Life of the Rheic Ocean: Scrolling through the shale record

Gondwana Research

Volumn 17, Issue 2-3, 2010, Pages 236-253

  Romer, Rolf L ^a   Hahne, Knut ^a  

^a GFZ GERMAN RESEARCH CENTRE FOR GEOSCIENCES   (Germany)

Author keywords

Geochemistry; Palaeozoic; Rheic Ocean; Saxo Thuringia; Shale

Indexed keywords

CONTINENTAL SHELF; DEPOSITION; GLACIATION; GRABEN; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; MAFIC ROCK; OROGENY; PROTEROZOIC; PROVENANCE; RIFTING; SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY; SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURE; SHALE; SHELF SEDIMENT;

EID: 74449090427     PISSN: 1342937X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gr.2009.09.004     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Avigad D., Sandler A., Kolodner K., Stern R.J., McWilliams M., Miller N., and Beyth M. Mass-production of Cambro-Ordovician quartz-rich sandstone as a consequence of chemical weathering of Pan-African terranes: environmental implications. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 240 (2005) 818-826
2. Bankwitz P., and Bankwitz E. Proterozoikum Schwarzburger Antiklinorium. In: Seidel G. (Ed). Geologie von Thüringen (2003), Schweizerbart Science Publishers, Stuttgart 51-87
3. Barth M.G., McDonough W.F., and Rudnik R.L. Tracking the budget of Nb and Ta in the continental crust. Chemical Geology 165 (2000) 197-213
4. Bartzsch K., Hahne K., and Weyer D. Der Hangenberg-Event (Devon/Karbon-Grenze) im Bohlen-Profil von Saalfeld (Thüringisches Schiefergebirge). Abhandlungen und Berichte für Naturkunde (Museum für Naturkunde Magdeburg) 20 (1998) 37-58
5. Bartzsch K., Blumenstengel H., and Weyer D. Stratigraphie des Oberdevons im Thüringischen Schiefergebirge Teil 1: Schwarzburg-Antiklinorium. Beiträge zur Geologie von Thüringen 6 (1999) 159-189
6. Bartzsch K., Blumenstengel H., and Weyer D. Oberdevon des Thüringischen Schiefergebirges. In: Weddige K. (Ed). Stratigraphie von Deutschland VIII-Devon. Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften vol. 52 (2008) 59-87
7. Bauluz B., Mayayo M.J., Fernandez-Nieto C., and Lopez J.M.G. Geochemistry of Precambrian and Paleozoic siliciclastic rocks from the Iberian Range (NE Spain): implications for the source-area weathering, sorting, provenance, and tectonic setting. Chemical Geology 168 (2000) 135-150
8. Bhatia M.R. Plate tectonics and geochemical composition of sandstones. Journal of Geology 91 (1983) 611-627
9. Bhatia M.R., and Crook K.A.W. Trace element characteristics of greywackes and tectonic setting discrimination of sedimentary basins. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 92 (1986) 181-189
10. Blumenstengel H. Ostthüringisches Schiefergebirge. In: Amler M.R., and Stoppel D. (Eds). Stratigraphie von Deutschland VI. Unterkarbon (Mississippium). Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften vol. 41 (2006) 505-529
11. Cai G., Guo F., Liu X., Sui S., Li C., and Zhao L. Geochemistry of Neogene sedimentary rocks from the Jiyang basin, North China Block: the roles of grain size and clay minerals. Geochemical Journal 42 (2008) 381-402
12. Cavalcante F., Fiore S., Piccarreta G., and Tateo F. Geochemical and mineralogical approaches to assessing provenance and deposition of shales: a case study. Clay Minerals 38 (2003) 383-397
13. Condie K.C. Chemical composition and evolution of the upper continental crust: contrasting results from surface samples and shales. Chemical Geology 104 (1993) 1-37
14. Cox R., Lowe D.R., and Cullers R.L. The influence of sediment recycling and basement composition on evolution of mudrock chemistry in the south-western United States. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 59 (1995) 2919-2940
15. Cullers R.L. Implications of elemental concentrations for provenance, redox conditions, and metamorphic studies of shales and limestones near Pueblo, CO, USA. Chemical Geology 191 (2002) 305-327
16. Deutsche Stratigraphische Kommission. Stratigraphie von Deutschland II-Ordovizium, Kambrium, Vendium; Riphäikum-Teil 1-Thüringen, Sachsen, Ostbayern. Courier Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt 200 (1997) 1-437
17. Deutsche Stratigraphische Kommission. Stratigraphie von Deutschland VII-Silur. Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 46 (2006) 1-191
18. Deutsche Stratigraphische Kommission. Stratigraphie von Deutschland VIII-Devon. Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 52 (2008) 1-578
19. Ellenberg J., and Meisel S. Differenzierung glazio-mariner Sedimentationsprozesse in der oberen Lederschiefer Formation (Ordovizium). Schriftenreihe des staatlichen Museums für Mineralogie und Geologie zu Dresden 11 (2000) 56-57
20. Evans D.A.D. A fundamental Precambrian-Phanerozoic shift in earth's glacial style?. Tectonophysics 375 (2003) 353-385
21. Evensen N.M., Hamilton P.J., and O'Nions R.K. Rare earth abundances in chondritic meteorites. Geochimic et Cosmochimica Acta 42 (1978) 1199-1212
22. Falk F., and Wiefel H. Ordovizium. In: Seidel G. (Ed). Geologie von Thüringen (1995), Schweizerbart Science Publishers, Stuttgart 91-110
23. Falk F., Hahne K., Lützner H., and Gehmlich M. Der Beginn siliziklastischer Sedimentation im Altpaläozoikum des Saxothuringikums: Sedimentation und Geochemie des Richtprofils Goldisthal (Thüringisches Schiefergebirge). Zeitschrift der deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 151 (2000) 365-414
24. Fernandez A., Chauvel J.J., and Moro M.C. Comparative study of the Lower Ordovician ironstones of the Iberian Massiv (Zamora, Spain) and of the Amorica Massiv (Central Brittany, France). Journal of Sedimentary Research 68 (1998) 53-62
25. Fischer C., Gaupp R., Hahne K., and Naumann R. Geochemie. In: Heuse T., and Leonhardt D. (Eds). Stratigraphie von Deutschland VII-Silur. Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften vol. 46 (2006) 153-166
26. Gao S., and Wedepohl K.H. The negative Eu anomaly in Archean sedimentary rocks: implications for decomposition, age and importance on their granitic sources. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 133 (1995) 81-94
27. Gao S., Luo T.-D., Zhang B.-R., Zhang H.-F., Han Y.-W., Zhao Z.-D., and Hu Y.-K. Chemical composition of the continental crust as revealed by studies in East China. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 62 (1998) 1959-1975
28. Gauthier-Lafaye F., Bros R., and Stille P. Pb-Pb isotope systematics on diagenetic clays: an example from Proterozoic black shales of the Franceville basin (Gabon). Chemical Geology 133 (1996) 243-250
29. Gehmlich M. Die Cadomiden und Varisziden des Saxothuringischen Terranes - Geochronologie magmatischer Ereignisse. Freiberger Forschungshefte C 500 (2003) 1-129
30. Guiraud R., Bosworth W., Thierry J., and Delplanque A. Phanerozoic geological evolution of Northern and Central Africa: an overview. Journal of African Earth Science 43 (2005) 83-143
31. Gromet I.P., Dymek R.F., Haskin L.A., and Korotev R.L. The "North American shale composite": its compilation, major and trace element characteristics. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48 (1984) 2469-2482
32. Hahn T., Wucher K., Heuse T., and Melzer P. Neudefinition lithostatigraphischer Einheiten im Unterkarbon (Kulm) des Thüringisch-Fränkisch-Vogtländischen Schiefergebirges. Geowissenschaaftliche Mitteilungen von Thüringen 12 (2005) 19-49
33. Hahn T., Kroner U., and Melzer P. Lower Carboniferous Synorogenic Sedimentation in the Saxo-Thuringian Basin and the Adjacent Allochthonous Domain. In: Linnemann U., and Romer R.L. (Eds). The Pre-Mesozoic Geology of Saxo-Thuringia - From the Cadomian Active Margin to the Variscan Orogen (2010), Schweizerbart Science Publishers, Stuttgart 171-192
34. Hahne K., and Romer R.L. Temporal Geochemical and Isotopic Variation in Palaeozoic Sediments of the Schwarzburg Anticline (Saxo-Thuringia). Abstracts and Program. In: Königshof P., and Linnemann U. (Eds). From Gondwana to Laurussia to Pangea: Dynamics of Oceans and Supercontinents. Final Meeting of IGCP 497 and IGCP 499 (2008), Frankfurt/M. & Dresden 176-178
35. Hahne, K., Tonn, S., 2001. Die stoffliche Entwicklung der Heinersdorf-Gruppe (Kambrium) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Bors. In: Rauche, H. (eds.): Regionale und angewandte Geologie in der Grenzregion de Süddeutschen und der Mitteldeutschen Scholle. Exkursions-Führer und Veröffentlichungen, Gesellschaft für Geologische Wissenschaften, Berlin 214, 117-119.
36. Harnois L. The CIW Index: a new chemical index of weathering. Sedimentary Geology 55 (1988) 319-322
37. Havliček V., and Fatka O. Ordovician of the Prague Basin (Barrandium area, Czechoslovakei). In: Laurie W. (Ed). Global Perspectives on Ordovician Geology (1992), Balkema, Rotterdam 461-472
38. Heier K.S., and Thoresen K. Geochemistry of high grade metamorphic rocks, Lofoten-Vesterålen, North Norway. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Actaa 35 (1979) 89-99
39. Heubeck C. Geröllführende sedimentäre Gänge der Eisenach-Formation (Oberrotliegend): modifizierte artesische Injektionen am Fuß alluvialer Fächer?. Zeitschrift der deutschen Gesellschaft fur Geowissenschaften 160 (2009) 41-56
40. Heuse T. Biostratigraphy and biofacies of the Ordovician of Saxothuringia: a review. Acta Universitatis Carolinae Geologica 42 (1998) 423-431
41. Heuse T., Blumenstengel H., Elicki O., Geyer G., Hansch W., Maletz J., Sarmiento G.N., and Weyer D. Biostratigraphy - The Faunal Province of the Southern Margin of the Rheic Ocean. In: Linnemann U., and Romer R.L. (Eds). The pre-Mesozoic Geology of Saxo-Thuringia - From the Cadomian Active Margin to the Variscan Orogen (2010), Schweizerbart Science Publishers, Stuttgart 99-170
42. Katzung G. Records of the Late Ordovician glaciation from Thuringia, Germany. Zeitschrift der deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 150 (1999) 595-617
43. Kikuchi M., Hidaka H., Horie K., and Gauthier-Lafaye F. Redistribution of REE, Pb and U by supergene weathering studied from in situ isotopic analyses of the Bangome natural reactor, Gabon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 71 (2007) 4716-4726
44. Kirsch M., Kroner U., and Romer R.L. The northern margin of the Rheic Ocean in the Ordovician: characterization of Avalonian manganese-rich metasediments by means of isotope, REE and trace element geochemistry. Géologie de France 2007/2 (2007) 112
45. Klemd R. Early Variscan Allochthonous Domains: The Münchberg Complex, Frankenberg, Wildenfels, and Góry Sowie. In: Linnemann U., and Romer R.L. (Eds). The pre-Mesozoic Geology of Saxo-Thuringia - From the Cadomian Active Margin to the Variscan Orogen (2010), Schweizerbart Science Publishers, Stuttgart 221-232
46. Kling M., Höll R., and Bartzsch K. Eine As-Co-Ni-Cu-Pb-Mo-Mineralisation in der graugrünen Schieferbank der Hangenden Leitschichten (Ordovizium, Schmiedefeld-Formation) der Eisenerzlagerstätte Wittmannsgereuth, Thüringen. Beiträge zur Geologie von Thüringen (Neue Folge) 6 (1999) 217-232
47. Knoll A.H. Learning to tell Neoptoterozoic time. Precambrian Research 100 (2000) 3-20
48. Kossmat F. Gliederung des varistischen Gebirgsbaues. Abhandlungen des sächsischen geologischen Landesamtes 1 (1927) 1-39
49. Kroner U., Hahn T., Romer R.L., and Linnemann U. The Variscan Orogeny in the Saxo-Thuringian Zone - Heterogenous Overprint of Cadomian/Paleozoic Peri-Gondwana Crust. In: Linnemann U., Nance R.D., Kraft P., and Zulauf G. (Eds). The Evolution of the Rheic Ocean: From Avalonian-Cadomian Active Margin to Alleghenian-Variscan Collision. Geological Society of America Special Paper vol. 423 (2007) 153-172
50. Le Heron D.P., Khoukhi Y., Paris F., Ghienne J.-F., and Le Herissé A. Black shale, grey shale, fossils and glaciers: anatomy of the Upper Ordovician-Silurian succession in the Tazzeka Massif of eastern Morocco. Gondwana Research 14 (2008) 483-496
51. Leroy J.L., and Turpin L. REE, Th and U behaviour during hydrothermal and supergene processes in a granitic environment. Chemical Geology 68 (1988) 239-251
52. Lev S.M., and Filer J.K. Assesing the impact of black shale processes on REE and the U- Pb isotope system in the southern Appalachian Basin. Chemical Geology 206 (2004) 393-406
53. Liew T.C., and Hofmann A.W. Precambrian crustal components, plutonic associations, plate environment of the Hercynian Fold Belt of central Europe: indications from a Nd and Sr isotopic study. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 98 (1988) 129-138
54. Linnemann U. Ediacaran Rocks from the Cadomian Basement of the Saxo-Thuringian Zone (NE Bohemian Massiv, Germany): Age, Constraints, Geotectonic Setting and Basin Development. In: Vickers-Rich P., and Komarower P. (Eds). The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota. Geological Society, London, Special Publications vol. 286 (2007) 35-51
55. Linnemann U., and Buschmann B. Der Nachweis der cadomischen Diskordanz in einer Tiefenbohrung bei Gera und deren Bedeutung für das proterozoisch-paläozoische Standardprofil im Schwarzburger Antiklinorium. Geowissenschaftliche Mitteilungen von Thüringen 3 (1995) 1-11
56. Linnemann U., and Romer R.L. The Cadomian orogeny in Saxo-Thuringian, Germany: geochemical and Nd-Sr-Pb isotope characterisation of marginal basins with constraints to geotectonic setting and provenance. Tectonophysics 352 (2002) 33-64
57. Linnemann U., and Romer R.L. The Late Ordovician ice house: impact winter or volcanic catastrophe?. Schrifteneihe Dt Geol. Ges. 34 (2004) 332
58. Linnemann U., Gehmlich M., Tichomirowa M., Buschmann B., Nasdala L., Jonas P., Lützner H., and Bombach K. From Cadomian Subduction to Early Palaeozoic Rifting: The Evolution of Saxo-Thuringia at the Margin of Gondwana in the Light of Single Zircon Geochronology and Basin Development (Central European Variscides, Germany). In: Franke W., Haak V., Oncken O., and Tanner D. (Eds). Orogenic Processes - Quantification and Modelling in the Variscan Belt of Central Europe. Geological Society, London, Special Publications vol. 179 (2000) 131-153
59. Linnemann U., McNaughton N.J., Romer R.L., Gehmlich M., Drost K., and Tonk C. West African Provenance for Saxo-Thuringia (Bohemian Massif): did Armorica ever leave pre-Pangean Gondwana? U/Pb-SHRIMP zircon evidence and the Nd-isotopic record. International Journal of Earth Sciences 93 (2004) 683-705
60. Linnemann U., Elicki O., and Gaitzsch B. In: Linnemann U. (Ed). Die Stratigraphie des Saxothuringikums. Das Saxothuringikum vol. 2 (2008), Auflage 33-74 pp
61. Linnemann U., Hofmann M., Romer R.L., and Gerdes A. Transitional Stages Between the Cadomian and Variscan Orogenies: Basin Development and Tectono-magmatic Evolution of the Southern Margin of the Rheic Ocean in the Saxo-Thuringian Zone (North Gondwana Shelf). In: Linnemann U., and Romer R.L. (Eds). The Pre-Mesozoic Geology of Saxo-Thuringia - From the Cadomian Active Margin to the Variscan Orogen (2010), Schweizerbart Science Publishers, Stuttgart 59-98
62. Lützner H. Lithostratigraphie der Phycodes-Gruppe im Gebiet von Steinach (Thüringisches Schiefergebirge). Beiträge zur Geologie von Thüringen, Neue Folge 15 (2008) 5-49
63. Lützner H., Andreas D., Mädler J., Michael J., Voigt H., Werneburg R., Judersleben G., and Katzschmann L. Permosiles. In: Seidel G. (Ed). Geologie von Thüringen (2003), Schweizerbart Science Publishers, Stuttgart 215-301
64. Lützner, H., Ellenberg, J., Falk, F., Hahne, K., Mann, M., 1985. Lithologisch-geochemische Untersuchungen im Paläozoikum des Thüringischen Schiefergebirges. Unveröffentlichter Bericht Zentralinstut für Physik der Erde, Bereich Geologie, Potsdam, 181 pp.
65. Lützner, H., Ellenberg, J., Mann, M., Hahne, K., 1990. Phycoden-Folge und Gräfentahler Serie an der SE-Flanke des Schwarzburger Aniklinorium. Gesellschaft für Geologische Wissenschaften der DDR, Exkursions-Führer, 37. Jahrestagung in Jena, 9-12.
66. Maaß I., Hahne K., Loos G., and Vogler P. Isotopen- und elementgeochemische Untersuchungen an schwach metamorphen Sedimenten als Hilfsmittel zur faziellen und stratigraphischen Einordnung. Isotopenpraxis 22 (1986) 131-135
67. Martens T., Hahne K., and Naumann R. Lithostratigraphie, Taphofazies und Geochemie des Tambach-Sandstein im Typusgebiet der Tambach-Formation (Thüringer Wald, Oberrotliegend, Unteres Perm). Zeitschrift für Geologische Wissenschaften 37 (2009) 81-119
68. McLennan S.M. Rare Earth Elements in Sedimentary Rocks: Influence of Provenance and Sedimentary Processes. In: Lipin B.R., and McCay G.A. (Eds). Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements. Reviews in Mineralogy vol. 21 (1989) 169-200
69. McLennan S.M., Taylor S.R., McCulloch M.T., and Mynard J.B. Geochemical and Nd-Sr isotopic composition of deep-sea turbidites: crustal and plate tectonic associations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54 (1990) 2015-2050
70. Menning, M., Deutsche Stratigraphische Kommission, 2002. Eine geologische Zeitskala 2002. In: Deutsche stratigraphische Kommission (Ed.), Stratigraphische Tabelle von Deutschland 2002. GeoForschungsZentrum, Potsdam, Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M. (wall chart).
71. Mingram B. The Erzgebirge, Germany - a subducted part of northern Gondwana: geochemical evidence for repetition of early Paleozoic metasedimentary sequences in metamorphic thrust units. Geological Magazine 135 (1998) 785-801
72. Nance R.D., Murphy J.B., Strachan R.A., Keppie J.D., Gutierrez-Alonso G., Fernandez-Suarez J., Quesada C., Linnemann U., D'Lemos R., and Pisarevsky S.A. Neoproterozoic-early Palaeozoic tectonostratigraphy and palaeography of the peri-Gondwana terranes: Amazonian v. West African connections. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 297 (2008) 345-383
73. Nance R.D., Gutiérrez-Alonso G., Keppie J.D., Linnemann U., Murphy J.B., Quesada C., Strachan R.A., and Woodcock N.H. Evolution of the Rheic Ocean. Gondwana Research 17 2-3 (2010) 194-222 (this issue)
74. Noblet C., and Lefort J.P. Sedimentological evidence for a limited separation between Amorica and Gondwana during the Early Ordovician. Geology 18 (1990) 303-306
75. Plant J.A., Simson P.R., Smith B., and Windley B.F. Uranium Ore Deposits - Products of the Radioactive Earth. In: Burns P.C., and Finch R. (Eds). Uranium: Mineralogy, Geochemistry and the Environment. Reviews in Mineralogy vol. 38 (1999) 255-319
76. Plessen H.-G. Analytik und Geochemie der Platingruppenelemente in magmatischen Gesteinen. GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam. Scientific Technical Report STR 97 11 (1997) 1-135
77. Ranjan N., and Banerjee D.M. Central Himalayan crystallines as the primary source for the sandstone-mudstone suites of the Siwalik Group: new geochemical evidence. Gondwana Research 16 (2009) 687-696
78. Rimmer S.M. Geochemical paleoredox indicators in Devonian-Mississippian black shales, Central Appalachian Basin (USA). Chemical Geology 206 (2004) 373-391
79. Rollinson H. Secular evolution of the continental crust: implications for crust evolution models. G-cube 9 12 (2008) 1-14
80. Romer R.L. Alpha-recoil in U-Pb geochronology: effective sample size matters. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 145 (2003) 481-491
81. Romer R.L., and Hahne K. Baltica Meets Gondwana. Abstracts and Program. In: Königshof P., and Linnemann U. (Eds). From Gondwana to Laurussia to Pangea: Dynamics of Oceans and Supercontinents. Final Meeting of IGCP 497 and IGCP 499 (2008), Frankfurt/M. & Dresden 121-123
82. Romer R.L., and Hahne K. Baltica Meets Gondwana - The Isotope Geochemical Record. In: Linnemann U., and Romer R.L. (Eds). The pre-Mesozoic Geology of Saxo-Thuringia - From the Cadomian Active Margin to the Variscan Orogen (2010), Schweizerbart Science Publishers, Stuttgart 363-370
83. Romer R., and Linnemann U. The great Ordovician dying: impact winter or volcanic ice- house?. European Journal of Mineralogy (Beiheft) 16 1 (2004) 117
84. Romer R.L., Förster H.-J., and Breitkreuz C. Intracontinental extensional magmatism with a subduction fingerprint: the late Carboniferous Halle Volcanic Complex (Germany). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 141 (2001) 201-221
85. Romer R.L., Hahne K., Plessen B., and Förster H.-J. Recycling of Palaeozoic Crust During the Variscan Orogeny - The Strontium Story. Abstracts and Program. In: Königshof P., and Linnemann U. (Eds). From Gondwana to Laurussia to Pangea: Dynamics of Oceans and Supercontinents. Final Meeting of IGCP 497 and IGCP 499 (2008), Frankfurt/M. & Dresden 223-225
86. Romer R.L., Heinrich W., Schröder-Smeibidl B., Meixner A., Fischer C.-O., and Schulz C. Elemental dispersion and stable isotope fractionation during reactive fluid-flow and fluid immiscibility in the Bufa del Diente aureole, NE-Mexico: evidence from radiographies and Li, B, Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope systematics. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 149 (2005) 400-429
87. Ronov A.B., and Migdisov A.A. Time variations in the abundances of rocks, minerals, and elements in the Russian platform sediment cover. Geochemistry International 33 5 (1996) 30-63
88. Rötzler J., and Romer R.L. The Saxon Granulite Massif: A Key Area for the Geodynamic Evolution of Variscan Central Europe. In: Linnemann U., and Romer R.L. (Eds). The Pre-Mesozoic Geology of Saxo-Thuringia - From the Cadomian Active Margin to the Variscan Orogen (2010), Schweizerbart Science Publishers, Stuttgart 233-252
89. Rötzler K., and Plessen B. The Erzgebirge: A Pile of Ultrahigh- to Low-pressure Nappes of Early Palaeozoic Rocks and Their Cadomian Basement. In: Linnemann U., and Romer R.L. (Eds). The Pre-Mesozoic Geology of Saxo-Thuringia - From the Cadomian Active Margin to the Variscan Orogen (2010), Schweizerbart Science Publishers, Stuttgart 253-270
90. Schenau S.J., Prings M.A., De Lange G.J., and Monnin C. Barium accumulation in the Arabian sea: controls on barite preservation in marine sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65 (2001) 3453-3473
91. Schettler G., Romer R.L., Mingrui Q., Plessen B., and Dulski P. Size-dependent geochemical signatures of Holocene loess deposits from the Hexi Corridor (China). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 35 (2009) 109-136
92. Scholtz H. Das varistische Bewegungsbild. Fortschritte der Geologie und Paläontologie 25 (1930) 235-316
93. Schulz R.B. Geochemical relationship of the late Paleozoic carbon-rich shales of the Midcontinent, USA: a compendium of results advocating chanaggeable geochemical conditions. Chemical Geology 206 (2004) 347-372
94. Seidel G. Geologie von Thüringen. 2nd edition (2003), Schweizerbart Science Publishers, Stuttgart 1-601
95. Steiger R.H., and Jäger E. Subcommission on geochronology: convention on the use of decay constants in geo- and cosmochronology. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 36 (1977) 359-362
96. Taylor S.R., and McLennan S. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution (1985), Blackwell, Oxford 1-312
97. Torres M.E., Brumsack H.J., Bohrmann G., and Emeis K.C. Barite fronts in continental margin sediments: a new look at barium remobilisation in the zone of sulfate reduction and formation of heavy barites in diagenetic fronts. Chemical Geology 127 (1996) 125-139
98. von Gaertner H.R. Schichtenfolge und Tektonite im mittleren Teil des Schwarzburger Sattels. Jahrbuch der preußischen geologischen Landesanstalt 54 (1934) 1-36
99. von Gaertner H.R. Die Schichtgliederung der Phyllitgebiete in Thüringen und Nordbayern und ihre Einordnung in das stratigraphische Schema. Jahrbuch der Reichsanstalt für Bodenforschung 62 (1944) 54-80
100. Wedepohl K.H. Chemical composition and fractionation of the continental crust. Geologische Rundschau 80 (1991) 207-223
101. Wedepohl K.H., and Rentzsch J. The composition of brines in the early diagenetic mineralisation of the Permian Kupferschiefer in Germany. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 152 (2006) 323-333
102. Wilde P., Timothy W., Lyons M., and Quinby-Hunt S. Organic proxies in black shales: molybdenium. Chemical Geology 206 (2004) 167-176
103. Wilson M.J. Weathering of the primary rock-forming minerals: processes, products and rates. Clay Minerals 39 (2004) 233-266
104. Wronkiewicz D.J., and Condie K.C. Geochemistry and mineralogy of sediments from the Ventersdorp and Transvaal Supergroups, South Africa: cratonic evolution during the early Proterozoic. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54 (1990) 343-354
105. Yaroshevsky A.A. Abundances of chemical elements in the Earth's crust. Geochemistry International 44 1 (2006) 48-55
106. Zagora K., Weyer D., and Zagora I. Unter- und Mitteldevon im Thüringischen Schiefergebirge. In: Weddige K. (Ed). Stratigraphie von Deutschland VIII-Devon. Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften vol. 52 (2008) 51-58
107. Zartman R.E., and Doe B.R. Plumbotectonics - the model. Tectonophysics 75 (1981) 135-162
108. Zeh A., and Brätz H. Timing of the Upper Carboniferous-Permian Horst-basin Formation and Magmatism in the NW Thuringian Forest, Central Germany: A Review. In: Wilson M., Neumann E.-R., Davies G.R., Timmermann M.J., Heermans M., and Larsen B.T. (Eds). Permo-Carboniferous Magmatism and Rifting in Europe. Geological Society, London, Special Publications vol. 223 (2004) 319-334
109. Zeh A., and Gerdes A. Baltica- and Gondwana-derived sediments in the Mid-German Crystalline Rise (Central Europe): implications for the closure of the Rheic ocean. Gondwana Research 17 2-3 (2010) 254-263 (this issue)
110. Zuleger E., and Erzinger J. Determination of REE and Y in silicate minerals with ICP-AES. Fresenius' Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie 332 (1988) 140-143
111. 18O) characteristics of clay minerals from Rotliegend sandstone reservoirs (Permian, northern Germany). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63 (1999) 2805-2823