Combined therapy in the treatment of dyslipidemia

Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 19-28

  Reiner, Željko ^a  

^a KBC Zagreb   (Croatia)

Author keywords

Bile acid sequestrants; Combination therapy; Dyslipidemia; Fibrates; Niacin; Statins

Indexed keywords

ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; ATORVASTATIN; BEZAFIBRATE; BILE ACID SEQUESTRANT; COLESEVELAM; COLESTIPOL; COLESTYRAMINE; CYCLOSPORIN; EZETIMIBE; FENOFIBRATE; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; FLUINDOSTATIN; GEMFIBROZIL; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; MEVINOLIN; NICOTINIC ACID; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; PHYTOSTEROL; PRAVASTATIN; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; ROSUVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ADD ON THERAPY; AORTA STENOSIS; AORTA VALVE REPLACEMENT; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CONSTIPATION; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIARRHEA; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSLIPIDEMIA; FLATULENCE; FLUSHING; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; LIVER FUNCTION TEST; LIVER TOXICITY; LOW DRUG DOSE; MORTALITY; MYOPATHY; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PATIENT MONITORING; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RHABDOMYOLYSIS; SIDE EFFECT; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANIMALS; ANTILIPEMIC AGENTS; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; DYSLIPIDEMIAS; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

EID: 74049091227     PISSN: 07673981     EISSN: 14728206     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00764.x     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Merkler M., Reiner Z. The burden of hyperlipidaemia and diabetes in cardiovascular diseases. Fundament. Clin. Pharmacol. (2007) 21 1 3.
2. Graham I., Atar D., Borch-Johnsen K. et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil 2007) 14 S1 S113.
3. Bergman Marković B., Kranjčević K., Reiner Z., Milaković Blažeković S., StojanovićŠpehar S. Drug therapy of cardiovascular risk factors: Guidelines versus reality in primary health care service. Croat. Med. J. (2005) 46 944 989.
4. Reiner Z., Mihatov Š., Miličić D., Bergovec M., Planinc D., on behalf of the TASPIC-CRO Study Group Investigators. Treatment and secondary prevention of ischemic coronary events in Croatia (TASPIC-CRO study). Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prevent. Rehabil. (2006) 13 646 654.
5. Reiner Z., Amouyel P., De Backer G. et al. Treatment of dyslipidaemia in coronary patients in Europe: improving but still inadequate. Eur. Heart J. (2008) 29 (Abstract Suppl.) 761 762.
6. Andrade S.E., Walker A.M., Gottlieb L.K. et al. Discontinuation of antihyperlipidemic drugs - do rates reported in clinical trials reflect rates in primary care settings? N. Engl. J. Med. (1995) 332 1125 1131.
7. Pan H.Y., de Vault A.R., Swites B.J. et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pravastatin alone and with cholestyramine in hypercholesterolemia. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (1990) 48 201 207.
8. Smith H.T., Jokubaitis L.A., Troendle A.J., Hwang D.S., Robinson W.T. Pharmacokinetics of fluvastatin and specific drug interactions. Am. J. Hypertens. (1993) 6 375S 382S.
9. The Post Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Trial Investigators. The effect of aggressive lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and low-dose anticoagulation on obstructive changes in saphenous-vein coronary-artery bypassgrafts. N. Engl. J. Med. (1997) 336 153 162.
10. Domanski M., Tian X., Fleg J. et al. Pleiotropic effect of lovastatin, with and without cholestyramine, in the post coronary artery bypass graft (Post CABG) trial. Am. J. Cardiol. (2008) 102 1023 1027.
11. Brown B.G., Bardsley J., Poulin D. et al. Moderate dose, three-drug therapy with niacin, lovastatin, and colestipol to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <100 mg/dl in patients with hyperlipidemia and coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol. (1997) 80 111 115.
12. Ballantyne C.M., Miller E., Chitra R. Efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin alone and in combination with cholestyramine in patients with severe hypercholesterolemia: a randomized, open-label, multicenter trial. Clin. Ther. (2004) 26 1855 1864.
13. Lal S.M., Katyal A. Effects of nicotinic acid and lovastatin in combination with cholestyramine in renal transplant patients. Mo. Med. (2002) 99 580 584.
14. Whitney E.J., Krasuski R.A., Personius B.E. et al. A randomized trial of a strategy for increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels: effects on progression of coronary heart disease and clinical events. Ann. Intern. Med. (2005) 142 95 104.
15. Donovan J.M., Stypinski D., Stiles M.R. et al. Drug interactions with colesevelam hydrochloride, a novel, potent lipid-lowering agent. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. (2000) 14 681 690.
16. Knapp H.H., Schrott H., Ma P. et al. Efficacy and safety of combination simvastatin and colesevelam in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Am. J. Med. (2001) 110 352 360. (Pubitemid 32248724)
17. Hunninghake D., Insull W. Jr., Toth P. et al. Coadministration of colesevelam hydrochloride with atorvastatin lowers LDL cholesterol additively. Atherosclerosis (2001) 158 407 416.
18. Bays H.E., Davidson M., Jones M.R., Abby S.L. Effects of colesevelam hydrochloride on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-sensivity C-reactive protein when added to statins in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Am. J. Cardiol. (2006) 97 1198 1205.
19. Florentin M., Liberopoulos E.N., Mikhailidis D.P., Elisaf M.S. Colesevelam hydrochloride in clinical practice: a new approach in treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. (2008) 24 995 1009.
20. Zieve F.J., Kalin M.F., Schwartz S.L., Jones M.R., Bailey W.L. Results of the glucose-lowering effect of WelChol Study (GLOWS): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study evaluating the effect of colesevelam hydrochloride on glycemic control in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Clin. Ther. (2007) 29 74 83.
21. Gagne C., Gaudet D., Bruckert E. Ezetimibe Study Group. Efficacy and safety of ezetimibe coadministered with atorvastatin or simvastatin in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Circulation (2002) 105 2469 2475.
22. Ballantyne C.M., Houri J., Notarbartolo A. et al. Effect of ezetimibe coadministered with atorvastatin in 628 patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Circulation (2003) 107 2409 2415.
23. Melani L., Mills R., Hassman D. et al. Efficacy and safety of ezetimibe coadministered with pravastatin in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial. Eur. Heart J. (2003) 24 717 728. (Pubitemid 36458984)
24. Ballantyne C.M., Weiss R., Moccetti T. et al. Efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin 40mg alone or in combination with ezetimibe in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease (results from the EXPLORER study). Am. J. Cardiol. (2007) 99 673 680.
25. Bays H., Sapre A., Taggart W., Liu J., Capece R., Tershakovec A. Long-term (48-week) safety of ezetimibe 10 mg/day coadministered with simvastatin compared to simvastatin alone in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. (2008) 24 2953 2966.
26. Van der Graaf A., Cuffie-Jackson C., Vissers M.N. et al. Efficacy and safety of coadministration of ezetimibe and simvastatin in adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2008) 52 1421 1429.
27. Zema M.J. Colesevelam HCI and ezetimibe combination therapy provides effective lipid-lowering in difficult-to-treat patients with hypercholesterolemia. Am. J. Ther. (2005) 12 306 310.
28. Pearson T.A., Denke M.A., McBride P.E., Battisti W.P., Brady W.E., Palmisano J.A. Community-based, randomized trial of ezetimibe added to statin therapy to attain NCEP ATP III goals for LDL cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic patients: the ezetimibe add-on to statin for effectiveness (EASE) trial. Mayo Clin. Proc. (2005) 80 587 595.
29. Hussein O., Minasian L., Itzkovich Y., Shestatski K., Solomon L., Zidan J. Ezetimibe's effect on platelet aggregation and LDL tendency to peroxidation in hypercholesterolaemia as monotherapy or in addition to simvastatin. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2008) 65 637 645.
30. Pearson T.A., Ballantyne C.M., Veltri E. et al. Pooled analyses of effects on C-reactive protein and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in placebo-controlled trials of ezetimibe monotherapy or ezetimibe added to baseline statin therapy. Am. J. Cardiol. (2009) 103 369 374.
31. Tuteja S., Pyrsopoulos N.T., Wolowich W.R. et al. Simvastatin-ezetimibe- induced hepatic failure necessitating liver transplantation. Pharmacotherapy (2008) 28 1188 1193.
32. Castellote J., Ariza J., Rota R., Girbau A., Xiol X. Serious drug-induced liver disease secondary to ezetimibe. World J. Gastroenterol. (2008) 14 5098 5099.
33. Stein E.A., Ballantyne C.M., Windler E. et al. Efficacy and tolerability of fluvastatin XL 80 mg alone, ezetimibe alone, and the combination of fluvastatin XL 80 mg with ezetimibe in patients with a history of muscle-related side effects with other statins. Am. J. Cardiol. (2008) 101 490 496.
34. Xydakis A.M., Guyton J.R., Chiou P. et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of ezetimibe add-on therapy to a bile acid resinbased regimen for hypercholesterolemia. Am. J. Cardiol. (2004) 94 795 797.
35. Jelesoff N.E., Ballantyne C.M., Xydakis A.M., Chiou P., Jones P.H., Guyton J.R. Effectiveness and tolerability of adding ezetimibe to niacin-based regimens for treatment of primary hyperlipidemia. Endocr. Pract. (2006) 12 159 164.
36. Rossebø A.B., Pedersen T.R., Boman K. et al. SEAS Investigators. Intensive lipid lowering with simvastatin and ezetimibe in aortic stenosis. N. Engl. J. Med. (2008) 359 1343 1356.
37. Kastelein J.J., Akdim F., Stroes E.S. et al. ENHANCE Investigators. Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia. N. Engl. J. Med. (2008) 358 1431 1443.
38. Fleg J.L., Mete M., Howard B.V. et al. Effect of statins alone versus statins plus ezetimibe on carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes: the SANDS (Stop Atherosclerosis in Native Diabetics Study) trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2008) 52 2198 2205.
39. Shepherd J., Packard C.J., Patsch J.R., Gotto A.M. Jr., Taunton O.D. Effect of nicotinic acid therapy on plasma high density lipoprotein subfraction distribution and composition and on apolipoprotein A metabolism. J. Clin. Invest. (1979) 63 858 867.
40. Wang W., Basinger A., Neese R.A. et al. Effect of nicotinic acid administration on hepatic very low density lipoprotein-triglyceride production. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. (2001) 280 E540 E547.
41. Lamon-Fava S., Diffenderfer M.R., Barrett P.H. et al. Extended-release niacin alters the metabolism of plasma apolipoprotein (Apo) A-I and ApoB-containing lipoproteins. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (2008) 28 1672 1678.
42. McKenney J.M., Jones P.H., Bays H.E. et al. Comparative effects on lipid levels of combination therapy with a statin and extended-release niacin or ezetimibe versus a statin alone (the COMPELL study). Atherosclerosis (2007) 192 432 437.
43. Bays H.E., McGovern M.E. Once-daily niacin extended release/lovastatin combination tablet has more favorable effects on lipoprotein particle size and subclass distribution than atorvastatin and simvastatin. Prev. Cardiol. (2003) 6 179 188.
44. Capuzzi D.M., Morgan J.M., Carey C.M. et al. Rosuvastatin alone or with extended-release niacin: a new therapeutic option for patients with combined hyperlipidemia. Prev. Cardiol. (2004) 7 176 181.
45. Birjmohun R.S., Kastelein J.J., Poldermans D., Stroes E.S., Hostalek U., Assmann G. Safety and tolerability of prolonged-release nicotinic acid in statin-treated patients. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. (2007) 23 1707 1713.
46. Guyton J.R., Brown B.G., Fazio S., Polis A., Tomassini J.E., Tershakovec A.M. Lipid-altering efficacy and safety of ezetimibe/simvastatin coadministered with extended-release niacin in patients with type IIa or type IIb hyperlipidemia. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2008) 51 1564 1572.
47. Karas R.H., Kashyap M.L., Knopp R.H., Keller L.H., Bajorunas D.R., Davidson M.H. Long-term safety and efficacy of a combination of niacin extended release and simvastatin in patients with dyslipidemia: the OCEANS study. Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs (2008) 8 69 81.
48. Ballantyne C.M., Davidson M.H., McKenney J., Keller L.H., Bajorunas D.R., Karas R.H. Comparison of the safety and efficacy of a combination tablet of niacin extended release and simvastatin vs simvastatin monotherapy in patients with increased non-HDL cholesterol (from the SEACOAST I study). Am. J. Cardiol. (2008) 101 1428 1436.
49. Rubenfire M., Impact of Medical Subspecialty on Patient Compliance to Treatment Study Group. Safety and compliance with once-daily niacin extended-release/lovastatin as initial therapy in the Impact of Medical Subspecialty on Patient Compliance to Treatment (IMPACT) study. Am. J. Cardiol. (2004) 94 306 311.
50. Alsheikh-Ali A.A., Karas R.H. Safety of lovastatin/extended release niacin compared with lovastatin alone, atorvastatin alone, pravastatin alone, and simvastatin alone (from the United States Food and Drug Administration adverse event reporting system). Am. J. Cardiol. (2007) 99 379 381.
51. Vogt A., Kassner U., Hostalek U., Steinhagen-Thiessen E., on bahalf of the NAUTILUS study group. Safety and torelability of prolonged-release nicotinic acid combined with a statin in NAUTILUS. Br. J. Cardiol. (2006) 13 273 277. (Pubitemid 44390265)
52. Brown G., Albers J.J., Fisher L.D. et al. Regression of coronary artery disease as a result of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in men with high levels of apolipoprotein B. N. Engl. J. Med. (1990) 323 1289 1298.
53. Blankenhorn D.H., Nessim S.A., Johnson R.L. et al. Beneficial effects of combined colestipol-niacin therapy on coronary atherosclerosis and coronary venous bypass grafts. JAMA (1987) 257 3233 3240.
54. Cashin-Hemphill L., Mack W.J., Pogoda J.M. et al. Beneficial effects of colestipol-niacin on coronary atherosclerosis. A 4-year follow-up. JAMA (1990) 264 3013 3017.
55. Brown B.G., Zhao X.Q., Chait A. et al. Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. (2001) 345 1583 1592.
56. Taylor A.J., Sullenberger L.E., Lee H.J., Lee J.K., Grace K.A. Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing cholesterol (ARBITER) 2. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of extended-release niacin on atherosclerosis progression in secondary prevention patients treated with statins. Circulation (2004) 110 3512 3517.
57. Taylor A.J., Lee H.J., Sullenberger L.E. The effect of 24-months of combination statin and extended-release niacin on carotid intima-media thickness. ARBITER 3. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. (2006) 22 2243 2250.
58. Reiner Z., Tedeschi-Reiner E. The effects of plant sterols on hypercholesterolemia. Lijec. Vjesn. (2007) 129 276 281.
59. Abumweis S.S., Barake R., Jones P.J. Plant sterols/stanols as cholesterol lowering agents: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food. Nutr. Res 2008) 52 doi:10.3402/fnr.v52i0.1811.
60. Baker W.L., Baker E.L., Coleman C.I. The effect of plant sterols or stanols on lipid parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. (2009) 84 e33 e37.
61. Gylling H., Hallikainen M., Raitakari O.T. et al. Long-term consumption of plant stanol and sterol esters, vascular function and genetic regulation. Br. J. Nutr. (2008) 19 1 8.
62. Yeganeh B., Moshtaghi-Kashanian G.R., Declercq V., Moghadasian M.H. Combination of dietary phytosterols plus niacin or fenofibrate: effects on lipid profile and atherosclerosis in apo E-KO mice. J. Nutr. Biochem. (2005) 16 222 228.
63. Blair S.N., Capuzzi D.M., Gottlieb S.O., Nguyen T., Morgan J.M., Cater N.B. Incremental reduction of serum total cholestrol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with the addition of plant sterol ester-containing spread to statin therapy. Am. J. Cardiol. (2000) 86 46 52.
64. Goldberg A.C., Ostlund R.E. Jr., Bateman J.H., Schimmoeller L., McPherson T.B., Spilburg C.A. Effect of plant stanol tablets on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering in patients on statin drugs. Am. J. Cardiol. (2006) 97 376 379.
65. Castro Cabezas M., de Vries J.H., van Oostrom A.J., Iestra J., van Staveren W.A. Effects of a stanol-enriched diet in patients treated with statins. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. (2006) 106 1564 1569.
66. de Jong A., Plat J., Lütjohann D., Mensink R.P. Effects of long-term plant sterol or stanol ester consumption on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in subjects on statin treatment. Br. J. Nutr. (2008) 100 937 941.
67. Ketomäki A., Gylling H., Miettinen T.A. Non-cholesterol sterols in serum, lipoproteins, and red cells in statin-treated FH subjects off and on plant stanol and sterol ester spreads. Clin. Chim. Acta (2005) 353 75 86.
68. Assmann G., Kannenberg F., Ramey D.R., Musliner T.A., Gutkin S.W., Veltri E.P. Effects of ezetimibe, simvastatin, atorvastatin, and ezetimibe-statin therapies on non-cholesterol sterols in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. (2008) 24 249 259.
69. Fruchart J.C., Sacks F., Hermans M.P. et al. The Residual Risk Reduction Initiative: a call to action to reduce residual vascular risk in dyslipidemic patients. Diab. Vasc. Dis. Res. (2008) 5 319 355.
70. Barter P.J., Gotto A.M., LaRosa J.C. et al. For the Treating to New Targets Investigators. HDL cholesterol, very low levels of LDL cholesterol, and cardiovascular events. N. Engl. J. Med. (2007) 357 1301 1310.
71. Miller M., Cannon C.P., Murphy S.A. et al. Impact of triglyceride levels beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol after acute coronary syndrome in the PROVE-IT TIMI 22 trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2008) 51 724 730.
72. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaborators, Kearney P.M., Blackwell P.M., Collins R. et al. Efficacy of cholesterol-lowering therapy in 18,686 people with diabetes in 14 randomised trials of statins: a meta-analysis. Lancet (2008) 371 117 125.
73. Ritchie S.A., Connell J.M. The link between abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. (2007) 17 319 326.
74. van der Steeg W.A., Holme I., Boekholdt S.M. et al. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein particle size, and apolipoprotein AI: significance for cardiovascular risk: the IDEAL and EPIC-Norfolk sudies. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2008) 45 127 153.
75. Gavish D., Leibovitz E., Shapira I., Rubinstein A. Bezafibrate and simvastatin combination therapy for diabetic dyslipidaemia: efficacy and safety. J. Intern. Med. (2000) 247 563 569.
76. Pauciullo P., Borgnino C., Paoletti R. et al. Efficacy and safety of a combination of fluvastatin and bezafibrate in patients with mixed hyperlipidemia (FACT study). Atherosclerosis (2000) 150 429 436.
77. Athyros V.G., Papageorgiou A., Athyrou W. et al. Atorvastatin and micronized fenofibrate alone and in combination in type 2 diabetes with combined hyperlipidemia. Diabetes Care (2002) 25 1198 1202.
78. Derosa G., Cicero A.E., Bertone G. et al. Comparison of fluvastatin + fenofibrate combination therapy and fluvastatin monotherapy in the treatment of combined hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and coronary heart disease: a 12-month, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Clin. Ther. (2004) 26 1599 1607.
79. Durrington P.N., Tuomilehto J., Hamann A. et al. Rosuvastatin and fenofibrate alone and in combination in type 2 diabetes patients with combined hyperlipidemia. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. (2004) 64 137 151.
80. Grundy S.M., Vega G.L., Yuan Z. et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of simvastatin plus fenofibrate for combined hyperlipidemia (the SAFARI trial). Am. J. Cardiol. (2005) 95 462 468.
81. Mohiuddin S.M., Pepine C.J., Kelly M.T. et al. Efficacy and safety of ABT-335 (fenofibric acid) in combination with simvastatin in patients with mixed dyslipidemia: a phase 3, randomized, controlled study. Am. Heart J. (2009) 157 195 203.
82. May H.T., Anderson J.L., Pearson R.R. et al. Comparison of effects of simvastatin alone versus fenofibrate alone versus simvastatin plus fenofibrate on lipoprotein subparticle profiles in diabetic patients with mixed dyslipidemia (from the Diabetes and Combined Lipid Therapy Regimen study). Am. J. Cardiol. (2008) 101 486 489.
83. Vega G.L., Vajja M., Palacio N., Cater N.B., Grunday S.M. Combination of fenofibrate plus low-dose nicotinic acid added to statin treatment in type 2 diabetes: an open-label crossover study. Curr. Ther. Res. Clin. Exp. (2006) 67 321 333.
84. Mayer O. Jr., Simon J., Holubec L., Pikner R., Subrt I. Fenofibrate-induced hyperhomocysteinemia may be prevented by folate co-administration. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2003) 59 367 371.
85. Keech A., Simes R.J., Barter P. et al. The FIELD study investigators. Effect of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet (2005) 366 1849 1861.
86. Cortellaro M., Cofrancesco E., Boschetti C. et al. Effects of fluvastatin and bezafibrate combination on plasma fibrinogen, t-plasminogen activator inhibitor and C reactive protein levels in coronary artery disease patients with mixed hyperlipidaemia (FACT study). Fluvastatin Alone and in Combination Treatment. Thromb. Haemost. (2000) 83 549 553.
87. Koh K.K., Quon M.J., Han S.H. et al. Additive beneficial effects of fenofibrate combined with atorvastatin in the treatment of combined hyperlipidemia. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2005) 45 1649 1653.
88. Muhlestein J.B., May H.T., Jensen J.R. et al. The reduction of inflammatory biomarkers by statin, fibrate, and combination therapy among diabetic patients with mixed dyslipidemia: the DIACOR (Diabetes and Combined Lipid Therapy Regimen) study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2006) 48 396 401.
89. Jones P.H., Davidson M.H. Reporting rate of rhabdomyolysis with fenofibrate + statin versus gemfibrozil + any statin. Am. J. Cardiol. (2005) 95 120 122.
90. Fruchart J.C., Sacks F., Hermans M.P. et al. The Residual Risk Reduction Initiative: a call to action to reduce residual vascular risk in patients with dyslipidemia. Am. J. Cardiol. (2008) 102 1K 34K.
91. Jones P.H., Davidson M.H., Kashyap M.L. et al. Efficacy and safety of ABT-335 (fenofibric acid) in combination with rosuvastatin in patients with mixed dyslipidemia. A phase 3 study. Atherosclerosis (2008) 204 208 215.
92. Reiner Ž., Galić M., Hanževački M., Tedeschi-Reiner E. Concomitatnt use of statins and cytochrome P 450 inhibitors. Lijec. Vjesn. (2005) 127 65 68.
93. Feher M.D., Foxton J., Banks D., Lant A.F., Wray R. Long-term safety of statin-fibrate combination treatment in the management of hypercholesterolaemia in patients with coronary artery disease. Br. Heart. J. (1995) 74 14 17.
94. Farnier M., Roth E., Gil-Extremera B et al. Ezetimibe/Simvastatin + Fenofibrate Study Group. Efficacy and safety of the coadministration of ezetimibe/simvastatin with fenofibrate in patients with mixed hyperlipidemia. Am. Heart J. (2007) 153 335.
95. Reiner ž., Tedeschi-Reiner E., Štajminger G. The role of omega-3 fatty acids from fish in prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Lijec. Vjesn. (2007) 129 350 355.
96. Durrington P.N., Bhatnagar D., Mackness M.I. et al. An omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate administered for one year decreased triglycerides in simvastatin treated patients with coronary heart disease and persisting hypertriglyceridaemia. Heart (2001) 85 544 548.
97. Davidson M.H., Stein E.A., Bays H.E. et al. COMBination of prescription Omega-3 with Simvastatin (COMBOS) Investigators. Efficacy and tolerability of adding prescription omega-3 fatty acids 4 g/d to simvastatin 40 mg/d in hypertriglyceridemic patients: an 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin. Ther. (2007) 29 1354 1367.
98. Chan D.C., Watts G.F., Nguyen M.N., Barrett P.H. Factorial study of the effect of n-3 fatty acid supplementation and atorvastatin on the kinetics of HDL apolipoproteins A-I and A-II in men with abdominal obesity. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. (2006) 84 37 43.
99. Nakamura N., Hamazaki T., Ohta M. et al. Joint effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and eicosapentaenoic acids on serum lipid profile and plasma fatty acid concentrations in patients with hyperlipidemia. Int. J. Clin. Lab. Res. (1999) 29 22 25.
100. Maki K.C., McKenney J.M., Reeves M.S., Lubin B.C., Dicklin M.R. Effects of adding prescription omega-3 acid ethyl esters to simvastatin (20 mg/day) on lipids and lipoprotein particles in men and women with mixed dyslipidemia. Am. J. Cardiol. (2008) 102 429 433.
101. Zeman M., Zák A., Vecka M., Tvrzická E., Písaríková A., Stanková B. N-3 fatty acid supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine in diabetic dyslipidemia treated with statin-fibrate combination. J. Nutr. Biochem. (2006) 17 379 384.
102. Gerber J.G., Kitch D.W., Fichtenbaum C.J. et al. Fish oil and fenofibrate for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia in HIV-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy: results of ACTG A5186. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. (2008) 47 459 466.
103. Micallef M.A., Gard M.L. The lipid-lowering effects of phytosterols and (n-3)polyunsaturated fatty acids are synergistic and complementary in hyperlipidemic men and women. J. Nutr. (2008) 138 1086 1090.
104. GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Lancet (1999) 354 447 455.
105. Yokoyama M., Origasa H., Matsuzaki M. et al. Japan EPA Lipid Intervention Study (JELIS) Investigators Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomized open-label, blinded endpoint analysis. Lancet (2007) 369 1090 1098.
106. Saito Y., Yokoyama M., Origasa H. et al. JELIS Investigators, Japan. Effects of EPA on coronary artery disease in hypercholesterolemic patients with multiple risk factors: sub-analysis of primary prevention cases from the Japan EPA Lipid Intervention Study (JELIS). Atherosclerosis (2008) 200 135 140.