Strategies to optimize HIV treatment outcomes in resource-limited settings

AIDS Reviews

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 179-189

  Nakanjako, Damalie ^a   Colebunders, Robert ^b,c   Coutinho, Alex G ^a   Kamya, Moses R ^a  

^a MAKERERE UNIVERSITY   (Uganda)

^b INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL MEDICINE   (Belgium)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ANTWERP   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Africa; ART; HIV AIDS; Resource limited settings

Indexed keywords

ABACAVIR PLUS LAMIVUDINE PLUS ZIDOVUDINE; ANTI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AGENT; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; CD4 ANTIGEN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; EFAVIRENZ; EFAVIRENZ PLUS EMTRICITABINE PLUS TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL; EMTRICITABINE PLUS TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL; LAMIVUDINE PLUS NEVIRAPINE PLUS STAVUDINE; LAMIVUDINE PLUS NEVIRAPINE PLUS ZIDOVUDINE; LAMIVUDINE PLUS TENOFOVIR PLUS ZIDOVUDINE; LAMIVUDINE PLUS ZIDOVUDINE; NEVIRAPINE; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; TENOFOVIR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ZIDOVUDINE;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; CHRONIC DIARRHEA; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; COMORBIDITY; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; CRYPTOCOCCAL MENINGITIS; DRUG COST; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; FOLLOW UP; HEALTH CARE AVAILABILITY; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION; HEALTH PROGRAM; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNE RECONSTITUTION INFLAMMATORY SYNDROME; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INFECTION PREVENTION; KAPOSI SARCOMA; LABORATORY TEST; LONG TERM CARE; MIXED INFECTION; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PATIENT COUNSELING; PATIENT MONITORING; PREGNANCY; PREVALENCE; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; SCALE UP; SEPSIS; TREATMENT FAILURE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TUBERCULOSIS; VIRUS DIAGNOSIS; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA; AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS; ANTI-HIV AGENTS; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; DRUG MONITORING; HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MEDICATION ADHERENCE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 74249087080     PISSN: 11396121     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. WHO/UNAIDS: AIDS epidemic update. 2008.
2. Palella F, Baker R, Moorman A, et al. Mortality in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era: changing causes of death and disease in the HIV outpatient study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;43: 27-34.
3. Crum N, Riffenburgh R, Wegner S, et al. Comparisons of causes of death and mortality rates among HIV-infected persons: analysis of the pre-, early, and late HAART eras. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;41: 194-200.
4. Moore D, Liechty C, Ekwaru P, et al. Prevalence, incidence and mortality associated with tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients initiating antiretroviral therapy in rural Uganda. AIDS. 2007;21:713-19.
5. Akileswaran C, Lurie M, Flanigan T, Mayer K. Lessons learned from use of highly active antiretroviral therapy in Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41: 376-85.
6. Bussmann H, Wester C, Ndwapi N, et al. Five-year outcomes of initial patients treated in Botswana's National Antiretroviral Treatment Program. AIDS. 2008;22:2303-11.
7. Sobrino-Vegas P, Garcia-San Miguel L, Caro-Murillo A, et al. Delayed diagnosis of HIV infection in a multicenter cohort: prevalence, risk factors, response to HAART and impact on mortality. Curr HIV Res. 2009;7:224-30.
8. Sabin C, Smith C, Youle M, et al. Deaths in the era of HAART: contribution of late presentation, treatment exposure, resistance and abnormal laboratory markers. AIDS. 2006;20:67-71.
9. Holmes C, Losina E, Walensky R, Yazdanpanah Y, Freedberg K. Review of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-related opportunistic infections in sub-Saharan Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:652-62.
10. Aaron L, Saadoun D, Calatroni I, et al. Tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients: a comprehensive review. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2004;10: 388-98.
11. Kabugo C, Bahendeka S, Mwebaze R, et al. Long-term experience providing antiretroviral drugs in a fee-for-service HIV clinic in Uganda: evidence of extended virologic and CD4+ cell count responses. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;38:578-83.
12. Dabis F, Balestre E, Braitstein P, et al. Cohort Profile: Antiretroviral therapy in lower income countries: international collaboration of treatment cohorts. Int J Epidemiol. 2005;34:979-86.
13. Spacek L, Shihab H, Kamya M, et al. Response to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients attending a public, urban clinic in Kampala, Uganda. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:252-9.
14. Kamya M, Mermin J, Kaplan J. Antiretroviral therapy and comprehensive HIV care in resource-limited settings. In AIDS Therapy. 2007.
15. Reynolds S, Nakigozi G, Newell K, et al. Failure of immunologic criteria to appropriately identify antiretroviral treatment failure in Uganda. AIDS. 2009;23:697-700.
16. UNAIDS: Towards universal access. 2008.
17. Ministry of Health: National sero-behavioural survey 2004/5. 2005.
18. Wanyenze R, Kamya M, Liechty C, et al. HIV counseling and testing practices at an urban hospital in Kampala, Uganda. AIDS Behav. 2006;10:361-7.
19. Mermin J, Were W, Ekwaru J, et al. Mortality in HIV-infected Ugandan adults receiving antiretroviral treatment and survival of their HIV-uninfected children: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2008; 371:752-9.
20. Lule J, Mermin J, Ekwaru J, et al. Effect of home-based water chlorination and safe storage on diarrhea among persons with HIV in Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005;73:926-33.
21. Nakanjako D, Kamya M, Daniel K, et al. Acceptance of routine testing for HIV among adult patients at the medical emergency unit at a national referral hospital in Kampala, Uganda. AIDS Behav. 2007;11: 753-8.
22. Wanyenze R, Nawavvu C, Namale A, et al. Acceptability of routine HIV counselling and testing, and HIV seroprevalence in Ugandan hospitals. Bull World Health Organ. 2008;86:302-9.
23. Nakanjako D, Kyabayinze D, Mayanja-Kizza H, Katabira E, Kamya M. Eligibility for HIV/AIDS treatment among adults in a medical emergency setting at an urban hospital in Uganda. Afr Health Sci. 2007;7:124-8.
24. Gray G. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission in the African setting: next steps. In: CARE 4th HIV Management Exchange Workshop; Johannesburg, South Africa. 2006.
25. WHO: Antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing HIV infection in infants in resource-limited settings. Towards universal access. Recommendations for a public health approach. Geneva, Switzerland; 2006.
26. Nankinga J. Program for Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission-Annual report for 2005. Uganda Ministry of Health; 2005.
27. WHO: Accelerating HIV prevention in context of 3 by 5; the need to integrate prevention, care and treatment. 2006.
28. Guay L, Musoke P, Fleming T, Bagenda D, Nakabiito C. Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: HIVNET 012 a randomised trial. Lancet. 1999;354:795-802.
29. Karamagi C, Tumwine J, Tylleskar T, Heggenhougen K. Antenatal HIV testing in rural eastern Uganda in 2003: incomplete rollout of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV programme? BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2006;6:6.
30. Musoke P. Recent advances in prevention of mother to child of HIV. Afr Health Sci. 2004;4:144-5.
31. Malonza I, Richardson B, Kreiss J, Bwayo J, Stewart G. The effect of rapid HIV-1 testing on uptake of perinatal HIV-1 interventions: a randomized clinical trial. AIDS. 2003;17:113-18.
32. Nassali M, Nakanjako D, Kyabayinze D, Beyeza J, Okoth A, Mutyaba T. Access to HIV/AIDS care for mothers and children in sub-Saharan Africa: Adherence to the postnatal PMTCT program. AIDS Care. 2009 [in press].
33. Kumwenda N, Hoover D, Mofenson L, et al. Extended antiretroviral prophylaxis to reduce breast-milk HIV-1 transmission. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:119-29.
34. Marazzi M, Liotta G, Germano P, et al. Excessive early mortality in the first year of treatment in HIV type 1-infected patients initiating antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2008;24:555-60.
35. Lawn S, Harries A, Anglaret X, Myer L, Wood R. Early mortality among adults accessing antiretroviral treatment programmes in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS. 2008;22:1897-908.
36. Lawn S, Myer L, Orrell C, Bekker L, Wood R. Early mortality among adults accessing a community-based antiretroviral service in South Africa: implications for programme design. AIDS. 2005;19:2141-8.
37. Fairall L, Bachmann M, Louwagie G, et al. Effectiveness of antiretroviral treatment in a South African program: a cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:86-93.
38. Mermin J, Ekwaru J, Liechty C, et al. Effect of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis, antiretroviral therapy, and insecticide-treated bednets on the frequency of malaria in HIV-1-infected adults in Uganda: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2006;367:1256-61.
39. Mermin J, Lule J, Ekwaru J, Pitter C. Should cotrimoxazole prophylaxis be taken by all adults with HIV in Africa? AIDS. 2005;19:845-6.
40. Colindres P, Mermin J, Ezati E, et al. Utilization of a basic care and prevention package by HIV-infected persons in Uganda. AIDS Care. 2008;20:139-45.
41. Hallett T, Gregson S, Dube S, Garnett G. The impact of monitoring HIV patients prior to treatment in resource-poor settings: insights from mathematical modelling. PLoS Med. 2008;5:e53.
42. UAC: Moving Towards Universal Access: National HIV & AIDS Strategic Plan 2007/8-2011/12. (Uganda AIDS Commission, Republic of Uganda). 2008.
43. Gallant J. Clinical strategies for initiation of Antiretroviral therapy. In: Clinical care options: HIV/AIDS Annual Update 2008.
44. Nakanjako D, Kiragga A, Castelnuovo B, Kambugu A, Munabe Y. Initiating antiretroviral therapy at CD4 counts below 350 cells/Ul. What does this mean to HIV/AIDS care programs in Uganda? In 48th Annual ICAAC/ IDSA 46th Annual meeting; Washington, DC. 2008.
45. Kagaayi J, Makumbi F, Nakigozi G, et al. WHO HIV clinical staging or CD4 cell counts for antiretroviral therapy eligibility assessment? An evaluation in rural Rakai district, Uganda. AIDS. 2007;21: 1208-10.
46. Jaffar S, Birungi J, Grosskurth H, et al. Use of WHO clinical stage for assessing patient eligibility to antiretroviral therapy in a routine health service setting in Jinja, Uganda. AIDS Res Ther. 2008;5:4.
47. Walensky R, Wood R, Weinstein M, et al. Scaling up antiretroviral therapy in South Africa: the impact of speed on survival. J Infect Dis. 2008;197:1324-32.
48. Weidle P, Malamba S, Mwebaze R, et al. Assessment of a pilot antiretroviral drug therapy programme in Uganda: patients' response, survival, and drug resistance. Lancet. 2002;360:34-40.
49. Wester C, Kim S, Bussmann H, et al. Initial response to highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1C-infected adults in a public sector treatment program in Botswana. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;40:336-43.
50. Lawn S, Little F, Bekker L, et al. Changing mortality risk associated with CD4 cell response to antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. AIDS. 2009;23:335-42.
51. Kambugu A, Meya D, Rhein J, et al. Outcomes of cryptococcal meningitis in Uganda before and after the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:1694-701.
52. Corbett E, Watt C, Walker N, et al. The growing burden of tuberculosis: global trends and interactions with the HIV epidemic. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:1009-21.
53. Jarvis J, Lawn S, Vogt M, Bangani N, Wood R, Harrison T. Screening for cryptococcal antigenemia in patients accessing an antiretroviral treatment program in South Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:856-62.
54. Easterbrook P. HIV immune reconstitution syndrome in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS. 2008;22:643-5.
55. Lawn S, Myer L, Bekker L, Wood R. Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution disease: incidence, risk factors and impact in an antiretroviral treatment service in South Africa. AIDS. 2007;21:335-41.
56. Murdoch D, Venter W, Feldman C, Van Rie A. HIV immune reconstitution syndrome in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS. 2008;22:1689-90.
57. Smith D, Schooley R. Running with scissors: using antiretroviral therapy without monitoring viral load. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46: 1598-600.
58. Shelburne S, Darcourt J, White A, et al. The role of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in AIDS-related Cryptococcus neoformans disease in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:1049-52.
59. Moore D, Awor A, Downing R, et al. CD4+ T-cell count monitoring does not accurately identify HIV-infected adults with virologic failure receiving antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;49:477-84.
60. Nakanjako D, Kiragga A, Ibrahim F, Castelnuovo B, Kamya M, Easterbrook P. Sub-optimal CD4 reconstitution despite viral suppression in an urban cohort on antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa: Frequency and clinical significance. AIDS Res Ther. 2008;5:23.
61. Stephenson J. Cheaper HIV drugs for poor nations bring a new challenge: monitoring treatment. JAMA. 2002;288:151-3.
62. Kumarasamy N, Flanigan T, Mahajan A, Carpenter C, Mayer K, Solomon S. Monitoring HIV treatment in the developing world. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002;2:656-7.
63. Meya D, Spacek L, Tibenderana H, et al. Development and evaluation of a clinical algorithm to monitor patients on antiretrovirals in resource limited settings using adherence, clinical and CD4 lymphocyte count criteria. J Int AIDS Soc. 2009;12:3.
64. Rosen S, Fox M, Gill C. Patient retention in antiretroviral therapy programs in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. PLoS Med. 2007;4:e298.
65. Hirschhorn L, Skolnik R. Making universal access a reality - what more do we need to know? J Infect Dis. 2008;197:1223-5.
66. Byakika-Tusiime J, Crane J, Oyugi J, et al. Longitudinal antiretroviral adherence in HIV+ Ugandan parents and their children initiating HAART in the MTCT-Plus Family Treatment Model: role of depression in declining adherence over time. AIDS Behav. 2009 [in press].
67. Colebunders R, Kamya M, Laurence J, et al. First-line antiretroviral therapy in Africa - how evidence-base are our recommendations? AIDS Rev. 2005;7:148-54.
68. Byakika-Kibwika P, Lamorde M, Kalemeera F, et al. Steady-state pharmacokinetic comparison of generic and branded formulations of stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine in HIV-infected Ugandan adults. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;62:1113-17.
69. Taylor G, Low-Beer N. Antiretroviral therapy in pregnancy: a focus on safety. Drug Saf. 2001;24:683-702.
70. Mackie N, Fidler S, Tamm N, et al. Clinical implications of stopping nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy: relative pharmacokinetics and avoidance of drug resistance. HIV Med. 2004;5:180-4.
71. Ssali F, Stohr W, Munderi P, et al. Prevalence, incidence and predictors of severe anemia with zidovudine-containing regimens in African adults with HIV infection within the DART trial. Antivir Ther. 2006;11:741-9.
72. DART Virology Group and Trial Team: Virologic response to a triple nucleoside/nucleotide analogue regimen over 48 weeks in HIV-1-infected adults in Africa. AIDS. 2006;20:1391-9.
73. Mocroft A, Lundgren J, d'Armino Monforte A, et al. Survival of AIDS patients according to type of AIDS-defining event. The AIDS in Europe Study Group. Int J Epidemiol. 1997;26:400-7.
74. Buchacz K, Weidle P, Moore D, et al. Changes in lipid profile over 24 months among adults on first-line highly active antiretroviral therapy in the home-based AIDS care program in rural Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;47:304-11.
75. Gray R, Wawer M, Brookmeyer R, et al. Probability of HIV-1 transmission per coital act in monogamous, heterosexual, HIV-1-discordant couples in Rakai, Uganda. Lancet. 2001;357:1149-53.
76. Bunnell R, Ekwaru J, King R, et al. 3-year follow-up of sexual behavior and HIV transmission risk. CROI. Boston. 2008 [abstract 29].
77. Bunnell R, Nassozi J, Marum E, et al. Living with discordance: knowledge, challenges, and prevention strategies of HIV-discordant couples in Uganda. AIDS Care. 2005;17:999-1012.
78. Orne-Gliemann J, Becquet R, Ekouevi D, Leroy V, Perez F, Dabis F. Children and HIV/AIDS: from research to policy and action in resource-limited settings. AIDS. 2008;22:797-805.
79. Stanton C, Holtz S. Levels and trends in cesarean birth in the developing world. Stud Fam Plann. 2006;37:41-8.
80. De Cock K, Fowler M, Mercier E, et al. Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource-poor countries: translating research into policy and practice. JAMA. 2000;283:1175-82.
81. Goldie S, Yazdanpanah Y, Losina E, et al. Cost-effectiveness of HIV treatment in resource-poor settings - the case of Cote d'Ivoire. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1141-53.
82. Quentin W, Konig H, Schmidt J, Kalk A. Recurrent costs of HIV/AIDS-related health services in Rwanda: implications for financing. Trop Med Int Health. 2008;13:1245-56.
83. UNDP: Human Development Report 2005. In United Nations Development Program. New York; 2005.