
73. Oguro H, Yamaguchi S, Abe S, et al. Acute divergence paralysis in the Miller Fisher syndrome. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2005;45:524-526.
74. Pinchoff BS, Slavin ML, Rosenstein D, et al. Divergence paralysis as the initial sign in the Miller Fisher syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 1986;101:741-752.
75. Minoda R, Uno K, Toriya T, et al. Neurologic and otologic findings in Fisher's syndrome. Auris Nasus Larynx 1999;26:153-158.
76. al-Din SN, Anderson M, Eeg-Olofsson O et al. Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of the syndrome of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia: a review. Acta Neurol Scand 1994;89:157-163. (Pubitemid 24133429)
77. Caccavale A, Mignemi L. Acute onset of a bilateral areflexical mydriasis in Miller-Fisher syndrome: a rare neuro-ophthalmologic disease. J Neuroophthalmol 2000;20:61-72.
78. Nitta T, Kase M, Shinmei Y, et al. Mydriasis with light-near dissociation in Fisher's syndrome. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2007;51:224-227.
79. Radziwill AJ, Steck AJ, Borruat FX, et al. Isolated internal ophthalmoplegia associated with IgG anti-GQ1b antibody. Neurology 1998;50:307.
80. Igarashi Y, Takeda M, Maekawa H, et al. Fisher's syndrome without total ophthalmoplegia. Ophthalmologica 1992;205:163-167.
81. Yuki N, Sato S, Tsuji S, et al. Frequent presence of anti-GQ1b antibody in Fisher's syndrome. Neurology 1993;43:414-417.
82. Yuki N, Koga M, Hirata K. Isolated internal ophthalmoplegia associated with immunoglobulin G anti-GQ1b antibody. Neurology 1998;51:1515-1526.
83. Sugita A, Yanagisawa T, Kamo T, et al. Internal ophthalmoplegia with anti-GQ1b IgG antibody. J Neurol 2002;249:1475-1486.
84. Kusunoki S, Chiba A, Kanazawa I. Anti-GQ1b IgG antibody is associated with ataxia as well as ophthalmoplegia. Muscle Nerve 1999;22:1071-1074.
85. Mori M, Kuwabara S, Koga M, et al. IgG anti-GQ1b positive acute ataxia without ophthalmoplegia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999;67:668-670.
86. Yuki N, Susuki K, Hirata K. Ataxic Guillain-Barré syndrome with anti-GQ1b antibody: relation to Miller Fisher syndrome. Neurology 2000;54:1851-1853. (Pubitemid 30428417)
87. Weiss JA, White JC. Correlation of 1a afferent conduction with the ataxia of Fisher syndrome. Muscle Nerve 1986;9:327-332.
88. Ropper AH, Shahani B. Proposed mechanism of ataxia in Fisher's syndrome. Arch Neurol 1983;40:537-548.
89. Kuwabara S, Asahina M, Nakajima M, et al. Special sensory ataxia in Miller Fisher syndrome detected by postural body sway analysis. Ann Neurol 1999;45:533-536.
90. Kanzaki M, Kaida KI, Ueda M, et al. Ganglioside complexes containing GQ1b as targets in Miller Fisher and Guillain-Barré syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008;79:1148-1152.
91. Inoue A, Koh C, Iwahashi T. Detection of serum anticerebellar antibodies in patients with Miller Fisher syndrome. Eur Neurol 1999;42:230-234.
92. Kornberg AJ, Pestronk A, Blume GM, et al. Selective staining of the cerebellar molecular layer by serum IgG in Miller-Fisher and related syndromes. Neurology 1996;47:1317-1320.
93. Paine MA, Keir G, Plant GT. Atypical Miller Fisher syndrome with GQ1b antibodies. J Clin Neurosci 1996;3:268-271.
94. Jamal GA, MacLeod WN. Electrophysiologic studies in Miller Fisher syndrome. Neurology 1984;34:685-688.
95. Jamal GA, Ballantyne JP. The localization of the lesion in patients with acute ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia (Miller Fisher syndrome): a serial multimodal neurophysiological study. Brain 1988;111(Pt 1):95-114.
96. Abdul-Rahman AM, Raj R. Eyelid nystagmus in Miller Fisher syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol 2008;92:1576.
97. Carvalho AA, Galvao MD, Rocha MS, et al. Miller Fisher syndrome and optic neuritis: case report. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2000; 58:1115-1117.
98. Ouhabi H, Bourazza A, Rouimi A, et al. Bilateral optic neuritis and ponto-mesencephalic involvement shown by MRI in Miller-Fisher syndrome. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1998;154:780-782.
99. Chan JW. Optic neuritis in anti-GQ1b positive recurrent Miller Fisher syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol 2003;87:1185-1196.
100. Colding-Jorgensen E, Vissing J. Visual impairment in anti-GQ1b positive Miller Fisher syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand 2001;103: 259-260
101. Toshniwal P. Demyelinating optic neuropathy with Miller-Fisher syndrome: the case for overlap syndromes with central and peripheral demyelination. J Neurol 1987;234:353-358.
102. Lolekha P, Phanthumchinda K. Optic neuritis in a patient with Miller-Fisher syndrome. J Med Assoc Thai 2008;91:1909-1913.
103. Koga M, Yuki N, Hirata K. Pain in Miller Fisher syndrome. J Neurol 2000;247:720-731.
104. Minguez M, Reus S, Pascual E. Dorso-lumbar pain as the first manifestation of Miller Fisher syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1998; 16:509.
105. Kordouni M, Jibrini M, Siddiqui MA. Long-term transvenous temporary pacing with active fixation bipolar lead in the management of severe autonomic dysfunction in Miller-Fisher syndrome: a case report. Int J Cardiol 2007;117:e10-e12.
106. Brittain CJ, Lake D. Acute angle closure in Miller Fisher syndrome. Eye 2006;20:739-740
107. Farah S, Khuraibet AJ, Montaser MA, et al. Miller Fisher syndrome: unique involvement of ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1995;97:328-331.
108. Lyu RK, Tang LM, Hsu WC, et al. Quantitative cardiovascular autonomic function study in Fisher syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;73:333-335.
109. Nishimoto Y, Odaka M, Hirata K, et al. Usefulness of anti-GQ1b IgG antibody testing in Fisher syndrome compared with cerebrospinal fluid examination. J Neuroimmunol 2004;148:200-205.
110. Willison HJ, Veitch J, Paterson G, et al. Miller Fisher syndrome is associated with serum antibodies to GQ1b ganglioside. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993;56:204-206.
111. Tagawa Y, Matsumoto Y, Yuki N. Clinical utility of measurement for anti-GM1 and anti-GQ1b antibodies. No To Shinkei 1998;50: 849-853.
112. Yuki N, Sato S, Tsuji S, et al. An immunologic abnormality common to Bickerstaff 's brain stem encephalitis and Fisher's syndrome. J Neurol Sci 1993;118:83-87.
113. Yuki N, Taki T, Takahashi M, et al. Molecular mimicry between GQ1b ganglioside and lipopolysaccharides of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from patients with Fisher's syndrome. Ann Neurol 1994;36: 791-793.
114. Chiba A, Kusunoki S, Obata H, et al. Ganglioside composition of the human cranial nerves, with special reference to pathophysiology of Miller Fisher syndrome. Brain Res 1997;745:32-36.
115. Goodyear CS, O'Hanlon GM, Plomp JJ, et al. Monoclonal antibodies raised against Guillain-Barré syndrome-associated Campylobacter jejuni lipopolysaccharides react with neuronal gangliosides and paralyze muscle-nerve preparations. J Clin Invest 1999;104:697-708.
116. O'Hanlon GM, Plomp JJ, Chakrabarti M, et al. Anti-GQ1b ganglioside antibodies mediate complement-dependent destruction of the motor nerve terminal. Brain 2001;124:893-906.
117. O'Hanlon GM, Bullens RW, Plomp JJ, et al. Complex gangliosides as autoantibody targets at the neuromuscular junction in Miller Fisher syndrome: a current perspective. Neurochem Res 2002;27: 697-709.
118. Halstead SK, Morrison I, O'Hanlon GM et al. Anti-disialosyl antibodies mediate selective neuronal or Schwann cell injury at mouse neuromuscular junctions. Glia 2005;52:177-189.
119. Willison HJ, Plomp JJ. Anti-ganglioside antibodies and the presynaptic motor nerve terminal. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008;1132: 114-123.
120. Kaida K, Kanzaki M, Morita D, et al. Anti-ganglioside complex antibodies in Miller Fisher syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006;77:1043-1046.
121. Kusunoki S, Kaida K, Ueda M. Antibodies against gangliosides and ganglioside complexes in Guillain-Barré syndrome: new aspects of research. Biochim Biophys Acta 2008;1780:441-444.
122. Tatsumoto M, Koga M, Gilbert M, et al. Spectrum of neurological diseases associated with antibodies to minor gangliosides GM1b and GalNAc-GD1a. J Neuroimmunol 2006;177:201-208.
123. Mizoguchi K. Anti-GQ1b IgG antibody activities related to the severity of Miller Fisher syndrome. Neurol Res 1998;20: 617-624.
124. Chikakiyo H, Kunishige M, Yoshino H, et al. Delayed motor and sensory neuropathy in a patient with brainstem encephalitis. J Neurol Sci 2005;234:105-108.
125. Giroud M, Mousson C, Chalopin JM, et al. Miller-Fisher syndrome and pontine abnormalities on MRI: a case report. J Neurol 1990; 237:489-490
126. Taphoorn MJ, Uitdehaag BM, Lanting P. A brain-stem lesion in the Miller Fisher syndrome demonstrated by CT and MRI. J Neurol 1991;238:243.
127. Hatanaka T, Higashino H, Yasuhara A, et al. Miller Fisher syndrome: etiological significance of serial blink reflexes and MRI study. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1992;32:317-319.
128. Tanaka H, Yuki N, Hirata K. Trochlear nerve enhancement on threedimensional magnetic resonance imaging in Fisher syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 1998;126:322-324.
129. Hosoya T, Adachi M, Yamaguchi K, et al. Abducens nerve enhancement demonstrated by multiplanar reconstruction of contrast-enhanced three-dimensional MRI. Neuroradiology 2001; 43:295-301.
130. Garcia-Rivera CA, Rozen TD, Zhou D, et al. Miller Fisher syndrome: MRI findings. Neurology 2001;57:1755.
131. Pedotti R, Carpo M, Lucchi S, et al. Lumbosacral root and facial nerve enhancement in Miller Fisher syndrome. J Neurol 1998;245: 753-764.
132. Urushitani M, Udaka F, Kameyama M. Miller Fisher-Guillain-Barré overlap syndrome with enhancing lesions in the spinocerebellar tracts. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995;58:241-243.
133. Hattori M, Takada K, Yamada K, et al. A case of Miller Fisher syndrome with gadolinium-enhancing lesions in the cranial nerves and the cauda equina on magnetic resonance imaging. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 1999;39:1054-1058.
134. Inoue N, Ichimura H, Goto S, et al. MR imaging findings of spinal posterior column involvement in a case of Miller Fisher syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004;25:645-648.
135. Nagaoka U, Kato T, Kurita K, et al. Cranial nerve enhancement on three-dimensional MRI in Miller Fisher syndrome. Neurology 1996; 47:1601-1612.
136. Shibata A, Hosoya T, Kato T, et al. Abducens nerve enhancement in acute ophthalmoparesis. Radiat Med 1998;16:375-387.
137. Hsieh DT, Singh R, Zecavati N, et al. Teaching Video NeuroImage: near complete ophthalmoplegia in GQ1b antibody-positive Miller Fisher: video and MRI correlation. Neurology 2008;71:e31.
138. Petty RK, Duncan R, Jamal GA, et al. Brainstem encephalitis and the Miller Fisher syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993; 56:201-203.
139. Al-Din AN, Anderson M, Bickerstaff ER, et al. Brainstem encephalitis and the syndrome of Miller Fisher: a clinical study. Brain 1982;105(Pt 3):481-495.
140. Bignami A, Servim M. Acute internal and external ophthalmoplegia with muscle weakness. Lancet 1963;1:1110.
141. Bickerstaffer ER. Brain-stem encephalitis further observations on a grave syndrome with benign prognosis. Br Med J 1957;1:1384-1387.
142. Phillips MS, Stewart S, Anderson JR. Neuropathological findings in Miller Fisher syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984;47: 492-495.
143. Barontini F, Di Lollo S, Maurri S, et al. Localization of the pathological process in Miller Fisher syndrome. Ital J Neurol Sci 1992;13:221-225.
144. Tomcik J, Dufek M, Hromada J, et al. Recurrent Miller Fisher syndrome with abnormal terminal axon dysfunction: a case report. Acta Neurol Belg 2007;107:112-114.
145. Dorr J, Dieste FJ, Klaasen van Husen D, et al. A case of recurrent Miller Fisher syndrome mimicking botulism. Neurol Sci 2006;27: 424-435.
146. Sharma V, Chan YC, Ong et al. Bickerstaff 's brainstem encephalitis: can it recur? J Clin Neurosci 2006;13:277-279.
147. Madhavan S, Geetha, Bhargavan PV. Recurrent Miller Fisher syndrome. J Assoc Physicians India 2004;52:582-584.
148. Orr CF, Storey CE. Recurrent Miller-Fisher syndrome. J Clin Neurosci 2004;11:307-309.
149. Derakhshan I. Recurrent Miller Fisher syndrome. Neurol India 2003;51:283.
150. Hamaguchi T, Yamaguchi K, Komai K, et al. Recurrent anti-GQ1b IgG antibody syndrome showing different phenotypes in different periods. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74:1350.
151. Kitamura H, Honda T, Uchida T, et al. Recurrent Fisher syndrome. Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 2002;91:474-476.
152. Sitajayalakshmi S, Borgohain R, Mani J, et al. Recurrent Miller Fisher syndrome: a case report. Neurol India 2002;50:365-367.
153. Chida K, Nomura H, Konno H, et al. Recurrent Miller Fisher syndrome: clinical and laboratory features and HLA antigens. J Neurol Sci 1999;165:139-143.
154. Riche G, Caudie C, Vial C, et al. Recurrent Miller Fisher syndrome and anti-GQ1b antibodies. Rev Med Interne 1998;19:192-195.
155. Dewarrat A, Regli F, Steck A, et al. Recurrent Miller Fisher syndrome. Significance of anti-GQ1B antibodies. Schweiz Arch Neurol Psychiatr 1995;146:180-184.
156. Vinals M, Anciones B, Cruz Martinez A, et al. Recurrent Miller- Fisher syndrome associated with brachial neuritis. Neurologia 1989; 4:61-65.
157. Sawyer CN, Naik RB. A case of recurrent Miller-Fisher syndrome. Br J Hosp Med 1987;38:566.
158. Yip PK, Tsai SY, Chen RC. The syndrome of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia (Fisher's syndrome): clinical analysis of 9 cases. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) 1991;47:126-132.
159. Reddel SW, Barnett MH, Yan WX, et al. Chronic ophthalmoplegia with anti-GQ1b antibody. Neurology 2000;54:1000-1002.
160. Arakawa Y, Yoshimura M, Kobayashi S, et al. The use of intravenous immunoglobulin in Miller Fisher syndrome. Brain Dev 1993;15:231-233.
161. Pulitano S, Viola L, Genovese O, et al. Miller-Fisher syndrome mimicking intracranial hypertension following head trauma. Childs Nerv Syst 2005;21:473-476.
162. Eggenberger ER, Coker S, Menezes M. Pediatric Miller Fisher syndrome requiring intubation: a case report. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1993;32:372-375.
163. Gerard V, Ossemann M, Dive A. Miller Fisher variant syndrome, an unusual and severe clinical presentation: a case report. Eur J Emerg Med 2007;14:239-240
164. Odaka M, Yuki N, Hirata K. Bilateral ballism in a patient with overlapping Fisher's and Guillain-Barré syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999;67:206-208.
165. Blau I, Casson I, Lieberman A, et al. The not-so-benign Miller Fisher syndrome: a variant of the Guillain-Barré syndrome. Arch Neurol 1980;37:384-395.
166. Arai M, Odaka M, Yuki N, et al. A patient with overlapping Bickerstaff 's brainstem encephalitis, Miller Fisher syndrome and Guillain-Barré syndrome during the clinical course. Eur J Neurol 2002;9:115-126.
167. Funakoshi K, Kuwabara S, Odaka M, et al. Clinical predictors of mechanical ventilation in Fisher/Guillain-Barré overlap syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009;80:60-64.
168. Matsumoto H, Kobayashi O, Tamura K, et al. Miller Fisher syndrome with transient coma: comparison with Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis. Brain Dev 2002;24:98-101.
169. Odaka M, Yuki N, Arai M, et al. A case of Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with bilateral ballism: an overlap between Fisher's syndrome and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 1998; 38:745-749.
170. Oomura M, Yamawaki T, Oe H, et al. Association of cardiomyopathy caused by autonomic nervous system impairment with the Miller Fisher syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74: 689-690
171. Lo YL, Ratnagopal P. Corticobulbar dysfunction in the Miller Fisher syndrome. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2003;105:156-158.
172. Ramaprasad ST, Poretsky L. Life-threatening hyponatremia due to the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) in a patient with the Miller Fisher syndrome. Endocr Pract 1995;1:163-165.
173. Overell JR, Hsieh ST, Odaka M, et al. Treatment for Fisher syndrome, Bickerstaff 's brainstem encephalitis and related disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;1:CD004781.
174. Mori M, Kuwabara S, Fukutake T, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for Miller Fisher syndrome. Neurology 2007;68: 1144-1146.
175. Kawasaki S, Kodama T, Mizoue S, et al. Effectiveness of plasma exchange in Miller Fisher syndrome-a case report. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 2005;109:148-152.
176. Kambara C, Matsuo H, Fukudome T, et al. Miller Fisher syndrome and plasmapheresis. Ther Apher 2002;6:450-453.
177. Yeh JH, Chen WH, Chen JR, et al. Miller Fisher syndrome with central involvement: successful treatment with plasmapheresis. Ther Apher 1999;3:69-71.
178. Nishikage H, Saito A, Nakano Y, et al. Case of Fisher syndrome with pemphigus treated by immuno-adsorption plasmapheresis. Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 1996;85:274-285.
179. Cher LM, Merory JM. Miller Fisher syndrome mimicking stroke in immunosuppressed patient with rheumatoid arthritis responding to plasma exchange. J Clin Neuroophthalmol 1993;13:138-140.
180. Littlewood R, Bajada S. Successful plasmapheresis in the Miller- Fisher syndrome. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1981;282:778.
181. Maisey DN, Olczak SA. Successful plasmapheresis in the Miller- Fisher syndrome. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1981;282:1159.
182. Odaka M, Yuki N, Hirata K. Comparison of the adsorption ability between tryptophan and modified tryptophan columns. Ther Apher 1997;1:353-355.
183. Yuki N. Tryptophan-immobilized column adsorbs immunoglobulin G anti-GQ1b antibody from Fisher's syndrome: a new approach to treatment. Neurology 1996;46:1644-1651.
184. Ohtsuka K, Nakamura Y, Hashimoto M, et al. Fisher syndrome associated with IgG anti-GQ1b antibody following infection by a specific serotype of Campylobacter jejuni. Ophthalmology 1998; 105:1281-1285.
185. Ohtsuka K, Nakamura Y, Tagawa Y, et al. Immunoadsorption therapy for Fisher syndrome associated with IgG anti-GQ1b antibody. Am J Ophthalmol 1998;125:403-406.
186. Wittstock M, Benecke R, Zettl UK. Therapy with intravenous immunoglobulins: complications and side-effects. Eur Neurol 2003; 50:172-175.
187. Turner B, Wills AJ. Cerebral infarction complicating intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in a patient with Miller Fisher syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;68:790-801.
188. Nakajima M. Posterior reversible encephalopathy complicating intravenous immunoglobulins in a patient with Miller-Fisher syndrome. Eur Neurol 2005;54:58-60.
189. Kimoto K, Odaka M, Yuki N, et al. Complications with plasma exchange. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2000;40:1044-1046.
190. Chida K, Takase S, Itoyama Y. Development of facial palsy during immunoadsorption plasmapheresis in Miller Fisher syndrome: a clinical report of two cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998; 64:399-401.
191. Takahashi M, Koga M, Yokoyama K, et al. Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from patients with Guillain-Barré and Fisher syndromes in Japan. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:335-339.
192. Sheikh KA, Nachamkin I, Ho TW, et al. Campylobacter jejuni lipopolysaccharides in Guillain-Barré syndrome: molecular mimicry and host susceptibility. Neurology 1998;51:371-378.
193. Paparounas K. Anti-GQ1b ganglioside antibody in peripheral nervous system disorders: pathophysiologic role and clinical relevance. Arch Neurol 2004;61:1013-1016.
194. Halstead SK, Zitman FM, Humphreys PD, et al. Eculizumab prevents anti-ganglioside antibody-mediated neuropathy in a murine model. Brain 2008;131:1197-1208.
195. Lehmann HC, Hartung HP. Complementing the therapeutic armamentarium for Miller Fisher syndrome and related immune neuropathies. Brain 2008;131:1168-1170.
196. Winer JB. Guillain Barré syndrome. Mol Pathol 2001;54:381-385.