Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and non-asthma lung disease

European Respiratory Review

Volumn 18, Issue 114, 2009, Pages 233-243

  Morehead, R S ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Aspiration; Bronchiolitis; Fundoplication; Gastro oesophageal reflux disease; Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Indexed keywords

BACLOFEN; BETHANECHOL; CISAPRIDE; CORTICOSTEROID; DOMPERIDONE; METHACHOLINE; METOCLOPRAMIDE; OXYGEN; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR;

ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA; ASTHMA; BED; BRONCHIOLITIS; BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS; BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS ORGANIZING PNEUMONIA; CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; COUGHING; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DYSPHAGIA; ESOPHAGUS; FIBROSING ALVEOLITIS; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; GRAFT RECIPIENT; HEAD; HOARSENESS; HUMAN; INTERVENTION STUDY; LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY; LARYNGITIS; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; LUNG BIOPSY; LUNG FIBROSIS; LUNG INFECTION; LUNG TRANSPLANTATION; MEAL; MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM; NONHUMAN; OXYGEN THERAPY; PATHOGENESIS; PULMONARY ASPIRATION; RADIOGRAPHY; RECUMBENCY; REVIEW; SMALL AIRWAY DISEASE; STOMACH FUNDOPLICATION; STOMACH PARESIS; TREATMENT FAILURE; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HUMANS; LUNG DISEASES;

EID: 73449103595     PISSN: 09059180     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1183/09059180.00002509     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. Napierkowski J, Wong RKH. Extraesophageal manifestations of GERD. Am J Med Sci 2003; 326: 285-299.
2. Vakil N, van Zanten SV, Kahrilas P, et al. The Montreal definition and classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 1900-1920.
3. Locke GR, Talley NJ, Fett SL, et al. Prevalence and clinical spectrum of gastroesophageal reflux: a population-based study in Olmstead County, Minnesota. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: 1448-1456.
4. Shaheen N, Provenzale D. The epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Med Sci 2003; 326: 264-273.
5. Sabate JM, Jouet P, Merrouche M, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux in patients with morbid obesity: a role of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome? Obes Surg 2008; 18: 1479-1484.
6. Greenwald DA. Aging, the gastrointestinal tract, and risk of acid-related disease. Am J Med 2004; 117: Suppl. 5A, 8S-13S.
7. Raghu G, Weycker D, Edelsberg J, et al. Incidence and prevalence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174: 810-816.
8. Nordenstedt H, Nilsson M, Johansson S, et al. The relation between gastroesophageal reflux and respiratory symptoms in a population-based study. Chest 2006; 129: 1051-1056.
9. Theodoropoulos DS, Ledford DK, Lockey RF, et al. Prevalence of upper respiratory symptoms in patients with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 72-76.
10. Songur N, Songur Y, Cerci SS, et al. Gastroesophageal scintigraphy in the evaluation of adult patients with chronic cough due to gastroesophageal reflux disease. Nucl Med Commun 2008; 29: 1066-1072.
11. 99mTc-sulfur colloid gastroesophageal scintigraphy with late lung imaging to evaluate patients with posterior laryngitis. J Nucl Med 2000; 41: 1597-1602.
12. Raghu G, Freudenberger TD, Yang S, et al. High prevalence of abnormal acid gastro-esophageal reflux in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2006; 27: 136-142.
13. Blondeau K, Mertens V, Vanaudenaerde BA, et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux and gastric aspiration in lung transplant patients with or without chronic rejection. Eur Respir J 2008; 31: 707-713.
14. Young LR, Hadjiliadis D, Davis D, et al. Lung transplant exacerbates gastroesophageal reflux disease. Chest 2003; 124: 1689-1693.
15. Cantu E, Appel JZ, Hartwig MG, et al. Early fundoplication prevents allograft dysfunction in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 78: 1142-1151.
16. Raiha I, Manner R, Hietanen E, et al. Radiographic pulmonary changes of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in elderly patients. Age Ageing 1992; 21: 250-255.
17. Spechler SJ, Gordon DW, Cohen J, et al. The effects of antireflux therapy on pulmonary function in patients with severe Gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1995; 90: 915-918.
18. Schachter LM, Dixon J, Pierce RJ, et al. Severe gastroesophageal reflux is associated with reduced carbon monoxide diffusing capacity. Chest 2003; 123: 1932-1938.
19. Dent J, Dodds WJ, Friedman RH, et al. Mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux in recumbent asymptomatic human subjects. J Clin Invest 1980; 65: 256-267.
20. Schoeman MN, Tippett MD, Akkermans LM, et al. Mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux in ambulant healthy human subjects. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: 83-91.
21. Dent J, Holloway RH, Toouli J, et al. Mechanisms of lower esophageal sphincter incompetence in patients with symptomatic gastrooesophageal reflux. Gut 1988; 29: 1020-1028.
22. Moote DW, Lloyd DA, McCourtie DR, et al. Increase in gastroesophageal reflux during methacholine-induced bronchospasm. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1986; 78: 619-623.
23. Zerbib F, Guisset O, Lamouliatte H, et al. Effects of bronchial obstruction on lower esophageal sphincter motility and gastroesophageal reflux in patients with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 1206-1211.
24. Tuchman DN, Boyle JT, Pack AI, et al. Comparison of airway responses following tracheal or esophageal acidification in the cat. Gastroenterology 1984; 87: 872-881.
25. Stein MR. Possible mechanisms of influence of esophageal acid on airway hyperresponsiveness. Am J Med 2003; 115: Suppl. 3A, 55S-59S.
26. Field SK, Evans JA, Price LM. The effects of acid perfusion of the esophagus on ventilation and respiratory sensation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 1058-1062.
27. Gleeson K, Eggli DF, Maxwell LM. Quantitative aspiration during sleep in normal subjects. Chest 1997; 111: 1266-1272.
28. Huxley EJ, Viroslav J, Gray WR, et al. Pharyngeal aspiration in normal adults and patients with depressed consciousness. Am J Med 1978; 64: 564-568.
29. Marik PE. Aspiration pneumonitis and aspiration pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 665-671.
30. Kennedy TP, Johnson KJ, Kunkel RG, et al. Acute acid aspiration lung injury in the rat: biphasic pathogenesis. Anesth Analg 1989; 69: 87-92.
31. Knight PR, Rutter T, Tait AR, et al. Pathogenesis of gastric particulate lung injury: a comparison and interaction with acidic pneumonitis. Anesth Analg 1993; 77: 754-760.
32. Folkesson HG, Matthay MA, Hebert CA, et al. Acid aspiration-induced lung injury in rabbits is mediated by interleukin-8-dependent mechanisms. J Clin Invest 1995; 96: 107-116.
33. Knight PR, Druskovich G, Tait AR, et al. The role of neutrophils, oxidants, and proteases in the pathogenesis of acid pulmonary injury. Anesthesiology 1992; 77: 772-778.
34. Weiser MR, Pechet TT, Williams JP, et al. Experimental murine acid aspiration injury is mediated by neutrophils and the alternative complement pathway. J Appl Physiol 1997; 83: 1090-1095.
35. Hutson AD, Davidson BA, Raghavendran K, et al. Statistical prediction of the type of gastric aspiration lung injury based on early cytokine/chemokine profiles. Anesthesiology 2006; 104: 73-79.
36. Knight PR, Davidson BA, Nader ND, et al. Progressive, severe lung injury secondary to the interaction of insults in gastric aspiration. Exper Lung Res 2004; 30: 535-557.
37. Moran TJ. Experimental aspiration pneumonia. IV. Inflammatory and reparative changes produced by intratracheal injections of autologous gastric juice and hydrochloric acid. Arch Pathol 1955; 60: 122-129.
38. Knoblich R. Pulmonary granulomatosis caused by vegetable particles. So-called lentil pulse pneumonia. Am Rev Respir Dis 1969; 99: 380-389.
39. Perng D, Chang K, Su K, et al. Exposure of airway epithelium to bile acids associated with gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. Chest 2007; 132: 1548-1556.
40. Krein PM, Winston BW. Roles for insulin-like growth factor I and transforming growth factor-b in fibrotic lung disease. Chest 2002; 122: Suppl. 6, 289S-293S.
41. Head MA. Foreign body reaction to inhalation of lentil soup: giant cell pneumonia. J Clin Path 1956; 9: 295-299.
42. Crome L, Valentine JC. Pulmonary nodular granulomatosis caused by inhaled vegetable particles. J Clin Path 1962; 15: 21-25.
43. Vidyarthi SC. Diffuse miliary granulomatosis of the lungs due to aspirated vegetable cells. Arch Pathol 1967; 83: 215-218.
44. Emery JL. Two cases of lentil pneumonitis. Proc R Soc Med 1960; 53: 952-953.
45. Gill DG, Ritchie GJ. Lentil pulmonary granulomatosis. Med J Aust 1974; 1: 836-838.
46. Matsuse T, Oka T, Kida K, et al. Importance of diffuse aspiration bronchiolitis caused by occult aspiration in the elderly. Chest 1996; 110: 1289-1293.
47. Barnes TW, Vassello R, Tazelaar HD, et al. Diffuse bronchiolar disease due to chronic occult aspiration. Mayo Clin Proc 2006; 81: 172-176.
48. Mukhopadhyay S, Katzenstein AA. Pulmonary disease due to aspiration of food and particulate matter: a clinicopathologic study of 59 cases diagnosed on biopsy or resection specimens. Am J Surg Path 2007; 31: 752-759.
49. Friedlander AL, Fessler MB. A 70-year-old man with migratory pulmonary infiltrates. Chest 2006; 130: 1269-1274.
50. Marom EM, McAdams HP, Thomas A, et al. Lentil aspiration pneumonia: radiographic and CT findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1998; 22: 598-600.
51. Sakamoto O, Saita N, Yamasuki H, et al. Pulmonary granulomatosis caused by aspirated green tea. Chest 1994; 106: 308-309.
52. Fleming CM, Shepard JO, Mark EJ. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 15-2003. A 47-year-old man with waxing and waning pulmonary nodules five years after treatment for testicular seminoma. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 2019-2027.
53. Epler GR. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 158-164.
54. Lazor R, Vandevenne A, Pelletier A, et al. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. Characteristics of relapses in a series of 48 patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 571-577.
55. Drakopanagiotakis F, Polychronopoulos V, Judson MA. Organizing pneumonia. Am J Med Sci 2008; 335: 34-39.
56. Sadoun D, Valeyre D, Cargill J, et al. Apparently cryptogenic bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia. Demonstration of a gastro-oesophageal reflux in 5 cases. Presse Med 1988; 17: 2383-2385.
57. Miyagawa-Hayashino A, Wain JC, Mark EJ. Lung transplant biopsy specimens with bronchiolitis obliterans and bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia due to aspiration. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2005; 129: 223-226.
58. Marumo K, Homma S, Fukuchi Y. Postgastrectomy aspiration pneumonia. Chest 1995; 107: 453-456.
59. Lazenby JP, Guzzo MR, Harding SM, et al. Oral corticosteroids increase esophageal acid contact times in patients with stable asthma. Chest 2002; 121: 625-634.
60. Leslie KO. Pulmonary pathology for the clinician. Clin Chest Med 2006; 27: Suppl. 1, S1-S10.
61. American Thoracic Society. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: diagnosis and treatment. International consensus statement. American Thoracic Society (ATS), and the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 646-664.
62. Pearson JE, Wilson RS. Diffuse pulmonary fibrosis and hiatus hernia. Thorax 1971; 26: 300-305.
63. Ebert EC. Esophageal disease in scleroderma. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006; 40: 769-775.
64. Salvioli B, Belmonte G, Strangellini V, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux and interstitial lung disease. Dig Liver Dis 2006; 38: 879-884.
65. Tobin RW, Pope CE, Pellegrini CA, et al. Increased prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1998; 158: 1804-1808.
66. Johnson DA, Drane WE, Curran J, et al. Pulmonary disease in progressive systemic sclerosis. A complication of gastroesophageal reflux and occult aspiration? Arch Intern Med 1989; 149: 589-593.
67. Denis P, Ducrotte P, Pasquis P, et al. Esophageal motility and pulmonary function in progressive systemic sclerosis. Respiration 1981; 42: 21-24.
68. Lock G, Pfeifer M, Straub RH, et al. Association of esophageal dysfunction and pulmonary function in systemic sclerosis. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93: 341-345.
69. Kinuya K, Nakajima K, Kinuya S, et al. Esophageal hypomotility in systemic sclerosis: close relationship with pulmonary involvement. Ann Nucl Med 2001; 15: 97-101.
70. Marie I, Dominique S, Levesque H, et al. Esophageal involvement and pulmonary manifestations in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 45: 346-354.
71. Savarino E, Bazzica M, Zentilin P, et al. Gastro-esophageal reflux and pulmonary fibrosis in scleroderma: a study using pH-impedance monitoring. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 179: 408-413.
72. Troshinski MB, Kane GC, Varga J, et al. Pulmonary function and gastroesophageal reflux in systemic sclerosis. Ann Intern Med 1994; 121: 6-10.
73. Mays EE, Dubois JJ, Hamilton JB. Pulmonary fibrosis associated with tracheobronchial aspiration. Chest 1976; 69: 512-515.
74. Sweet MP, Patti MG, Leard LE, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis referred for lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007; 133: 1078-1084.
75. Patti MG, Tedesco P, Golden J, et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: how often is it really idiopathic? J Gastrointest Surg 2005; 9: 1053-1056.
76. Hyzy H, Huang S, Myers J, et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 2007; 132: 1652-1658.
77. Park I-N, Kim DS, Shim TS, et al. Acute exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia other than idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 2007; 132: 214-220.
78. Savici D, Katzenstein AA. Diffuse alveolar damage and recurrent respiratory failure: report of six cases. Hum Pathol 2001; 32: 1398-1402.
79. Raghu G, Yang ST, Spada C, et al. Sole treatment of acid gastroesophageal reflux in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 2006; 129: 794-800.
80. D'Ovidio F, Keshavjee S. Gastroesophageal reflux and lung transplantation. Dis Esophagus 2006; 19: 315-320.
81. Berkowitz N, Schulman LL, McGregor C, et al. Gastroparesis after lung transplantation. Potential role in postoperative respiratory complications. Chest 1995; 108: 1602-1607.
82. Atkins BZ, Trachtenberg MS, Prince-Petersen R, et al. Assessing oropharyngeal dysphagia after lung transplantation: altered swallowing mechanisms and increased morbidity. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007; 26: 1144-1148.
83. Higenbottam T, Jackson M, Woolman P, et al. The cough response to ultrasonically nebulized distilled water in heart-lung transplant patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140: 58-61.
84. D'Ovidio F, Mura M, Tsang M, et al. Bile acid aspiration and the development of bronchiolitis obliterans after lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005; 129: 1144-1152.
85. Davis RD, Lau CL, Eubanks S, et al. Improved lung allograft function after fundoplication in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease undergoing lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 125: 533-542.
86. Reich JM, Johnson RE. Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease presenting as an isolated lingular or middle lobe pattern. The Lady Windermere syndrome. Chest 1992; 101: 1605-1609.
87. Varghese G, Shepherd R, Watt P, et al. Fatal infection with Mycobacterium fortuitum associated with oesophageal achalasia. Thorax 1988; 43: 151-152.
88. Hadjiliadis D, Adlakha A, Prakash UB. Rapidly growing mycobacterial lung infection in association with esophageal disorders. Mayo Clin Proc 1999; 74: 45-51.
89. Griffith DE, GirardWM, Wallace RJ. Clinical features of pulmonary disease caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria. An analysis of 154 patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147: 1271-1278.
90. Koh WJ, Lee JH, Kwon YS, et al. Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease. Chest 2007; 131: 1825-1830.
91. Thomson RM, Armstrong JG, Looke D. Gastroesophageal reflux disease, acid suppression, and Mycobacterium avium complex disease. Chest 2007; 131: 1166-1172.
92. Bodmer T, Miltner E, Bermudez LE. Mycobacterium avium resists exposure to acidic conditions of the stomach. FEMSMicrobiol Lett 2000; 182: 45-49.
93. Suzuki K, Tsuyuguchi K, Matsumoto H, et al. Effect of proton pump inhibitor alone or in combination with clarithromycin on mycobacterial growth in human alveolar macrophages. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000; 182: 69-72.
94. Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 5: 393-403.
95. Bradley B, Branley HM, Egan JJ, et al. Interstitial lung disease guideline: the British Thoracic Society in collaboration with the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand and the Irish Thoracic Society. Thorax 2008; 63: Suppl. 5, v1-v58.
96. Franquet T, Gimenez A, Roson N, et al. Aspiration diseases: findings, pitfalls, and differential diagnosis. Radiographics 2000; 20: 673-685.
97. Richter JE. The many manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease: presentation, evaluation, and treatment. Gastroenterol Clin N Am 2007; 36: 577-599.
98. Dhiman RK, Saraswat VA, Naik SR. Ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring: technique, interpretations, and clinical indications. Dig Dis Sci 2002; 47: 241-250.
99. Sifrim D, Castell D, Dent J, et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux monitoring: review and consensus report on detection and definitions of acid, non-acid, and gas reflux. Gut 2004; 53: 1024-1031.
100. Hicks DM, Ours TM, Abelson TI, et al. The prevalence of hypopharynx findings associated with gastroesophageal reflux in normal volunteers. J Voice 2002; 16: 564-579.
101. Corwin RW, Irwin RS. The lipid-lade alveolar macrophage as a marker of aspiration in parenchymal lung disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132: 576-581.
102. Ding Y, Simpson PM, Schellhase DE, et al. Limited reliability of lipid-laden macrophage index restricts its use as a test for pulmonary aspiration: comparison with a simple semiquantitative assay. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2002; 5: 551-558.
103. Adams R, Ruffin R, Campbell D. The value of the lipid-laden macrophage index in the assessment of aspiration pneumonia. Aust N Z J Med 1997; 27: 550-553.
104. Bauer ML, Lyrene RK. Chronic aspiration in children: evaluation of the lipid-laden macrophage index. Pediatr Pulmonol 1999; 28: 94-100.
105. Koksal D, Ozkan B, Simsek C, et al. Lipid-laden macrophage index in sputum is mot useful in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary symptoms secondary to gastroesophageal reflux. Arch Med Res 2005; 36: 485-489.
106. Ahrens P, Noll C, Kitz R, et al. Lipid-laden alveolar macrophages (LLAM): a useful marker of silent aspiration in children. Pediatr Pulmonol 1999; 28: 83-88.
107. Kazachkov MY, Muhlebach MS, Livasy CA, et al. Lipid-laden macrophage index and inflammation in bronchoalveolar lavage in children. Eur Respir J 2001; 18: 790-795.
108. Rosen R, Fritz J, Nurko A, et al. Lipid-laden macrophage index is not an indicator of gastroesophageal reflux-related respiratory disease in children. Pediatrics 2008; 121: 879-884.
109. DeVault KR, Castell DO. Updated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 190-200.
110. Fisher RS, Malmud LS, Roberts GS, et al. Gastroesophageal (GE) scintiscanning to detect and quantitate GE reflux. Gastroenterology 1976; 70: 301-308.
111. Reich SB, Earley WC, Ravin TH, et al. Evaluation of gastro-pulmonary aspiration by a radioactive technique: concise communication. J Nucl Med 1977; 18: 1079-1081.
112. Chernow B, Johnson LF, Janowitz WR, et al. Pulmonary aspiration as a consequence of gastroesophageal reflux. A diagnostic approach. Dig Dis Sci 1979; 24: 839-844.
113. Balan KK, Vinjamuri S, Maltby P, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux in patients fed by percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG): detection by a simple scintigraphic method. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93: 946-949.
114. Ford CN. Evaluation and management of laryngopharyngeal reflux. JAMA 2005; 294: 1534-1540.
115. D'Ovidio F, Singer LG, Hadjiliadis D, et al. Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in end-stage lung disease candidates for lung transplant. Ann Thorac Surg 2005; 80: 1254-1261.
116. Ward C, Forrest IA, Brownlee IA, et al. Pepsin like activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is suggestive of gastric aspiration in lung allografts. Thorax 2005; 60: 872-874.
117. Starosta V, Kitz R, Hartl D, et al. Bronchoalveolar pepsin, bile acids, oxidation, and inflammation in children with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Chest 2007; 132: 1557-1564.
118. Sacco O, Sivestri M, Sabatini F, et al. IL-8 and airway neutrophilia in children with gastroesophageal reflux and asthma-like symptoms. Resp Med 2006; 100: 307-315.
119. Sackett DL, Rosenberg WM, Gray JA, et al. Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't. BMJ 1996; 312: 71-72.
120. Irwin RS. Chronic cough due to gastroesophageal reflux disease. ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2006; 129: Suppl. 1, 80S-94S.
121. Chang AB, Lasserson TJ, Gaffney J, et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux treatment for prolonged non-specific cough in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; CD004823.
122. Hopkins C, Yousaf U, Pedersen M. Acid reflux treatment for hoarseness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; CD005054.
123. Nealis TB, Howden CW. Is there a dark side to long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy? Am J Ther 2008; 15: 526-542.
124. Sarkar M, Hennessy S, Yang Y-X. Proton-pump inhibitor use and the risk for community-acquired pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 2008; 149: 391-398.
125. Sugumar A, Singh A, Pasricha PJ. A systematic review of the efficacy of domperidone for the treatment of diabetic gastro-paresis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 6: 726-733.
126. Sharma B, Sharma M, Daga MK, et al. Effect of omeprazole and domperidone on adult asthmatics with gastroesophageal reflux. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 1706-1710.
127. Jiang S-P, Liang R-Y, Zeng Z-Y, et al. Effects of antireflux treatment on bronchial hyper-responsiveness and lung function in asthmatic patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9: 1123-1125.
128. Djeddi D, Kongolo G, Lefaix C, et al. Effect of domperidone on QT interval in neonates. J Pediatr 2008; 153: 663-666.
129. Cange L, Johnsson E, Rydholm H, et al. Baclofen-mediated gastro-esophageal acid reflux control in patients with established reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16: 869-873.
130. B agonist baclofen in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Gut 2002; 50: 19-24.
131. Kaltenbach T, Crockett S, Gerson LB. Are lifestyle measures effective in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease? Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 965-971.
132. Sise A, Friedenberg FK. A comprehensive review of gastroesophageal reflux disease and obesity. Obes Rev 2008; 9: 194-203.
133. Mathus-Vliegen EM, Tygat GN. Gastro-oesophageal reflux in obese subjects: influence of overweight, weight loss and chronic gastric balloon distention. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002; 37: 1246-1252.
134. Mathus-Vliegen EM, van Weeren M, van Eerten PV. LOS function and obesity: the impact of untreated obesity, weight loss, and chronic gastric balloon distention. Digestion 2003; 68: 161-168.
135. Konrad-Dalhoff I, Baunack AR, Ramsch KD, et al. Effect of the calcium antagonist nifedipine, nitrendipine, nimodipine and nisoldipine on oesophageal motility in man. Eur J Clin Pharm 1991; 41: 313-316.
136. Aggestrup S, Jensen SL. Effects of pirenzepine and atropine on basal lower esophageal pressure and gastric acid secretion in man: a placebo-controlled randomized study. Dig Dis 1991; 9: 360-364.
137. Rushnak MJ, Leevy CM. Effect of diazepam on the lower esophageal sphincter. A double-blind controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol 1980; 73: 127-130.
138. Stein MR, Towner TG, Weber RW, et al. The effect of theophylline on the lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Ann Allergy 1980; 45: 238-241.
139. Pizza F, Rosetti G, Del Genio G, et al. Influence of esophageal motility on the outcome of laparoscopic total fundoplication. Dis Esophagus 2008; 21: 78-85.
140. Papasavas PK, Keenan RJ, Yeaney WW, et al. Effectiveness of laparoscopic fundoplication in relieving the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and eliminating medical therapy. Surg Endosc 2003; 17: 1200-1205.
141. Frantizides CT, Richards C. A study of 362 consecutive laparoscopic Nissen fundoplications. Surgery 1998; 124: 651-655.
142. Oelschlager BK, Eubanks TR, Oleynikov D, et al. Symptomatic and physiologic outcomes after operative treatment for esophageal reflux. Surg Endosc 2002; 16: 1032-1036.
143. DeMeester TR, Bonavina L, Iascone C, et al. Chronic respiratory symptoms and occult gastroesophageal reflux. A prospective clinical study and results of surgical therapy. Ann Surg 1990; 211: 337-345.
144. Irwin RS, Zawacki JK, Wilson MM, et al. Chronic cough due to gastroesophageal reflux disease. Failure to resolve despite total/near-total elimination of esophageal acid. Chest 2002; 121: 1132-1140.
145. Mainie I, Tutuian R, Agrawal A, et al. Fundoplication eliminates chronic cough due to non-acid reflux identified by impedance pH monitoring. Thorax 2005; 60: 521-523.
146. Novitsky YV, Zawacki JK, Irwin RS, et al. Chronic cough due to gastroesophageal reflux disease: efficacy of antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc 2002; 16: 567-571.
147. Wetscher GJ, Glaser K, Hinder RA, et al. Respiratory symptoms in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease following medical therapy and following antireflux surgery. Am J Surg 1997; 174: 639-643.
148. Fernando HC, El-Sherif A, Landreneau RJ, et al. Efficacy of laparoscopic fundoplication in controlling pulmonary symptoms associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Surgery 2005; 138: 612-617.
149. Linden PA, Gilbert RJ, Yeap BY, et al. Laparoscopic fundoplication in patients with end-stage lung disease awaiting transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006; 131: 438-446.
150. Jones KB Jr. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: an effective procedure in the less than morbidly obese. Obes Surg 1998; 8: 35-38.
151. Ikramuddin S. Surgical management of gastroesophageal reflux disease in obesity. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53: 2318-2329.
152. Friedenberg FK, Xanthopoulos M, Foster GD, et al. The association between gastroesophageal reflux disease and obesity. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 2111-2122.
153. Frezza EE, Ikramuddin S, Gourash W, et al. Symptomatic improvement in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) following laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surg Endosc 2002; 16: 1027-1031.
154. Klapow JC, Wilcox CM, Mallinger AP, et al. Characterization of long-term outcomes after Toupet fundoplication. J Clin Gastroenterol 2002; 34: 509-515.
155. Spechler SJ, Lee E, Ahnen D, et al. Long-term outcome of medical and surgical therapies for gastroesophageal reflux disease: follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001; 285: 2331-2338.