Training Implications of Harmful Effects of Psychological Treatments

American Psychologist

Volumn 65, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 34-49

  Castonguay, Louis G ^a   Boswell, James F ^a   Constantino, Michael J ^b   Goldfried, Marvin R ^c   Hill, Clara E ^d  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

^c STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

harmful effects; psychotherapy; training

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CLINICAL COMPETENCE; EDUCATION; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; MENTAL DISEASE; METHODOLOGY; PATIENT SELECTION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PSYCHOTHERAPY; TREATMENT FAILURE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

CLINICAL COMPETENCE; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; OUTCOME AND PROCESS ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); PATIENT SELECTION; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PROFESSIONAL-PATIENT RELATIONS; PSYCHOTHERAPY; TREATMENT FAILURE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 74049130198     PISSN: 0003066X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0017330     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. Achenbach T.M. Advancing assessment of children and adolescents: Commentary on evidence-based assessment of child and adolescent disorders. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 34 (2005) 541-547
2. Aichhorn A. The wayward youth (1925), Viking Press, New York
3. American Psychological Association. Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist 57 (2002) 1060-1073
4. APA Presidential Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice. Evidence-based practice in psychology. American Psychologist 61 (2006) 271-285
5. Arkowitz H., Westra H.A., Miller W.R., and Rollnick S. Motivational interviewing in the treatment of psychological problems (2008), Guilford Press, New York
6. Auerbach, J. S., Levy, K. N., & Schaffer, C. E. (in press). The contributions of Sidney Blatt: Relatedness, self-definition, and mental representation. In L. G. Castonguay, J. C. Muran, L. Angus, J. A. Hayes, N. Ladany, & T. Anderson (Eds.), Bringing psychotherapy research to life: Understanding change through the work of leading clinical researchers: Legacies from the Society for Psychotherapy Research. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
7. Bandura A. Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory (1986), Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ
8. Barbrack C.R. Negative outcome in behavior therapy. In: Mays D.T., and Franks C.M. (Eds). Negative outcome in psychotherapy and what to do about it (1985), Springer, New York 76-105
9. Bergin A.E. Some implications of psychotherapy research for therapeutic practice. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 71 (1966) 235-246
10. Bergin A.E. The evaluation of therapeutic outcomes. In: Bergin A.E., and Garfield S.L. (Eds). Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (1971), Wiley, New York 217-270
11. Beutler L.E., Blatt S.J., Alimohamed S., Levy K.N., and Angtuaco L. Participant factors in treating dysphoric disorders. In: Castonguay L.G., and Beutler L.E. (Eds). Principles of therapeutic change that work (2006), Oxford University Press, New York 13-63
12. Beutler L.E., Malik M., Alimohamed S., Harwood T.M., Talebi H., Noble S., and Wong E. Therapist variables. In: Lambert M.J. (Ed). Bergin and Garfield's handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change. 5th ed. (2004), Wiley, New York 227-306
13. Binder J.L., and Strupp H.H. "Negative process": A recurrently discovered and underestimated facet of therapeutic process and outcome in the individual psychotherapy of adults. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 4 (1997) 121-139
14. Bohart A.C. Insight and the active client. In: Castonguay L.G., and Hill C.E. (Eds). Insight in psychotherapy (2007), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 257-277
15. Boisvert C.M., and Faust D. Practicing psychologists' knowledge of general psychotherapy research findings: Implications for science-practice relations. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 37 (2006) 708-716
16. Borkovec T.D., Newman M.G., Pincus A.L., and Lytle R. A component analysis of cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder and the role of interpersonal problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 70 (2002) 288-298
17. Boswell, J. F., Sharpless, B., Greenberg, L. S., Heatherington, L., Huppert, J. D., Barber, J. P., et al. (in press). Schools of psychotherapy and the beginnings of a scientific approach. In D. Barlow (Ed.), Oxford handbook of clinical psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
18. Burns D.D., and Nolen-Hoeksema S. Coping styles, homework compliance, and the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 59 (1991) 305-311
19. Castonguay L.G., and Beutler L.E. Principles of therapeutic change that work (2006), Oxford University Press, New York
20. Castonguay L.G., Constantino M.J., and Holtforth M.G. The working alliance: Where are we and where should we go?. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 43 (2006) 271-279
21. Castonguay L.G., Goldfried M.R., Wiser S., Raue P.J., and Hayes A.M. Predicting the effect of cognitive therapy for depression: A study of unique and common factors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 64 (1996) 497-504
22. Castonguay L.G., Schut A.J., Aikins D.E., Constantino M.J., Laurenceau J.-P., Bologh L., and Burns D.D. Integrative cognitive therapy for depression: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration 14 (2004) 4-20
23. Chambless D.L., and Hollon S.D. Defining empirically supported therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66 (1998) 7-18
24. Chambless D.L., and Ollendick T.H. Empirically supported psychological interventions: Controversies and evidence. Annual Review of Psychology 52 (2001) 685-716
25. Christianson, J. (1991). Understanding the patient-therapist interaction and therapeutic change in light of pre-therapy interpersonal relations. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.
26. Clarkin J.F., and Levy K.N. The influence of client variables on psychotherapy. In: Lambert M.J. (Ed). Bergin and Garfield's handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change. 5th ed. (2004), Wiley, New York 194-226
27. Cleckley H. The mask of insanity. 5th ed. (1976), Mosby, St. Louis, MO
28. Constantino M.J., Castonguay L.G., and Schut A.J. The working alliance: A flagship for the "scientist-practitioner" model in psychotherapy. In: Tryon G.S. (Ed). Counseling based on process research: Applying what we know (2002), Allyn & Bacon, Boston 81-131
29. Constantino, M. J., Maramba, G. J. K., DeGeorge, J., & Dadlani, M. (2007, November). Facilitative and destructive interpersonal processes in cognitive-behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa. Paper presented at the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Cognitive and Behavioral Therapies, Philadelphia.
30. Constantino M.J., Marnell M., Haile A.J., Kanther-Sista S.N., Wolman K., Zappert L., and Arnow B.A. Integrative cognitive therapy for depression: A randomized pilot comparison. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 45 (2008) 122-134
31. Constantino M.J., and Smith-Hansen L. Patient interpersonal factors and the therapeutic alliance in two treatments for bulimia nervosa. Psychotherapy Research 18 (2008) 683-698
32. Cooper M. Essential research findings in counseling and psychotherapy: The facts are friendly (2008), Sage, Los Angeles
33. Crits-Christoph P., and Gibbons M.B.C. Relational interpretations. In: Norcross J.C. (Ed). Psychotherapy relationships that work: Therapist contributions and responsiveness to patients (2002), Oxford University Press, New York 285-300
34. Crits-Christoph P., Gibbons M.B.C., Crits-Christoph K., Narduci J., Schamberger M., and Gallop R. Can therapists be trained to improve their alliances? A preliminary study of alliance-fostering psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research 16 (2006) 268-281
35. DeRubeis R.J., and Feeley M. Determinants of change in cognitive therapy for depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research 14 (1990) 469-482
36. Draguns J.G. Multicultural and cross-cultural assessment of psychological disorder: Dilemmas and decisions. In: Sodowsky G.R., and Impara J. (Eds). Buros-Nebraska Symposium on Measurement and Testing: Vol. 9. Multicultural assessment in counseling and psychology (1996), Buros Institute of Mental Measurements, Lincoln, NE 37-84
37. Draguns J.G. Abnormal behavior patterns across cultures: Implications for counseling and psychotherapy. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 21 (1997) 213-248
38. Dreyfus H.L., and Dreyfus S.E. Mind over machine: The power of human intuition and expertise in the age of the computer (1986), Free Press, New York
39. Elliott R., Greenberg L.S., and Lietaer G. Research on experiential therapies. In: Lambert M.J. (Ed). Bergin and Garfield's handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change. 5th ed. (2004), Wiley, New York 493-539
40. Eysenck H.J. The effects of psychotherapy: An evaluation. Journal of Consulting Psychology 16 (1952) 319-324
41. Eysenck H.J. Negative outcome in psychotherapy: The need for a theoretical framework. In: Mays D.T., and Franks C.M. (Eds). Negative outcome in psychotherapy and what to do about it (1985), Springer, New York 267-277
42. Feeley M., DeRubeis R.J., and Gelfand L.A. The temporal relation of adherence and alliance to symptom change in cognitive therapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 67 (1999) 578-582
43. Fenichel O. Problems of psychoanalytic technique (1941), Psychoanalytic Quarterly, Albany, NY
44. Fenichel O. The psychoanalytic theory of neurosis (1945), Norton, New York
45. Ferenzi S., and Rank O. The development of psychoanalysis (1923), Dover, New York
46. Foa E.B., and Emmelkamp P.M.G. Failures in behavior therapy (1983), Wiley, New York
47. Foa E.B., and Kozak M.J. Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin 99 (1986) 20-35
48. Foa E.B., and Rothbaum B.O. Treating the trauma of rape: Cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD (1998), Guilford Press, New York
49. Foa E.B., Steketee G., Grayson J.B., and Doppelt H.G. Treatment of obsessive-compulsives: When do we fail?. In: Foa E.B., and Emmelkamp P.M.G. (Eds). Failures in behavior therapy (1983), Wiley, New York 10-34
50. Freud, S. (1955). Lines of advance in psycho-analytic therapy. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 17, pp. 157-168). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1919)
51. Freud, S. (1958). The future prospects of psychoanalytic psychotherapy. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 11, pp. 141-151). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1910)
52. Freud, S. (1958). Recommendations for physicians on the psycho-analytic method of treatment. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 12, pp. 109-120). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1912)
53. Freud, S. (1963). Introductory lectures on psycho-analysis. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 15, pp. 199-201). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1916)
54. Freud, S. (1964). Analysis terminable and interminable. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 23, pp. 209-253). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1937)
55. Freud, S. (1993). Further recommendations in the technique of psychoanalysis: On beginning the treatment: The questions of the first communications: The dynamics of the cure. In S. J. Ellam (Ed. & Trans.), Freud's technique papers: A contemporary perspective (pp. 165-191). Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson. (Original work published 1913)
56. Gaston L., Marmar C.R., Thompson L.W., and Gallagher D. Relation of patient pretreatment characteristics to the therapeutic alliance in diverse psychotherapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 56 (1988) 483-489
57. Gelso C.J., and Carter J.A. The relationship in counseling and psychotherapy: Components, consequences, and theoretical antecedents. The Counseling Psychologist 13 (1985) 155-243
58. Gelso C.J., and Hayes J.A. Countertransference and the therapist's inner experience: Perils and possibilities (2007), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ
59. Gelso C.J., Latts M.G., Gomez M.J., and Fassinger R.E. Countertransference management and therapy outcome: An initial evaluation. Journal of Clinical Psychology 58 (2002) 861-867
60. Goldfried M.R., and Davison G.C. Clinical behavior therapy (1976), Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York
61. Goldfried M.R., and Davison G.C. Clinical behavior therapy. Expanded ed. (1994), Wiley, New York
62. Greenacre P. Certain technical problems in the transference relationship. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 7 (1959) 484-502
63. Greenberg L. Emotion-focused therapy: A synopsis. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy 36 (2006) 87-93
64. Greenberg L.S., and Pinsof W.M. The psychotherapeutic process: A research handbook (1986), Guilford Press, New York
65. Greenberg L.S., Rice L.N., and Elliott R. Facilitating emotional change: The moment-by-moment process (1993), Guilford Press, New York
66. Greenson R.R. The technique and practice of psychoanalysis 1 (1967), International University Press, New York
67. Gunderson J.G., and Singer M.T. Define borderline patients: An overview. American Journal of Psychiatry 132 (1975) 1-10
68. Hayes A.M., Castonguay L.G., and Goldfried M.R. Effectiveness of targeting the vulnerability factors of depression in cognitive therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 64 (1996) 623-627
69. Hayes S.C., Strosahl K.D., and Wilson K.G. Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change (1999), Guilford Press, New York
70. Heide F.J., and Borkovec T.D. Relaxation-induced anxiety: Mechanisms and theoretical implications. Behaviour Research and Therapy 22 (1984) 1-12
71. Henry W.P., Schacht T.E., and Strupp H.H. Structural analysis of social behavior: Application to a study of interpersonal process in differential psychotherapeutic outcome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 54 (1986) 27-31
72. Henry W.P., Schacht T.E., and Strupp H.H. Patient and therapist introject, interpersonal process, and differential psychotherapy outcome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 58 (1990) 768-774
73. Henry W.P., and Strupp H.H. The therapeutic alliance as interpersonal process. In: Horvath A.O., and Greenberg L.S. (Eds). The working alliance: Theory, research, and practice (1994), Wiley, New York 51-84
74. Henry W.P., Strupp H.H., Butler S.F., Schacht T.E., and Binder J.L. The effects of training in time-limited dynamic psychotherapy: Changes in therapist behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 61 (1993) 434-440
75. Hill C.E. Helping skills: Facilitating exploration, insight, and action. 3rd ed. (2009), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC
76. Hill C.E., and Lambert M.J. Methodological issues in studying psychotherapy process and outcomes. In: Lambert M.J. (Ed). Bergin and Garfield's handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change. 5th ed. (2004), Wiley, New York 84-135
77. Hill C.E., and Lent R.W. A narrative and meta-analytic review of helping skills training: Time to revive a dormant area of inquiry. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 43 (2006) 154-172
78. Hill C.E., Mahalik J.R., and Thompson B.J. Therapist self-disclosure. Psychotherapy 26 (1989) 290-295
79. Hill C.E., Roffman M., Stahl J., Friedman S., Hummel A., and Wallace C. Helping skills training for undergraduates: Outcomes and predictors of outcomes. Journal of Counseling Psychology 55 (2008) 359-370
80. Hilliard R.B., Henry W.P., and Strupp H.H. An interpersonal model of psychotherapy: Linking patient and therapist developmental history, therapeutic process, and types of outcome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68 (2000) 125-133
81. Hilsenroth M.J., Ackerman S.J., Clemence A.J., Strassle C.G., and Handler L. Effects of structured clinician training on patient and therapist perspectives of alliance early in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 39 (2002) 309-323
82. Horvath A.O., and Bedi R.P. The alliance. In: Norcross J.C. (Ed). Psychotherapy relationships that work: Therapist contributions and responsiveness to patients (2002), Oxford University Press, New York 37-69
83. Kazdin A.E. Evidence-based assessment for children and adolescents: Issues in measurement development and clinical application. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 34 (2005) 548-558
84. Kepecs J.G. Tracking errors in psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychotherapy 33 (1979) 365-377
85. Kernberg O. Notes on countertransference. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 13 (1965) 38-56
86. Kernberg O. Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism (1975), Jason Aronson, New York
87. Kniskern D.P., and Gurman A.S. A marital and family perspective on deterioration in psychotherapy. In: Mays D.T., and Franks C.M. (Eds). Negative outcome in psychotherapy and what to do about it (1985), Springer, New York 106-117
88. Kohut H. The two analyses of Mr. Z. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 60 (1979) 3-27
89. Kraus D.R., Seligman D.A., and Jordan J.R. Validation of a behavioral health treatment outcome and assessment tool designed for naturalistic settings: The treatment outcome package. Journal of Clinical Psychology 61 (2005) 285-314
90. Lambert M.J. Presidential address: What we have learned from a decade of research aimed at improving outcome in routine care. Psychotherapy Research 17 (2007) 1-14
91. Lambert, M. J., Gurman, A. S., & Richards, P. S. (in press). Allen E. Bergin: Consummate scholar and charter member of the Society for Psychotherapy Research. In L. G. Castonguay, J. C. Muran, L. Angus, J. A. Hayes, N. Ladany, & T. Anderson (Eds.), Bringing psychotherapy research to life: Understanding change through the work of leading clinical researchers: Legacies from the Society for Psychotherapy Research. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
92. Lambert M.J., Hansen N.B., and Finch A.E. Patient-focused research: Using patient outcome data to enhance treatment effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 69 (2001) 159-172
93. Lambert M.J., and Ogles B.M. The efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapy. In: Lambert M.J. (Ed). Bergin and Garfield's handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change. 5th ed. (2004), Wiley, New York 139-193
94. Lilienfeld S.O. The scientific review of mental health practice: Our raison d'être. Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice 1 (2002) 5-10
95. Lilienfeld S.O. Psychological treatments that cause harm. Perspectives on Psychological Science 2 (2007) 53-70
96. Linehan M.M. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder (1993), Guilford Press, New York
97. Llewelyn S.P. Psychological therapy as viewed by clients and therapists. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 27 (1988) 223-237
98. Mahrer A.R., White M.V., Howard M.T., Gagnon R., and MacPhee D.C. How to bring about some very good moments in psychotherapy sessions. Psychotherapy Research 2 (1992) 252-265
99. Martin D.J., Garske J.P., and Davis M.K. Relation of the therapeutic alliance with outcome and other variables: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68 (2000) 438-450
100. Mash E.J., and Hunsley J. Special section: Developing guidelines for the evidence-based assessment of child and adolescent disorders. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 34 (2005) 362-379
101. Mays D.T., and Franks C.M. Negative outcome in psychotherapy and what to do about it (1985), Springer, New York
102. McWilliams N. Psychoanalytic case formulation (1999), Guilford Press, New York
103. Newman M.G., Castonguay L.G., Borkovec T.D., and Molnar C. Integrative psychotherapy. In: Heimberg R., Mennin D., and Turk C. (Eds). Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice (2004), Guilford Press, New York 320-350
104. Norcross J.C. Psychotherapy relationships that work: Therapist contributions and responsiveness to patients (2002), Oxford University Press, New York
105. Paul G.L. Strategy of outcome research in psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting Psychology 31 (1967) 109-118
106. Piper W.E., Azim H.F.A., Joyce A.S., and McCallum M. Transference interpretations, therapeutic alliance, and outcome in short-term individual therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry 48 (1991) 946-953
107. Piper W.E., Ogrodniczuk J.S., Joyce A.S., McCallum M., Rosie J.S., O'Kelly J.G., and Steinberg P.I. Prediction of dropping out in time-limited, interpretive individual psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 36 (1999) 114-122
108. Rachman S. Obstacles to the successful treatment of obsessions. In: Foa E.B., and Emmelkamp P.M.G. (Eds). Failures in behavior therapy (1983), Wiley, New York 35-57
109. Rogers C.R. Client-centered therapy (1951), Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA
110. Rogers C.R. The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting Psychology 21 (1957) 95-103
111. Safran J.D., Crocker P., McMain S., and Murray P. Therapeutic alliance rupture as a therapy event for empirical investigation. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 27 (1990) 154-165
112. Safran J.D., and Muran J.C. The resolution of ruptures in the therapeutic alliance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 64 (1996) 447-458
113. Schut A.J., Castonguay L.G., Flanagan K.M., Yamasaki A.S., Barber J.P., Bedics J.D., and Smith T.L. Therapist interpretation, patient-therapist interpersonal process, and outcome in psychodynamic psychotherapy for avoidant personality disorder. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 42 (2005) 494-511
114. Stern A. Psychoanalytic investigation of and therapy in the border line group of neuroses. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 7 (1938) 467-489
115. Strupp H.H. Psychotherapy: Clinical, research, and theoretical issues (1973), Jason Aronson, New York
116. Strupp H.H., and Hadley S.W. Negative effects and their determinants. In: Mays D.T., and Franks C.M. (Eds). Negative outcome in psychotherapy and what to do about it (1985), Springer, New York 20-55
117. Strupp H.H., Hadley S.W., and Gomez-Schwartz B. Psychotherapy for better or worse: The problem of negative effects (1977), Jason Aronson, New York
118. Sullivan H.S. The interpersonal theory of psychiatry (1953), Norton, New York
119. Wampold B.E. The great psychotherapy debate: Models, methods, and findings (2001), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ
120. Wampold B.E. The psychotherapist. In: Norcross J.C., Beutler L.E., and Levant R.F. (Eds). Evidence-based practices in mental health: Debate and dialogues on fundamental questions (2006), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 200-208
121. Wile D.B. Kohut, Kernberg, and accusatory interpretations. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 21 (1984) 353-364
122. Williams E.N. A psychotherapy researcher's perspective on therapist self-awareness and self-focused attention after a decade of research. Psychotherapy Research 18 (2008) 139-146
123. Winnicott D.W. Hate in the countertransference. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 30 (1949) 69-75
124. Wolberg L.R. The technique of psychotherapy. 2nd ed. (1967), Grune & Stratton, New York