Management of hypertension with fixed dose combinations of candesartan cilexetil and hydrochlorothiazide: Patient perspectives and clinical utility

Vascular Health and Risk Management

Volumn 5, Issue , 2009, Pages 1043-1058

  Mengden, Thomas ^a   Uen, Sakir ^a   Bramlage, Peter ^b  

^a Diabetes Clinic   (Germany)

^b Institute for Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Epidemiology   (Germany)

Author keywords

Angiotensin receptor blocker; Chronic heart failure; Compliance; Diabetes; Patients; Persistence; Physicians; Stroke

Indexed keywords

ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONIST; AMLODIPINE; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; BENAZEPRIL; BENAZEPRIL PLUS HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CANDESARTAN HEXETIL; CANDESARTAN HEXETIL PLUS HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; DIHYDROPYRIDINE DERIVATIVE; DILTIAZEM; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ENALAPRIL; FELODIPINE; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE PLUS LOSARTAN; LERCANIDIPINE; LOOP DIURETIC AGENT; LOSARTAN; METOPROLOL; PERINDOPRIL; PLACEBO; TELMISARTAN; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VERAPAMIL;

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; BACKACHE; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; DIZZINESS; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG COST; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ELDERLY CARE; ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; MAXIMUM PLASMA CONCENTRATION; MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE; MICROALBUMINURIA; PATIENT ATTITUDE; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PHYSICIAN ATTITUDE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REPEATED DRUG DOSE; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; REVIEW; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; STROKE; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

EID: 74049158625     PISSN: 11766344     EISSN: 11782048     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s5549     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. WHO 2002. 2009.
2. Mancia G, De BG, Dominiczak A, et al. Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2007;28(12):1462-1536.
3. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360(9349):1903-1913.
4. Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet. 2005;365(9455):217-223.
5. Wolf-Maier K, Cooper RS, Kramer H, et al. Hypertension treatment and control in five European countries, Canada, and the United States. Hypertension. 2004;43(1):10-17.
6. Eisen SA, Miller DK, Woodward RS, Spitznagel E, Przybeck TR. The effect of prescribed daily dose frequency on patient medication compliance. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150(9):1881-1884.
7. Leenen FH, Wilson TW, Bolli P, et al. Patterns of compliance with once versus twice daily antihypertensive drug therapy in primary care: a randomized clinical trial using electronic monitoring. Can J Cardiol. 1997;13(10):914-920.
8. Fincke BG, Miller DR, Spiro A, III. The interaction of patient perception of overmedication with drug compliance and side effects. J Gen Intern Med. 1998;13(3):182-185.
9. Miller NH, Hill M, Kottke T, Ockene IS. The multilevel compliance challenge: recommendations for a call to action. A statement for healthcare professionals. Circulation. 1997;95(4):1085-1090.
10. Berlowitz DR, Ash AS, Hickey EC, et al. Inadequate management of blood pressure in a hypertensive population. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(27):1957- 1963.
11. Oliveria SA, Lapuerta P, McCarthy BD, L'Italien GJ, Berlowitz DR, Asch SM. Physician-related barriers to the effective management of uncontrolled hypertension. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(4):413-420.
12. Hyman DJ, Pavlik VN. Self-reported hypertension treatment practices among primary care physicians: blood pressure thresholds, drug choices, and the role of guidelines and evidence-based medicine. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(15):2281-2286.
13. Alderman M. World Health Organization - International Society of Hypertension Guideliines for the Management of Hypertension. Beal AK, editor. Blood Press. 1999;8(Suppl 1):9-43.
14. Julius S. Worldwide trends and shortcomings in the treatment of hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2000;13(5 Pt 2):57S-61S.
15. NICE costing report. URL: http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/ CG034costingreport.pdf. 2002.
16. Pittrow D, Kirch W, Bramlage P, et al. Patterns of antihypertensive drug utilization in primary care. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;60(2):135-142.
17. Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, et al. Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens. 2007;25(6):1105-1187.
18. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: The JNC 7 Report. JAMA. 2003;289(19):2560-2571.
19. Stolk P, Van Wijk BL, Leufkens HG, Heerdink ER. Between-country variation in the utilization of antihypertensive agents: guidelines and clinical practice. J Hum Hypertens. 2006;20(12):917-922.
20. Jamerson K, Weber MA, Bakris GL, et al. Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(23):2417-2428.
21. Jamerson KA, Bakris GL, Wun CC, et al. Rationale and design of the avoiding cardiovascular events through combination therapy in patients living with systolic hypertension (ACCOMPLISH) trial: the first randomized controlled trial to compare the clinical outcome effects of first-line combination therapies in hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2004;17(9):793-801.
22. Bramlage P. Fixed-dose combinations of renin-angiotensin blocking agents with calcium channel blockers or hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of hypertension. Exp Opin Pharmacother. 2009;10(11):1755-1767.
23. Law MR, Wald NJ, Morris JK, Jordan RE. Value of low dose combination treatment with blood pressure lowering drugs: analysis of 354 randomised trials. BMJ. 2003;326(7404):1427-1431.
24. Franklin SS, Neutel JM, Donovan M, Bouzamondo H. Irbesartan/ hydrochlorothiazide as initial therapy: subanalysis in patients with systolic BP > 180 mmHg and diastolic BP > 110 mmHg, efficacy and safety. J Hypertens. 2008;(Suppl 1):S159.
25. Bönner G, Fuchs W. Fixed combination of candesartan with hydrochlorothiazide in patients with severe primary hypertension. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20(5):597-602.
26. Oparil S. Newly emerging pharmacologic differences in angiotensin II receptor blockers. Am J Hypertens. 2000;13(1 Pt 2):18S-24S.
27. Fuchs B, Breithaupt-Grogler K, Belz GG, et al. Comparative pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of candesartan and losartan in man. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2000;52(9):1075-1083.
28. Lacourciere Y, Asmar R. A comparison of the efficacy and duration of action of candesartan cilexetil and losartan as assessed by clinic and ambulatory blood pressure after a missed dose, in truly hypertensive patients: a placebo-controlled, forced titration study. Candesartan/Losartan study investigators. Am J Hypertens. 1999;12(12 Pt 1-2):1181-1187.
29. Sever P, Michel J, Voet B. Candesartan cilexitil (CC): A meta-analysis of time-to-effect relationship. Am J Hypertens. 1998;11(4 Pt 2):79A.
30. Elmfeldt D, Olofsson B, Meredith P. The relationships between dose and antihypertensive effect of four AT1-receptor blockers. Differences in potency and efficacy. Blood Press. 2002;11(5):293-301.
31. Himmelmann A, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, Wester A, Redon J, Asmar R, Hedner T. The effect duration of candesartan cilexetil once daily, in comparison with enalapril once daily, in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Blood Press. 2001;10(1):43-51.
32. Andersson OK, Neldam S. A comparison of the antihypertensive effects of candesartan cilexetil and losartan in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 1997;11(Suppl 2):S63-S64.
33. Conway J, Lauwers P. Hemodynamic and hypotensive effects of long-term therapy with chlorothiazide. Circulation. 1960;21:21-27.
34. Pickkers P, Hughes AD, Russel FG, Thien T, Smits P. Thiazide-induced vasodilation in humans is mediated by potassium channel activation. Hypertension. 1998;32(6):1071-1076.
35. van Brummelen P, Man int Veld AJ, Schalekamp MA. Hemodynamic changes during long-term thiazide treatment of essential hypertension in responders and nonresponders. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1980;27(3):328-336.
36. Carter BL, Ernst ME, Cohen JD. Hydrochlorothiazide versus chlorthalidone: evidence supporting their interchangeability. Hypertension. 2004;43(1):4-9.
37. Azizi M, Nisse-Durgeat S, French Collaborative Group. Comparison of the antihypertensive effects of the candesartan 8 mg hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg combination vs the valsartan 80 mg hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg combination in patients with essential hypertension resistant to monotherapy. [abstract no. P2.367]. J Hypertens. 2004;22(Suppl 2):S254-S255.
38. Oparil S, Michelson EL. Long term efficacy, safety, and tolerability of candesartan cilexitil added to hydrochlorothiazide in patients with severe hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2009;12:120.
39. Edes I. Combination therapy with candesartan cilexetil 32 mg and hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg provides the full additive antihypertensive effect of the components: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study in primary care. Clin Drug Investig. 2009;29(5):293-304.
40. Bramlage P, Schonrock E, Odoj P, Wolf WP, Funken C. Importance of a fixed combination of AT1-receptor blockade and hydrochlorothiazide for blood pressure lowering in cardiac risk patients. A postmarketing surveillance study with Candesartan/HCTZ. MMW Fortschritte der Medizin. 2008;149(Suppl 4):172-181.
41. Uen S, Un I, Fimmers R, Vetter H, Mengden T. Effect of candesartan cilexetil with hydrochlorothiazide on blood pressure and ST-segment depression in patients with arterial hypertension. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946). 2007;132(3):81-86.
42. Bönner G. Antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of candesartan-hydrochlorothiazide 32/12.5 mg and 32/25 mg in patients not optimally controlled with candesartan monotherapy. Blood Press. 2008;17(Suppl 2):22-30.
43. Ohma KP, Milon H, Valnes K. Efficacy and tolerability of a combination tablet of candesartan cilexetil and hydrochlorothiazide in insufficiently controlled primary hypertension - comparison with a combination of losartan and hydrochlorothiazide. Blood Press. 2000;9(4):214-220.
44. König W. Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of combination tablets containing candesartan cilexetil and hydrochlorothiazide or losartan and hydrochlorothiazide in patients with moderate to severe hypertension: Results of the CARLOS-Study. Clin Drug Invest. 2000;19(4):239-246.
45. Bramlage P, Hasford J. Blood pressure reduction, persistence and costs in the evaluation of antihypertensive drug treatment - a review. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2009;8:18.
46. Simons LA, Ortiz M, Calcino G. Persistence with antihypertensive medication: Australia-wide experience, 2004-2006. Med J Aust. 2008;188(4):224-227.
47. Sjolie AK, Klein R, Porta M, et al. Effect of candesartan on progression and regression of retinopathy in type 2 diabetes (DIRECT-Protect 2): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372(9647):1385-1393.
48. Chaturvedi N, Porta M, Klein R, et al. Effect of candesartan on prevention (DIRECT-Prevent 1) and progression (DIRECT-Protect 1) of retinopathy in type 1 diabetes: randomised, placebo-controlled trials. Lancet. 2008;372(9647):1394-1402.
49. Belcher G, Lunde H, Elmfeldt D, et al. The combination tablet of candesartan cilexetil 16 mg and hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg has a tolerability profile similar to that of placebo [abstract]. J Hypertens. 2000;18(Suppl 2):S94.
50. Mengden T, Vetter H, Tousset E, Uen S. Management of patients with uncontrolled arterial hypertension - the role of electronic compliance monitoring, 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and Candesartan/HCTZ. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006;6:36.
51. Dickstein K, Cohen-Solal A, Filippatos G, et al. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2008 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association of the ESC (HFA) and endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM). Eur Heart J. 2008;29(19):2388-2442.
52. Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, Granger CB, et al. Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM-Overall programme. Lancet. 2003;362(9386):759-766.
53. McMurray JJ, Ostergren J, Swedberg K, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Added trial. Lancet. 2003;362(9386):767-771.
54. Granger CB, McMurray JJ, Yusuf S, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Alternative trial. Lancet. 2003;362(9386):772-776.
55. Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-Preserved Trial. Lancet. 2003;362(9386):777-781.
56. Lithell H, Hansson L, Skoog I, et al. The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE): principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial. J Hypertens. 2003;21(5):875-886.
57. Schrader J, Lüders S, Kulschewski A, et al. The ACCESS Study: evaluation of Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke Survivors. Stroke. 2003;34(7):1699-1703.
58. Elliott WJ, Meyer PM. Incident diabetes in clinical trials of antihypertensive drugs: a network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2007;369(9557):201-207.
59. Lam SK, Owen A. Incident diabetes in clinical trials of antihypertensive drugs. Lancet. 2007;369(9572):1513-1514.
60. Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlof B, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet. 2002;359(9311):1004-1010.
61. MacDonald MR, Petrie MC, Varyani F, et al. Impact of diabetes on outcomes in patients with low and preserved ejection fraction heart failure: an analysis of the Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) programme. Eur Heart J. 2008;29(11):1377-1385.
62. Yusuf S, Ostergren JB, Gerstein HC, et al. Effects of candesartan on the development of a new diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in patients with heart failure. Circulation. 2005;112(1):48-53.
63. Zanchetti A, Elmfeldt D. Findings and implications of the Study on COgnition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE) - a review. Blood Press. 2006;15(2):71-79.
64. Lindholm LH, Persson M, Alaupovic P, Carlberg B, Svensson A, Samuelsson O. Metabolic outcome during 1 year in newly detected hypertensives: results of the Antihypertensive Treatment and Lipid Profile in a North of Sweden Efficacy Evaluation (ALPINE study). J Hypertens. 2003;21(8):1563-1574.
65. Koh KK, Quon MJ, Han SH, Chung WJ, Lee Y, Shin EK. Anti-inflammatory and metabolic effects of candesartan in hypertensive patients. Int J Cardiol. 2006;108(1):96-100.
66. Derosa G, Cicero AF, Ciccarelli L, Fogari R. A randomized, double-blind, controlled, parallel-group comparison of perindopril and candesartan in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Ther. 2003;25(7):2006-2021.
67. Bilous R, Chaturvedi N, Sjolie AK, et al. Effect of candesartan on microalbuminuria and albumin excretion rate in diabetes: three randomized trials. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(1):11-20.
68. Trenkwalder P, Lehtovirta M, Dahl K. Long-term treatment with candesartan cilexetil does not affect glucose homeostasis or serum lipid profile in mild hypertensives with type II diabetes. J Hum Hypertens. 1997;11(Suppl 2):S81-S83.
69. Mogensen CE, Neldam S, Tikkanen I, et al. Randomised controlled trial of dual blockade of renin-angiotensin system in patients with hypertension, microalbuminuria, and non-insulin dependent diabetes: the candesartan and lisinopril microalbuminuria (CALM) study. BMJ. 2000;321(7274):1440-1444.
70. Burgess E, Muirhead N, Rene de CP, Chiu A, Pichette V, Tobe S. Supramaximal dose of candesartan in proteinuric renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20(4):893-900.
71. Haller H, Viberti GC, Mimran A, et al. Preventing microalbuminuria in patients with diabetes: rationale and design of the Randomised Olmesartan and Diabetes Microalbuminuria Prevention (ROADMAP) study. J Hypertens. 2006;24(2):403-408.
72. Bakris GL, Toto RD, McCullough PA, Rocha R, Purkayastha D, Davis P. Effects of different ACE inhibitor combinations on albuminuria: results of the GUARD study. Kidney Int. 2008;73(11):1303-1309.
73. Chaturvedi N, Porta M, Klein R, et al. Effect of candesartan on prevention (DIRECT-Prevent 1) and progression (DIRECT-Protect 1) of retinopathy in type 1 diabetes: randomised, placebo-controlled trials. Lancet. 2008;372(9647):1394-1402.
74. Hubner R, Hogemann AM, Sunzel M, Riddell JG. Pharmacokinetics of candesartan after single and repeated doses of candesartan cilexetil in young and elderly healthy volunteers. J Hum Hypertens. 1997;11(Suppl 2):S19-S25.
75. Hansson L, Lithell H, Skoog I, et al. Study on COgnition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE): baseline characteristics. Blood Press. 2000;9(2-3):146-151.
76. Zanchetti A, Elmfeldt D. Findings and implications of the Study on COgnition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE) - a review. Blood Press. 2006;15(2):71-79.
77. Cohen-Solal A, McMurray JJ, Swedberg K, et al. Benefits and safety of candesartan treatment in heart failure are independent of age: insights from the Candesartan in Heart failure - Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity programme. Eur Heart J. 2008;29 (24):3022-3028.
78. Plosker GL, Keam SJ. Candesartan cilexetil: a pharmacoeconomic review of its use in chronic heart failure and hypertension. Pharmacoeconomics. 2006;24(12):1249-1272.