Hyperpolarized xenon in NMR and MRI

Physics in Medicine and Biology

Volumn 49, Issue 20, 2004, Pages

  Oros, Ana Maria ^a   Shah, N Jon ^a  

^a FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JÜLICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHT POLARIZATION; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MEDICAL IMAGING; XENON;

HYPERPOLARIZED GASES; LOW FIELD IMAGING; MR CONTRAST AGENTS; TEMPORAL RESOLUTION;

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE;

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AGENT; XENON;

DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT; HYPERPOLARIZATION; MATHEMATICAL COMPUTING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OPTICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION FIELD; RADIATION PHYSICS; RADIOBIOLOGY; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; REVIEW; SOLUBILITY;

ANIMALS; CONTRAST MEDIA; HUMANS; IMAGE ENHANCEMENT; LASERS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; OXYGEN; XENON ISOTOPES;

EID: 7444267533     PISSN: 00319155     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/49/20/R01     Document Type: Review

References (258)

1. Albert M S and Balamore, D 1998 Development of hyperpolarized noble gas MRI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. 402 441-53
2. Albert M S, Balamore D, Kacher D F, Venkatesh A K and Jolesz F A 2000 NMR Biomed. 13 407-14
3. Albert M S, Balamore, D, Sakai K, Kacher D, Walsworth R L, Oteiza E and Jolesz F A 1996 Proc. ISMRM, 4th Annual Meeting p 1357
4. 129Xe Nature 370 199-201
5. 129Xe in blood and the role of oxygenation J. Magn. Reson. 140 264-73
6. 129Xe MRI J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 19 975-8
7. Allred J C, Lyman R N, Kornack T W and Romalis M V 2002 High-sensitivity atomic magnetometer unaffected by spin-exchange relaxation Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 130801
8. Altes T A and De Lange E E 2003 Applications of hyperpolarized helium-3 gas magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric lung disease Top. Magn. Reson. Imaging 14 231
9. 129Xe Phys. Rev. A 58 1412
10. Appelt S, Haesing F W, Baer-Lang S, Shah N J and Blumich B 2001 Proton magnetization enhancement of solvents with hyperpolarized xenon in very low-magnetic fields Chem. Phys. Lett. 348 263-9
11. Appelt S, Ünlü T, Zilles K, Shah N J, Baer-Lang S and Halling H 1999 Experimental studies of rubidium absolute polarization at high temperatures Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 427-9
12. Ardenkjaer-Larsen J H, Fridlund B, Gram A, Hansson G, Hansson L, Lerche M H, Servin R, Thaning M and Golman K 2003 Increase in signal-to-noise ratio of > 10,000 times in liquid-state NMR Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100 10158-63
13. Augustine M P, Wong-Foy A, Yarger J L, Tomaselli M, Pines A, TonThat D M and Clarke J 1998 Low field magnetic resonance images of polarized noble gases obtained with a dc superconducting quantum interference device Appl. Phys. Lett. 72 1908-10
14. Augustine M P and Zilm K W 1996 Optical pumping magnetic resonance in high magnetic fields: characterization of nuclear relaxation during pumping J. Chem. Phys. 105 2998-3011
15. Augustine M P and Zilm K W 1997 Optical pumping magnetic resonance in high magnetic fields: measurement of high field spin exchange cross sections Chem. Phys. Lett. 280 24-30
16. 3He Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 123003
17. Becker J et al 1996 J. Neutron Res. 5 1
18. 3He Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 402 327-36
19. 3He by spin exchange with optically pumped Rb and K vapours Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 2801
20. Ben-Amar Baranga A, Appelt S, Young A R and Happer W 1998b Alkalimetal-atom polarization imaging in high pressure optical-pumping cells Phys. Rev. A 58 2282-6
21. 129Xe nuclei in a gas Phys. Rev. Lett. 49 25-29
22. 3He in the human lung at very low magnetic fields J. Magn. Reson. 162 122-32
23. Bifone A, Wolber J and Shah N J 1999 Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function: Approaches from Physics (Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing)
24. Bifone A, Song Y Q, Seydoux R, Taylor R E, Goodson B M, Pietrass T, Budinger T F, Navon G and Pines A 1996 NMR of laser-polarized xenon in human blood Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 12932-6
25. 3He Physica B 329-333 437-8
26. 3He gas induced by optical pumping and dipolar exchange Phys. Rev. Lett. 5 373-5
27. 2 by low-field thermal mixing Chem. Phys. Lett. 205 168-70
28. Brinkmann D, Brun E and Staub H H 1962 Helv. Phys. Acta 35 431
29. Brossler J and Kastler A 1949 Compt. Rend. 229 1213
30. Brossler J, Kastler A and Winter J 1952 J. Phys. Radium 13 668
31. 131Xe Phys. Rev. 93 904
32. Brun E, Oeser J, Staub H H and Telschow C G 1954b Helv. Phys. Acta 27 173
33. 129Xe under continuous flow Magn. Reson. Chem. 37 S14-22
34. Brunner E 1999b Enhancement of surface and biological magnetic resonance using laser-polarized noble gases Concepts Magn. Reson. 11 313-35
35. Brunner E, Haake M, Pines A, Reimer J A and Seydoux R 1998a Enhancement of NMR signals in solid C60 and C70 using laser-polarized xenon Chem. Phys. Lett. 290 112-6
36. 129Xe under magic angle spinning conditions J. Magn. Reson. 130 145-8
37. Butler P, Mair R W, Hoffmann D, Hrovat M I, Rogers R A, Topulos G P, Walsworth R L and Patz S 2002 Measuring surface-area-to-volume ratios in soft porous materials using laser-polarized xenon interphase exchange nuclear magnetic resonance J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 14 L297-304
38. 87Rb Phys. Rev. Lett. 54 174-7
39. Callaghan P T 1991 Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Microscopy (Oxford: Clarendon)
40. Callot V, Canet E, Brochot J, Berthezene Y, Viallon M, Humblot H, Briguet A, Tournier H and Cremillieux Y 2001a Vascular and perfusion imaging using encapsulated laser-polarized helium MAGMA 12 16-22
41. 3He Magn. Reson. Med. 46 535-40
42. Carver T R and Slichter C P 1956 Experimental verification of the Overhauser nuclear polarization effect Phys. Rev. 102 975-80
43. 129Xe spin-exchange rates due to binary and three-body collisions at high Xe pressures Phys. Rev. A 45 4631-9
44. 129Xe-Xe molecular spin relaxation Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 113201
45. 3He microspheres as a novel vascular signal source for MRI Magn. Reson. Med. 43 440-5
46. 3He microbubbles Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 10832-5
47. Cherubini A and Bifone A 2003 Hyperpolarised xenon in biology Prog. Nucl. Magn. Reson. Spectrosc. 42 1-30
48. 129Xe: SPINOE vs thermal mixing Chem. Phys. Lett. 371 640-4
49. Chupp T and Swanson S 2001 Medical imaging with laser polarized noble gases Adv. At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 45 41-101
50. Clever H L (ed) 1979 Krypton, Xenon and Radon-Gas Solubilities vol 2 (Oxford: Pergamon)
51. 1 metastable state Phys. Rev. 119 680-90
52. 3He gas by optical pumping Phys. Rev. 132 2561-72
53. 129Xe NMR at 1.88 T and 8.5 mT: a signal-to-noise ratio comparison J. Magn. Reson. 162 241-9
54. Cullen S C, Eger E I, Cullen B F and Gregory P 1969 Observations on the anesthetic effect of the combination of xenon and halothane Anaesthesiology 31 305-9
55. 3He nuclear magnetic resonance in human lungs C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, IIb 324 691-700
56. Desvaux H, Gautier T, Le Goff G, Petro M and Berthault P 2000 Direct evidence of a magnetization transfer between laser-polarized xenon and protons of a cage-molecule in water Eur. Phys. J. D 12 289-96
57. Desvaux H, Huber J G, Brotin T, Dutasta J P and Berthault P 2003 Magnetization transfer from laser-polarized xenon to protons with spin-diffusion quenching Chemphyschem 4 384-7
58. 3He Phys. Rev. B 19 5666-88
59. Diehl P and Jokisaari J 1990a J. Magn. Reson. 88 660
60. 131Xe NMR in probing electric field gradients in thermotropic nematogens Chem. Phys. Lett. 165 389-91
61. 129Xe dissolved in water J. Magn. Reson. 145 302-6
62. 129Xe Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 4943-6
63. 129Xe nuclei and surface protons Phys. Lett. A 184 88-92
64. 129Xe Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 1668-70
65. Duhamel G, Choquet P, Grillon E, Lamalle L, Leviel J L, Ziegler A and Constantinesco A 2001 Xenon-129 MR imaging and spectroscopy of rat brain using arterial delivery of hyperpolarized xenon in a lipid emulsion Magn. Reson. Med. 46 208-12
66. 129Xe dissolved in a lipid emulsion C. R. Acad. Sci. III 323 529-36
67. Eaton W A, Henry E R, Hofrichter J and Mozzarelli A 1999 Is cooperative oxygen binding by haemoglobin really understood? Nat. Struct. Biol. 6 351-8
68. Eberle B, Markstaller K, Schreiber W G and Kauczor H U 2001 Hyperpolarised gases in magnetic resonance: a new tool for functional imaging of the lung Swiss Med. Wkly. 131 503-9
69. Fermi E and Rasetti F 1925a Effect of an alternating magnetic field on the polarization of the resonance radiation of mercury vapour Nature 115 764
70. Fermi E and Rasetti F 1925b Z. Phys. 33 246
71. Fitzgerald R J, Sauer K L and Happer W 1998 Cross-relaxation in laser-polarized liquid xenon Chem. Phys. Lett. 284 87-92
72. Fitzsimmons W A, Tankersley L L and Walters G K 1969 Nature of surface-induced nuclear-spin relaxation Phys. Rev. 179 156-65
73. Fraissard J and Ito T 1988 Zeolites 8 350
74. Franks N P and Lieb W R 1978 Where do general anaesthetics act? Nature 274 339-42
75. Franks N P and Lieb W R 1987 Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 8 169-74
76. Franks N P and Lieb W R 1994 Molecular and cellular mechanisms of general anaesthesia Nature 367 607-14
77. 129Xe using low temperatures and high magnetic fields J. Low Temp. Phys. 111 521
78. 129Xe) using cryogenic techniques Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 402 479-83
79. 129Xe gas on a simple system working under atmospheric pressure J. Magn. Reson. 160 26-32
80. Fung Y C, Tsang W C and Patitucci P 1981 High-resolution data on the geometry of red blood cells Biorheology 18 369-85
81. 3He gas Phys. Rev. 138 A946-60
82. Gast K K, Eberle B, Schmiedeskamp J and Kauczor H U 2003 Magnetic resonance imaging using hyperpolarized He-3-gas Acad. Radiol. 10 1119-31
83. 129Xe Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 690-3
84. Golman K, Ardenkjaer-Larsen J H, Petersson J S, Mansson S and Leunbach I 2003 Molecular imaging with endogenous substances Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100 10435-9
85. Goodson B M 1999 Using injectable carriers of laser-polarized noble gases for enhancing NMR and MRI Concepts Magn. Reson. 11 203-23
86. Goodson B M 2002 Nuclear magnetic resonance of laser-polarized noble gases in molecules, materials, and organisms J. Magn. Reson. 155 157-216
87. Goodson B M, Song Y, Taylor R E, Schepkin V D, Brennan K M, Chingas G C, Budinger T F, Navon G and Pines A 1997 In vivo NMR and MRI using injection delivery of laser-polarized xenon Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 14725-9
88. Grover B C 1978 Noble-gas NMR detection through noble-gas-rubidium hyperfine contact interaction Phys. Rev. Lett. 40 391-2
89. Haake M, Goodson B M, Laws D D, Brunner E, Cyrier M C, Havlin R H and Pines A 1998 NMR of supercritical laser-polarized xenon Chem. Phys. Lett. 292 686-90
90. 129Xe J. Magn. Reson. 167 298-305
91. Hanle W 1924 Z. Phys. 30 93
92. Happer W 1972 Optical pumping Rev. Mod. Phys. 44 169-249
93. Haselmeier R, Holz M, Marbach W and Weingartner H 1995 Water dynamics near a dissolved noble gas. First direct experimental evidence for a retardation effect J. Phys. Chem. 99 2243-6
94. 129Xe in a 1 microT magnetic field Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 067601
95. Hedlund L W and Johnson G A 2002 Mechanical ventilation for imaging the small animal lung ILAR J. 3 159
96. 3He for small-animal lung studies NMR Biomed. 13 202-6
97. Hoult D I and Richards R E 1976 The signal-to-noise ratio of the nuclear magnetic resonance experiment J. Magn. Reson. 24 71
98. 129Xe in natural xenon Phys. Rev. 130 2302-5
99. Ito T and Fraissard J 1980 5th Int. Conf. on Zeolites (Heyden, Naples) ed L V C Rees p 510
100. 129Xe chemical shifts in mixtures of xenon and other gases J. Chem. Phys. 53 2310
101. 129Xe chemical shift in xenon gas J. Chem. Phys. 59 4540-6
102. 129Xe in oxygen J. Chem. Phys. 89 4074-81
103. 129Xe Chem. Phys. Lett. 296 146-50
104. 129Xe-Rb spin-exchange rate due to binary collisions Phys. Rev. A 66 052710
105. Jeener J 1999 Dynamical effects of the dipolar field inhomogeneities in high-resolution NMR: spectral clustering and instabilities Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 1772-5
106. Jeener J 2002 Dynamical instabilities in liquid nuclear magnetic resonance experiments with large nuclear magnetization, with and without pulsed field gradients J. Chem. Phys. 116 8439-46
107. Jokisaari J 1994 NMR of noble gases dissolved in isotropic and anisotropic liquids Prog. Nucl. Magn. Reson. Spectrosc. 26 1-26
108. 129Xe NMR investigations for the textural characterization of sol-gel derived amorphous microporous silica J. Porous Mater. 6 41-54
109. Kadlecek S, Anderson L W and Walker T 1998 Measurement of potassium-potassium spin relaxation cross-sections Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. 402 208-11
110. Kastler A 1950 Quelques Suggestions concernant la production optique et la detection optique d'une inegalite de population des niveaux de quantification spatiale des atomes: application a l'experience de Stern et Gerlach et a la resonance magnetique J. Phys. Paris 11 255-65
111. Kauczor H U, Chen X J, Van Beek E J R and Schreiber W G 2001 Pulmonary ventilation by magnetic resonance: at the doorstep of clinical application Eur. Respir. J. 17 1008-23
112. Kauczor H U, Surkau R and Roberts T 1998 MRI using hyperpolarized noble gases Eur. Radiol. 8 820-7
113. Kauczor H U, Hanke A and Van Beek E J 2002 Assessment of lung ventilation by MR imaging: current status and future perspectives Eur. Radiol. 12 1962-70
114. Kilian W 2001 PhD Thesis Freie Universität Berlin, unpublished
115. 129Xe in human brain analysed by an uptake model Magn. Reson. Med. 51 843-7
116. 129Xe Proc. ISMRM, 11th Annual Meeting p 767
117. Kominis I K, Kornack T W, Allred J C and Romalis M V 2003 A subfemtotesla multichannel atomic magnetometer Nature 422 596-9
118. Landon C, Berthault P, Vovelle F and Desvaux H 2001 Magnetization transfer from laser-polarized xenon to protons located in the hydrophobic cavity of the wheat nonspecific lipid transfer protein Protein Sci. 10 762-70
119. Lang S et al 2002 Increasing the spin-lattice relaxation time of hyperpolarized xenon ice at 4.2 K Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 886-7
120. 129Xe: a compartmental model NMR Biomed. 13 238-44
121. Lawrence J H, Loomis W F, Tobias C A and Turpin F H 1946 Preliminary observations on the narcotic effect of xenon with a review of values for solubilities of gases in water and oils J. Physiol. 105 197-204
122. Leawoods J C, Saam B T and Conradi M S 2000 Polarization transfer using hyperpolarized, supercritical xenon Chem. Phys. Lett. 327 359-63
123. Leawoods J C, Yablonskiy D A, Saam B T, Gierada D S and Conradi M S 2001 Hyperpolarized 3Helium gas production and MR imaging of the lung Concepts Magn. Reson. 13 277-93
124. Leduc M, Nacher P and Tastevin G 1998 Magnetic Resonance Imaging using polarized noble gases Laser. Phys. 8 799-802
125. Lin Y Y, Lisitza N, Ahn S and Warren W S 2000 Resurrection of crushed magnetization and chaotic dynamics in solution NMR spectroscopy Science 290 118-22
126. Long H W, Gaede H C, Shore J, Reven L, Bowers C R, Kritzenberger J, Pietraß T, Pines A, Tang P and Reimer J A 1993 High-Field cross polarization NMR from laser-polarized xenon to a polymer surface J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115 8491-2
127. Luhmer M, Goodson B M, Song Y Q, Laws D D, Kaiser L, Cyrier M C and Pines A 1999 Study of xenon binding in cryptophane-A using laser-induced NMR polarization enhancement J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 3502-12
128. Luhmer M, Moschos A and Reisse J 1995 Intermolecular dipole-dipole spin relaxation of xenon-129 dissolved in benzene. A molecular-dynamics simulation study J. Magn. Reson. 113 164-8
129. MacNamara E et al 1999 Cross polarization and cross relaxation from laser-polarized xenon to surface species J. Phys. Chem. B 103 1158
130. Mair R W, Cory D G, Peled S, Tseng C H, Patz S and Walsworth R L 1998 Pulsed-field-gradient measurements of time-dependent gas diffusion J. Magn. Reson. 135 478-86
131. 3He lung imaging in an open access, very-low-field human MRI system Magn. Reson. Med. submitted (http://arXiv.org/pdf/physics/0403090)
132. Mair R W, Tseng C H, Wong G P, Cory D G and Walsworth R L 2000 Magnetic resonance imaging of convection in laser-polarized xenon Phys. Rev. E 61 2741-8
133. Mair R W and Walsworth R L 2002 Novel MRI applications of laser-polarized noble gases Appl. Magn. Reson. 22 159-73
134. Mair R W, Wong G P, Hoffmann D, Hurlimann M D, Patz S, Schwartz L M and Walsworth R L 1999 Probing porous media with gas diffusion NMR Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 3324-7
135. 129Xe Magn. Reson. Med. 50 1170-9
136. Martin C C, Williams R F, Gao J H, Nickerson L D, Xiong J and Fox P T 1997 The pharmacokinetics of hyperpolarized xenon: implications for cerebral MRI J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 7 848-54
137. Marx T et al 2000 Xenon anaesthesia J. R. Soc. Med. 93 513
138. 129Xe Proc. ISMRM, 11th Annual Meeting p 768
139. McDermott R, Trabesinger H A, Muck M, Hahn E L, Pines A and Clarke J 2002 Liquid-state NMR and scalar couplings in microtesla magnetic fields Science 295 2247-9
140. 129Xe-NMR study Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1193 186-98
141. Meersmann T and Haake M 1998 Magnetic field dependent xenon-131 quadrupolar splitting in gas and liquid phase NMR Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 1211-4
142. Meersmann T, Smith S A and Bodenhausen G 1998 Multiple-quantum filtered xenon-131 NMR as a surface probe Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 1398-401
143. Melville D, Paul F and Roath S 1975a High gradient magnetic separation of red-cells from whole-blood IEEE Trans. Magn. 11 1701-4
144. Melville D, Paul F and Roath S 1975b Direct magnetic separation of red-cells from whole-blood Nature 255 706
145. Meyer K H 1899 Zur Theorie der Alkoholnarkose Trans. Farad. Soc. 33 1062
146. Miller K W, Reo N V, Schoot Uiterkamp A J, Stengle D P, Stengle T R and Williamson K L 1981 Xenon NMR: chemical shifts of a general anesthetic in common solvents, proteins, and membranes Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78 4946-9
147. Millot Y, Man P P, Springuel-Huet M A and Fraissard J 2001 Quantification of electric-field gradient in the supercage of Y zeolites with Xe-131 (I = 3/2) NMR C. R. Acad. Sci. II C 4 815-8
148. Möller H E, Chen X J, Saam B, Hagspiel K D, Johnson G A, Altes T A, de Lange E E and Kauczor H U 2002 MRI of the lungs using hyperpolarized noble gases Magn. Reson. Med. 47 1029-51
149. Moudrakovski I, Breeze S R, Simard B, Ratcliffe C I, Ripmeester J A, Seideman T and Tse J S 2001a Gas-phase nuclear magnetic relaxation in Xe-129 revisited J. Chem. Phys. 114 2173-81
150. Moudrakovski I L, Lang S, Ratcliffe C I, Simard B, Santyr G and Ripmeester J A 2000a Chemical shift imaging with continuously flowing hyperpolarized xenon for the characterization of materials J. Magn. Reson. 144 372-7
151. Moudrakovski I L, Ratcliffe C I and Ripmeester J A 2001b Probing transient hydrate structures with hyperpolarized Xe-129 NTMR spectroscopy: a metastable structure 11 hydrate of Xe Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40 3890
152. Moudrakovski I L, Sanchez A, Ratcliffe C I and Ripmeester J A 2000b Applications of hyperpolarized xenon to diffusion in vycor porous glass J. Phys. Chem. B 104 7306-10
153. Moulé A J, Spence M M, Han S I, Seeley J A, Pierce K L, Saxena S and Pines A 2003 Amplification of xenon NMR and MRI by remote detection Proc. Nad. Acad. Sci. USA 100 9122-7
154. Mugler J P 111, Bogorad P L, Driehuys B and Brookeman J R 2004a Nuclear magnetic resonance using hyperpolarized noble gases J. Magn. Reson. Anal. at press
155. 129Xe gas: preliminary human results Magn. Reson. Med. 37 809-15
156. Mugler J P III et al 2004b The apparent diffusion coefficient of Xe- 129 in the lung: preliminary human results Proc. ISMRM, 11th Annual Meeting 37 p 769
157. Nacher P J, Tastevin G, Villard B, Piegay N, Marion F and Sauer K 2000 NMR instabilities in spin-polarised liquids: He-3, He-3-He-4 mixtures and Xe- 129 J. Low Temp. Phys. 121 743-8
158. National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000; Online nuclear data file database http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/
159. Navon G, Song YQ, Rõõm T, Appelt S, Taylor R E and Pines A 1996 Enhancement of solution NMR and MRI with laser-polarized xenon Science 271 1848-51
160. Overhauser A W 1953 Polarization of nuclei in metals Phys. Rev. 91 476
161. Overton E 1901 Studien über die Narkose, zugleich ein Beitrag zur allgemeinen Pharmakologie (Jena: Fischer Verlag)
162. 129Xe nuclei J. Magn. Reson. 126 58-65
163. Pauling L and Coryell C D 1936 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 22 210
164. Pavlovskaya G, Blue A K, Gibbs S J, Haake M, Cros F, Malier L and Meersmann T 1999 Xenon- 131 surface sensitive imaging of aerogels in liquid xenon near the critical point J. Magn. Reson. 137 258-64
165. Peereboom P W E, Luigjes H and Prins K O 1989 An NMR spin-echo study of self-diffusion in xenon Physica A 156 260-76
166. 129Xe magnetic resonance in humans Magn. Reson. Med. 36 340-4
167. Peled S, Tseng C H, Sodickson A A, Mair R W, Walsworth R L and Cory D G 1999 Single-shot diffusion measurement in laser-polarized gas J. Magn. Reson. 140 320-4
168. Perutz M F 1970 Stereochemistry of cooperative effects in haemoglobin Nature 228 726-39
169. Perutz M F, Bolton W, Diamond R, Muirhead H and Watson H 1964 An x-ray examination of reduced horse haemoglobin Nature 203 687-90
170. Perutz M F, Wilkinson A J, Paoli M and Dodson G G 1998 The stereochemical mechanism of the cooperative effects in haemoglobin revisited Ann. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 27 1-34
171. Pietraß T and Gaede H C 1995 Optically polarized Xe-129 in NMR-Spectroscopy Adv. Mater 7 826
172. Pietraß T 1999 NMR of molecules and surfaces using laser-polarized xenon Colloids Surf. A 158 51-7
173. Pietraß T, Gaede H C, Bifone A, Pines A and Ripmeester J A 1995 Monitoring xenon clathrate hydrate formation on ice surfaces with optically enhanced Xe- 129 NMR J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117 7520-5
174. 29Si CP NMR by NOE enhancement from laser polarized xenon J. Magn. Reson. 133 299-303
175. Plyavin Y and Blum E Y 1983 Magnetic parameters of blood cells and high-gradient paramagnetic and diamagnetic phoresis Magnetohydrodynamics 19 349
176. Pohorille A 1998 Transient cavities in liquids and the nature of the hydrophobic effect Polish J. Chem. 72 1680-90
177. Proctor W G and Yu F C 1950 On the magnetic moments of Xe-129, Bi-209, Sc-45, Sb-121 and Sb-123 Phys. Rev. 78 471
178. Rabi I I, Zacharias J R, Millman S and Kusch P 1938 A new method of measuring nuclear magnetic moment Phys. Rev. 53 318
179. Raftery D, Long H, Reven L, Tang P and Pines A 1992 NMR of optically pumped xenon thin-films Chem. Phys. Lett. 191 385-90
180. Rentzepis P M and Douglass D C 1981 Xenon as a solvent Nature 293 165-6
181. 129Xe gas: SQUID detection of nuclear spin precession in low magnetic fields BIOMAG 2000: Proc. 12th Int. Conf. on Biomagnetism (Helsinki, Finland) p 222
182. 129Xe NMR to the study of microporous solids J. Phys. Chem. 94 7652-6
183. 3He targets Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 402 260-7
184. 129Xe in the presence of large dipolar fields Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 067601
185. Rõõm T, Appelt S, Seydoux R, Hahn E L and Pines A 1997 Enhancement of surface NMR by laser-polarized noble gases Phys. Rev. B 55 11604-10
186. Rosen M S, Chupp T E, Coulter K P, Welsh R C and Swanson S D 1999 Polarized Xe-129 optical pumping/spin exchange and delivery system for magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging studies Rev. Sci. Instrum. 70 1546-52
187. 129Xe nuclear magnetic resonance Magn. Reson. Med. 51 676-87
188. Ruth U, Hof T, Schmidt J, Fick D and Jansch H J 1999 Production of nitrogen-free, hyperpolarized Xe-129 gas Appl. Phys. B 68 93-7
189. 131Xe-NMR relaxation to the study of macromolecular systems Int. J. Quantum Chem. 59 343-8
190. Salerno M, Altes T A, Mugler J P III, Nakatsu M, Hatabu H and de Lange E E 2001 Hyperpolarized noble gas MR imaging of the lung: potential clinical applications Eur. J. Radiol. 40 33-44
191. Saam B T and Conradi M S 1998 Low frequency NMR polarimeter for hyperpolarized gases J. Magn. Reson. 134 67-71
192. Saam B, Drukker N and Happer W 1996 Edge enhancement observed with hyperpolarized He-3 Chem. Phys. Lett. 263 481-7
193. Sauer K L, Fitzgerald R J and Happer W 1997 Laser-polarized liquid xenon Chem. Phys. Lett. 277 153-8
194. 129Xe surface interaction Phys. Rev. A 59 R1746-9
195. Sauer K L, Marion F, Nacher P J and Tastevin G 2001 NMR instabilities and spectral clustering in laser-polarized liquid xenon Phys. Rev. B 63 184427
196. 129Xe chemical shifts at ultralow magnetic field J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 8133-4
197. Schlenga K, McDermott R, Clarke J, de Souza R E, Wong-Foy A and Pines A 1999 Low-field magnetic resonance imaging with a high-Tc dc superconducting quantum interference device Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 3695-7
198. Seeley J A, Han S-I and Pines A 2004 Remotely detected high-field MRI of porous samples J. Magn. Reson. 167 282-90
199. Seydoux R 1995 PhD Thesis Basel, unpublished
200. 3He nucleus in liquid solvents and comparison with other noble gases J. Magn. Reson. A 101 78-83
201. Shah N J, Appelt S, Ünlü T, Halling H and Zilles K 2001a Hochdruckpolarisator für Edelgase und Verfahren zum Betreiben des Polarisators German Patent no. DE 199 37 566
202. Shah N J, Appelt S, Ünlü T, Halling H and Zilles K 2001b High pressure polarizer for hyperpolarizing the nuclear spin of noble gases US Patent no. 6, 666 047
203. 129Xe NMR Biomed. 13 214-9
204. 3He target technology Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 402 247-9
205. 129Xe and CPMAS for spin polarization transfer to surface nuclei: a model study J. Magn. Res. 159 111-25
206. Solomon I 1955 Relaxation processes in a system of two spins Phys. Rev. 99 559-65
207. Song Y Q 2000 Spin polarization-induced nuclear Overhauser effect: an application of spin-polarized xenon and helium Concepts Magn. Reson. 12 6-20
208. Song Y Q, Goodson B M, Sheridan B, de Swiet T M and Pines A 1998a Effects of diffusion on magnetic resonance imaging of laser-polarized xenon gas J. Chem. Phys. 108 6233-9
209. Song Y Q, Goodson B M, Taylor R E, Laws D D, Navon G and Pines A 1997 A selective enhancement of NMR signals for alpha-cyclodextrin with laser-polarized xenon Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 36 2368-70
210. Song Y Q, Taylor R E and Pines A 1998b Imaging of laser-polarized solid xenon Solid State Nucl. Magn. Reson. 10 247-50
211. 2*, and non-Lorentzian signal behavior Magn. Reson. Med. 45 533-42
212. Spence M M, Rubin S M, Dimitrov I E, Ruiz E J, Wemmer D E, Pines A, Yao S Q, Tian F and Schultz P G 2001 Functionalized xenon as a biosensor Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 10654-7
213. Springuel-Huet M A, Bonardet J L, Gedeon A and Fraissard J 1999 Xe-129 NMR: overview of xenon physisorbed in porous solids Magn. Reson. Chem. 37 1-13
214. Stephan M, Kohlmann O, Niessen H G, Eichhorn A and Bargon J 2002 C-13 PHIP NMR spectra and polarization transfer during the homogeneous hydrogenation of alkynes with parahydrogen Magn. Reson. Chem. 40 157-60
215. Stillinger F H 1980 Water Revistied Science 209 451-7
216. Stith A, Hitchens T K, Hinton D P, Berr S S, Driehuys B, Brookeman J R and Bryant R G 1999 Consequences of (129)Xe-(1)H cross relaxation in aqueous solutions J. Magn. Reson. 139 225-31
217. Streever R L and Carr H Y 1961 Nuclear magnetic resonance of Xe-129 in natural xenon Phys. Rev. 121 20-25
218. 3He gas Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 384 444-50
219. 129Xe Magn. Reson. Med. 38 695
220. 129Xe magnetization in vivo Magn. Reson. Med. 42 1137-45
221. Tilton R F Jr and Kuntz I D Jr 1982 Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of xenon-129 with myoglobin and haemoglobin Biochemistry 21 6850-7
222. TonThat D M and Clarke J 1996 Direct current superconducting quantum interference device spectrometer for pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance and nuclear quadrupole resonance at frequencies up to 5 MHz Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67 2890-3
223. TonThat D M, Ziegeweid M, Song Y Q, Munson E J, Appelt S, Pines A and Clarke J 1997 SQUID detected NMR of laser-polarized xenon at 4.2 K and at frequencies down to 200 Hz Chem. Phys. Lett. 272 245-9
224. Torrey H C 1963 Chemical shift and relaxation of Xe-129 in xenon gas Phys. Rev. 130 2306-12
225. Tseng C H, Mair R W, Wong G P, Williamson D, Cory D G and Walsworth R L 1999 Magnetic resonance imaging of laser polarized liquid xenon Phys. Rev. E 59 1785-8
226. 129Xe in blood foam J. Magn. Reson. 126 79-86
227. Tseng C H, Wong G P, Pomeroy V R, Mair R W, Hinton D P, Hoffmann D, Stoner R E, Hersman F W, Cory D G and Walsworth R L 1998 Low-field MRI of laser polarized noble gas Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 3785-8
228. Van Beek E J R et al 2003 Hyperpolarized 3-helium MR imaging of the lungs: testing the concept of a central production facility Eur. Radiol. 13 2583-6
229. Venkatesh A K et al 2001 Very low-field hyperpolarized gas MRI of the lungs Proc. 'Bioastronautics Investigators' Workshop' (Galveston, TX, 17-19 Jan.)
230. Venkatesh A K et al 2003 MRI of the lung gas-space at very low-field using hyperpolarized noble gases Magn. Reson. Imaging 21 773-6
231. Venkatesh A K, Zhao L, Balamore D, Jolesz F A and Albert M S 2000 Evaluation of carrier agents for hyperpolarized xenon MRI NMR Biomed. 13 245-52
232. 129Xe MRI using gas-filled liposomes Acad Radiol. 9 S270-4
233. Venkatesh A K, Zhao L, Pausak T, Ward C, Jolesz F A and Albert M S 1999 Hyperpolarized gas imaging using a simple programmable gas delivery system Eur. Radiol. 9 B34
234. Verhulst A S, Liivak O, Sherwood M H and Chuang I L 2002 A rapid and precise probe for measurement of liquid xenon polarization J. Magn. Reson. 155 145-9
235. 129Xe spin-exchange cross-section Phys. Rev. A 21 1549-55
236. Walker T G and Happer W 1997 Spin-exchange optical pumping of noble-gas nuclei Rev. Mod. Phys. 69 629-42
237. Walter D K, Griffith W M and Happer W 2002 Magnetic slowing down of spin relaxation due to binary collisions of alkali-metal atoms with buffer-gas atoms Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 093004
238. Weiskoff R M, Zuo C S, Boxerman J and Rosen B R 1994 Microscopic susceptibility variation and transverse relaxation - theory and experiment Magn. Reson. Med. 31 601-10
239. Wilson G J, Santyr G, Anderson M E and DeLuca P M Jr 1999a Proc. ISMRM, 7th Meeting p 2102
240. 129Xe in rat tissue homogenates at 9.4 T Magn. Reson. Med. 41 933-8
241. Wolber J, Cherubini A, Dzik-Jurasz A S, Leach M O and Bifone A 1999a Spin-lattice relaxation of laser-polarized xenon in human blood Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 3664-9
242. 1 in blood NMR Biomed. 13 234-7
243. 129Xe NMR as a probe for blood oxygenation Magn. Reson. Med. 43 491-6
244. Wolber J, Cherubini A, Leach M O and Bifone A 2002 Magn. Reson. Med. 47 213 (erratum)
245. Wolber J, Cherubini A, Leach M O and Bifone A 2000c Proc. ISMRM, 8th Meeting p 969
246. Wolber J, Cherubini A, Santoro D, Payne G S, Leach M O and Bifone A 2000d Proc. ISMRM, 8th Meeting p 970
247. 129Xe MRI Chem. Phys. Lett. 296 391-6
248. Wolber J, Rowland I J, Leach M O and Bifone A 1999b Perfluorocarbon emulsions as intravenous delivery media for hyperpolarized xenon Magn. Reson. Med. 41 442-9
249. Wong G P, Tseng C H, Pomeroy V R, Mair R W, Hinton D P, Hoffmann D, Stoner R E, Hersman F W, Cory D G and Walsworth R L 1999 A system for low field imaging of laser-polarized noble gas J. Magn. Reson. 141 217-27
250. 129Xe NMR and MRI at ultralow magnetic fields J. Magn. Reson. 157 235-41
251. 131Xe gas with surfaces Phys. Rev. Lett. 59 1480-3
252. 1H intermolecular nuclear Overhauser effects Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1323 154-62
253. 129Xe in solid and liquid xenon Phys. Rev. 131 269-75
254. 129Xe nuclei in alkali-metal-noble-gas van der Waals molecules Phys. Rev. A 31 260-78
255. 129Xe MR J. Magn. Reson. 113 179-83
256. Zhao L, Venkatesh A K, Balamore D, Jolesz F A and Albert M S 1998 Proc. ISMRM, 6th Meeting
257. Zook A L, Adhyaru B B and Bowers C R 2002 High capacity production of >65% spin polarized xenon-129 for NMR spectroscopy and imaging J. Magn. Reson. 159 175-82
258. Zook A L and Bowers C R 2001 High capacity production of >40% spin polarized xenon-129 for NMR and MRI applications at the NHMFL/UF NHMFL Laboratory Spotlight http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/spotlights/Xenon129/Xenon129po.pdf