Nepotistic cooperation in non-human primate groups

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 364, Issue 1533, 2009, Pages 3243-3254

  Silk, Joan B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Altruism; Cooperation; Kin recognition; Kin selection; Primate

Indexed keywords

ALTRUISM; COOPERATIVE BREEDING; KIN SELECTION; KINSHIP; MUTUALISM; NEPOTISM; PRIMATE; RECIPROCITY; SOCIAL ORGANIZATION;

ALOUATTA; LEMURIDAE; MACACA; MACACA MULATTA; MARMOSETS; MICROCEBUS MURINUS; PAN; PAN TROGLODYTES; PRIMATES; STREPSIRHINI;

EID: 72649100648     PISSN: 09628436     EISSN: 14712970     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0118     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. Alberts, S. 1999 Paternal kin discrimination in wild baboons. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 266, 1501-1506. (doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0807) (Pubitemid 29366492)
2. Altmann, J. 1979 Age cohorts as paternal sibships. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 6, 161-169. (doi:10.1007/BF00292563)
3. Altmann, J. & Alberts, S. C. 2003 Intraspecific variability in fertility and offspring survival in a nonhuman primate: behavioral control of ecological and social sources. In Offspring: the biodemography of fertility and family behavior (eds K. W. Wachter & R. A. Bulatao), pp. 140-169. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
4. Aureli, F., Schaffner, C. M., Verpooten, J., Slater, K. & Ramos-Fernandez, G. 2006 Raiding parties of male spider monkeys: insights into human warfare? Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 131, 486-497. (doi:10.1002/ajpa.20451) (Pubitemid 44760477)
5. Barrett, L. & Henzi, S. P. 2002 Constraints on relationship formation among female primates. Behaviour 139, 263-289. (doi:10.1163/156853902760102672) (Pubitemid 36380265)
6. Barrett, L. & Henzi, P. 2005 The social nature of primate cognition. Proc. R. Soc. B 272, 1865-1875. (doi:10. 1098/rspb.2005.3200)
7. Berman, C. M. 1980 Early agonistic experience and peer rank acquisition among free-ranging infant rhesus monkeys. Int. J. Primatol. 1, 153-170. (doi:10.1007/BF02735595)
8. Berman, C. M. 2004 Developmental aspects of kin bias in behavior. In Kinship and behavior in primates (eds C. M. Berman & B. Chapais), pp. 317-346. Oxford, UK: University Press.
9. Bernstein, I. S. 1991 The correlation between kinship and behaviour in non-human primates. In Kin recognition (ed. P. G. Hepper), pp. 7-29. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
10. Borries, C. 1992 Grooming site preferences in female langurs (Presbytis entellus). Int. J. Primatol. 13, 19-32. (doi:10.1007/BF02547725)
11. Bradley, B. J., Doran-Sheehy, D. M., Boesch, C. & Vigilant, L. 2004 Dispersed male networks in western gorillas. Curr. Biol. 14, 510-513. (doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.02.062) (Pubitemid 38431287)
12. Buchan, J. C., Alberts, S. C., Silk, J. B. & Altmann, J. 2003 True paternal care in a multi-male primate society. Nature 425, 179-181. (doi:10.1038/nature01866) (Pubitemid 37150895)
13. Chapais, B. 1988a Experimental matrilineal inheritance of rank in female Japanese macaques. Anim. Behav. 36, 1025-1037. (doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(88)80062- 9)
14. Chapais, B. 1988b Rank maintenance in female Japanese macaques: experimental evidence for social dependency. Behaviour 104, 41-59. (doi:10.1163/156853988X00593)
15. Chapais, B. 2001 Primate nepotism: what is the explanatory value of kin selection? Int. J. Primatol. 22, 203-229. (doi:10.1023/A:1005619430744) (Pubitemid 32454016)
16. Chapais, B. 2002 The role of alliances in social inheritance of rank among female primates. In Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animais (eds A. H. Harcourt & F. B. M. de Waal), pp. 29-59. Oxford, UK: Oxford Science Publications.
17. Chapais, B. 2006 Kinship, competence and cooperation in primates. In Cooperation in primates and humans (eds P. M. Kappeler & C. P. van Schaik), pp. 43-60. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
18. Chapais, B. & Bélisle, P. 2004 Constraints on kin selection in primate groups. In Kinship and behavior in primates (eds B. Chapais & C. M. Berman), pp. 365-386. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
19. Chapais, B. & Berman, C. M. 2004 Kinship and behavior in primates. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
20. Chapais, B. & St-Pierre, E. G. 1997 Kinship bonds are not necessary for maintaining matrilineal rank in captive Japanese macaques. Int. J. Primatol. 18, 375-385. (doi:10.1023/A:1026334400201) (Pubitemid 27275252)
21. Chapais, B., Gauthier, C., Proud'homme, J. & Vasey, P. 1997 Relatedness threshold for nepotism in Japanese macaques. Anim. Behav. 53, 1089-1101. (doi:10.1006/anbe.1996.0365)
22. Charpentier, M. J. E., Peignot, P., Hossaert-Mckey, M. & Wickings, E. J. 2007 Kin discrimination in juvenile mandrills, Mandrillus sphinx. Anim. Behav. 73, 37-45. (doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.02.026)
23. Charpentier, M. J. E., van Horn, R. C., Altmann, J. & Alberts, S. C. 2008 Paternal effects on offspring fitness in a multimale primate society. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 1988-1992. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0711219105)
24. Cheney, D. L., Seyfarth, R. M., Fischer, J., Beehner, J., Bergman, T., Johnson, S. E., Kitchen, D. M., Palombit, R. A. & Silk, J. B. 2004 Factors affecting reproduction and mortality among baboons in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Int. J. Primatol. 25, 401-428. (doi:10.1023/B:IJOP.0000019159.75573. 13) (Pubitemid 38498013)
25. Cords, M. 2002 Friendship among adult female blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis). Behaviour 139, 291-314. (doi:10.1163/156853902760102681)
26. Datta, S. B. 1983a Relative power and the acquisition of rank. In Primate social relationships: an integrated approach (ed. R. A. Hinde), pp. 93-103. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
27. Datta, S. B. 1983b Relative power and the maintenance of dominance. In Primate social relationships: an integrated approach (ed. R. A. Hinde), pp. 103-112. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
28. Datta, S. B. 1983c Patterns of agonistic interference. In Primate social relationships: an integrated approach (ed. R. A. Hinde), pp. 289-297. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
29. Deets, A. C. & Harlow, H. F. 1974 Adoption of single and multiple infants by rhesus monkey mothers. Primates 15, 193-203.
30. Delgado, R. & van Schaik, C. P. 2000 The behavioral ecology and conservation of the orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus): a tale of two islands. Evol. Anthropol. 9, 201-218. (doi: 10.1002/1520-6505(2000)9:5<201::AID-EVAN2>3. 0. CO;2-Y) (Pubitemid 33237924)
31. De Waal, F. B. M. 1991 Rank distance as a central feature of rhesus monkey social organization: a sociometric analysis. Anim. Behav. 41, 383-395.
32. Dietz, J. M. 2004 Kinship structure and reproductive skew in cooperatively breeding primates. In Kinship and behavior in primates (eds B. Chapais & C. M. Berman), pp. 223-241. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
33. Dunbar, R. I. M. 1988 Primate social systems. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
34. Dunbar, R. I. M. 1991 Functional significance of social grooming in primates. Folia Primatol. 57, 121-131. (doi:10.1159/000156574)
35. Dunbar, R. I. M. & Sharman, M. 1984 Is social grooming altruistic? Zeit. Tierpsychol. 64, 163-173.
36. Eberle, M. & Kappeler, P. M. 2006 Family insurance: kin selection and cooperative breeding in a solitary primates (Microcebus murinus). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 60, 582-588. (doi:10.1007/s00265-006-0203-3)
37. Erhart, E. M., Coelho Jr, A. M. & Bramblett, C. A. 1997 Kin recognition by paternal half-siblings in captive Papio cynocephalus. Am. J. Primatol. 43, 147-157. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1997)43:2<147::AID- AJP4>3.0.CO; 2-X)
38. Fredrickson, W. T. & Sackett, G. P. 1984 Kin preferences in primates (Macaca nemestrina): relatedness or familiarity? J. Comp. Pyschol. 98, 29-34. (doi:10.1037/0735-7036. 98.1.29)
39. French, J. A. 1997 Proximate regulation of singular breeding in callitrichid primates. In Cooperative breeding in mammals (eds N. G. Solomon & J. A. French), pp. 34-75. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
40. Galdikas, B. M. F. 1988 Orangutan diet, range, and activity at Tanjung Putting, Central Borneo. Int. J. Primatol. 9, 1-35. (doi:10.1007/BF02740195)
41. Gilby, I. C. & Wrangham, R. W. 2008 Association patterns among wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) reflect sex differences in cooperation. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 62, 1831-1842. (doi:10.1007/s00265-008- 0612-6)
42. Goodall, J. 1986 The chimpanzees of Gombe: patterns of behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
43. Haig, D. 1999 What is a marmoset? Am. J. Primatol. 49, 285-296. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(199912)49: 4<285::AID-AJP1>3.0.CO;2-X)
44. Hamilton, W. D. 1964 The genetical evolution of social behavior. I and II. J. Theor. Biol. 7, 1-52. (doi:10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4)
45. Hamilton, W. D. 1987 Discriminating nepotism: expectable, common, overlooked. In Kin recognition in animals (eds D. J. C. Fletcher & C. D. Michener), pp. 417-437. New York, NY: Wiley.
46. Harcourt, A. H. 1987 Dominance and fertility among female primates. J. Zool. Lond. 213, 471-487. (doi:10.1111/J.1469-7998.1987.tb03721.x)
47. Harcourt, A. H. & Stewart, K. J. 2007 Gorilla societies. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
48. Harvey, P. H. & Clutton-Brock, T. H. 1987 Life histories in comparative perspective. In Primate societies (eds B. B. Smuts, D. L. Cheney, R. M. Seyfarth, R. W. Wrangham & T. T. Struhsaker), pp. 181-196. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
49. Henzi, S. P. & Barett, L. 1999 The value of grooming to female primates. Primates 40, 57-59.
50. Holmes, W. G. 2004 The early history of Hamiltonian-based research on kin recognition. Ann. Zool. Fennici 41, 691-711.
51. Holmes, W. G. & Mateo, J. M. 2007 Kin recognition in rodents: issues and evidence. In Rodent societies (eds J. O. Wolff & P. W. Sherman), pp. 216-228. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
52. Holmes, W. G. & Sherman, P. W. 1983 Kin recognition in animals. Sci. Am. 71, 46-55.
53. Horrocks, J. & Hunte, W. 1983 Maternal rank and offspring rank in vervet monkeys: an appraisal of the mechanisms of rank acquisition. Anim. Behav. 31, 772-782. (doi: 10. 1016/S0003-3472(83)80234-6)
54. Isbell, L. A. & Young, T. P. 2002 Ecological models of female social relationships in primates: similarities, disparities, and some directions for future clarity. Behaviour 139, 177-2002. (doi:10.1163/156853902760102645)
55. Jacob, S., McClintock, M. K., Zelano, B. & Ober, C. 2002 Paternally inherited HLA alleles are associated with women's choice of male odor. Nat. Genet. 30, 175-179. (doi:10.1038/ng830) (Pubitemid 34887711)
56. Janus, M. 1989 Reciprocity in play, grooming, and proximity in sibling and non-sibling young rhesus monkeys. Int. J. Primatol. 10, 243-261. (doi:10.1007/BF02735203)
57. Johnson, J. A. 1987 Dominance rank in olive baboons, Papio anubis: the influence of gender, size, maternal rank and orphaning. Anim. Behav. 35, 1694-1708. (doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(87)80062-3)
58. Jolly, A. & Pride, E. 1999 Troop histories and range inertia of Lemur catta at Berenty, Madagascar: a 33-year perspective. Int. J. Primatol. 20, 359-373. (doi: 10.1023/A:1020548620372) (Pubitemid 29345322)
59. Kappeler, P. M., Wimmer, B., Zinner, D. & Tautz, D. 2002 Hidden matrilineal group structure of a solitary lemur: implications for primate social evolution. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 269, 1755-1763. (doi:10.1098/rspb. 2002.2066)
60. Kapsalis, E. 2004 Matrilineal kinship and primate behavior. In Kinship and behavior in primates (eds B. Chapais & C. M. Berman), pp. 153-176. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
61. Kapsalis, E. & Berman, C. M. 1996 Models of affiliative relationships among free-ranging macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatat) I. Criteria for kinship. Behaviour 133, 1209-1234. (Pubitemid 127007919)
62. Kawai, M. 1958 On the system of social ranks in a natural troop of Japanese monkeys. 1. Basic rank and dependent rank. Primates 1, 111-130. (doi:10.1007/BF01813699)
63. Kawamura, S. 1958 The matriarchal social order in the Minoo-B group. Primates 1, 149-156. (doi:10.1007/BF01813701)
64. Kurland, J. A. 1977 Kin selection in the Japanese monkey. Basel, Switzerland: Karger.
65. Langergraber, K. E., Mitani, J. C. & Vigilant, L. 2007 The limited impact of kinship on cooperation in wild chimpanzees. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 7787-7790. (Pubitemid 47185829)
66. Lehmann, J., Fickenscher, G. & Boesch, C. 2006 Kin biased investment in wild chimpanzees. Behaviour 143, 931-955. (doi:10.1163/156853906778623635) (Pubitemid 44583539)
67. MacKenzie, M. M., McGrew, W. C. & Chamove, A. S. 1985 Social preferences in stumptailed macaques (Macaca arcoides): effects of companionship, kinship, and rearing. Dev. Psychobiol. 18, 115-123. (doi:10.1002/dev. 420180204)
68. Matsuzawa, T. & McGrew, W. C. 2008 Kinji Imanishi and 60 years of Japanese primatology. Curr. Biol. 18, R587-R591. (doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.05.040)
69. Mitani, J. C. 2009 Male chimpanzees form enduring and equitable social bonds. Anim. Behav. 77, 633-640. (doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.11.021)
70. Moscovice, L., Di Fiore, A., Seyfarth, R. M. & Cheney, D. L. 2009 Paternity alone does not predict long-term investment in juveniles by male baboons. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 63, 1471-1482. (doi:10.1007/s00265-009-0781-y)
71. Muller, M. N. & Mitani, J. C. 2005 Conflict and cooperation in wild chimpanzees. Adv. Study Behav. 35, 275-331. (doi:10.1016/S0065-3454(05)35007-8)
72. Muniz, L., Perry, S., Manson, J. H., Gilkenson, H., GrosLouis, J. & Vigilant, L. 2005 Father-daughter inbreeding avoidance in a wild primate population. Curr. Biol. 16, R156-R157. (doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.02.055)
73. Murray, C., Gilby, I. C., Mane, S. V. & Puse, A. E. 2008 Adult male chimpanzees inherit maternal ranging patterns. Curr. Biol. 18, 20-24. (doi:10.1016/j.cub. 2007.11.044)
74. Nakamichi, M. 1997 Effects of spatial proximity and alliances on dominance relations among female ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at Berenty Reserve, Madagascar. Primates 38, 331-340. (doi:10.1007/BF02381620) (Pubitemid 127665656)
75. Nakamichi, M. & Koyama, N. 1997 Social relationships among ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur caaa) in two freeranging troops at Berenty Reserve, Madagascar. Int. J. Primatol. 18, 73-93. (doi:10.1023/A:1026393223883) (Pubitemid 27167755)
76. Nash, L. 2004 Kinship and behavior among nongregarious nocturnal prosimians. In Kinship and behavior in primates (eds B. Chapais & C. M. Berman), pp. 200-222. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
77. Nishida, T. 1979 The social structure of chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains. In The great apes (eds D. Hamburg & E. McCown), pp. 72-121. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin Cummings.
78. Owren, M. J. & Dieter, J. A. 1989 Infant cross-fostering between Japanese (Macaca fuscata) and rhesus macaques (M. mulatto). Am. J. Primatol. 18, 245-250. (doi:10. 1002/ajp.1350180308)
79. Palombit, R. A. 2000 Infanticide and the evolution of malefemale bonds in animals. In Infanticide by males and its implications (eds C. P. van Schaik & C. H. Janson), pp. 239-268. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
80. Parr, L. & de Waal, F. B. M. 1999 Visual kin recognition in chimpanzees. Nature 399, 647-648. (doi:10.1038/21345)
81. Perry, S., Manson, J. H., Muniz, L., Gros-Louis, J. & Vigilant, L. 2008 Kin-biased social behaviour in wild adult female white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus. Anim. Behav. 76, 187-199. (doi:10.1016/j.anbehav. 2008.01.020)
82. Pope, T. R. 1990 The reproductive consequences of male cooperation in the red howler monkey: paternity exclusion in multi-male and single-male troops using genetic markers. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 27, 439-446. (doi:10. 1007/BF00164071)
83. Pope, T. R. 1998 Effects of demographic change on group kin structure and gene dynamics of populations of red howling monkeys. J. Mamm. 79, 692-712. (doi:10. 2307/1383081)
84. Pope, T. R. 2000 Reproductive success increases with degree of kinship in cooperative coalitions of female red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 48, 253-267. (doi:10.1007/s002650000236)
85. Pusey, A. E. & Packer, C. 1987 Dispersal and philopatry. In Primate societies (eds B. B. Smuts, D. L. Cheney, R. M. Seyfarth, , R. W. Wrangham & T. T. Struhsaker), pp. 250-266. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
86. Radespiel, U., Sarikaya, Z., Zimmerman, E. & Bruford, M. I. 2001 Sociogenetic structure in a free-living nocturnal primate population: sex-specific differences in the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 50, 493-502. (doi:10.1007/s002650100402) (Pubitemid 33072698)
87. Rawlins, R. G. & Kessler, M. J. (eds) 1986 The Cayo Santiago macaques: history, biology, and behavior. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
88. Rendall, D. 2004 'Recognizing' kin: mechanisms, media, minds, modules, and muddles. In Kinship and behavior in primates (eds B. Chapais & C. M. Berman), pp. 295-316. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
89. Ross, C. N., French, J. A. & Orti, G. 2007 Germ-line chimerism and paternal care in marmosets (Callithrix kuhlii). Proc. Nad Acad. Sci. USA 104, 6278-6282. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0607426104)
90. Sackett, G. P. & Fredrickson, W. T. 1987 Social preferences by pigtail macaques: familiarity versus degree and type of kinship. Anim. Behav. 35, 603-607. (doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(87)80290-7)
91. Sauther, M. L., Sussman, R. W. & Gould, L. 1999 The socioecology of the ringtailed lemur: thirty-five years of research. Curr. Anthropol. 8, 120-132. (Pubitemid 129343973)
92. Schino, G. 2001 Grooming, competition and social rank among female primates: a meta-analysis. Anim. Behav. 62, 265-271. (doi:10.1006/anbe.2001. 1750) (Pubitemid 32792871)
93. Schino, G. & Aureli, F. 2007 Grooming reciprocation among female primates: a meta-analysis. Biol. Lett. 4, 9-11. (doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0506) (Pubitemid 351598319)
94. Schülke, O. & Ostner, J. 2008 Male reproductive skew, paternal relatedness, and female social relationships. Am. J. Primatol. 70, 695-698. (doi:10.1002/ajp.20546)
95. Sekulic, R. 1983 Male relationships and infant deaths in red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus). Z. Tierpsychol. 61, 185-202.
96. Seyfarth, R. M. 1977 A model of social grooming among adult female monkeys. J. Theor. Biol. 65, 671-698. (doi:10.1016/0022-5193(77)90015-7)
97. Sherman, P. W. 1980 The limits of ground squirrel nepotism. In Sociobiology: beyond nature/nurture? (eds G. W. Barlow & J. Silverberg), pp. 504-544. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
98. Sherman, P. W. 1981 Kinship, demography, and Belding's ground squirrel nepotism. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 8, 251-260. (doi:10.1007/BF00299523)
99. Sigg, H., Stolba, A., Abeglen, J. J. & Dasser, V. 1982 Life history of hamadryas baboons: physical development, infant mortality, reproductive parameters and family relationships. Primates 23, 473-487. (doi:10.1007/ BF02373959)
100. Silk, J. B. 1982 Altruism among female Macaca radiata: explanations and analysis of patterns of grooming and coalition formation. Behaviour 79, 162-168. (doi: 10. 1163/156853982X00238)
101. Silk, J. B. 1993 The evolution of social conflict among primate females. In Primate social conflict (eds W. A. Mason & S. Mendoza), pp. 49-83. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
102. Silk, J. B. 2001 Ties that bond: the role of kinship in primate societies. In New directions in anthropological kinship (ed. L. Stone), pp. 71-92. Boulder, CO: Rowman and Littlefield.
103. Silk, J. B. 2005 Practicing Hamilton's rule: kin selection in primate groups. In Cooperation in primates and humans (eds P. M. Kappeler & C. P. van Schaik), pp. 21-42. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
104. Silk, J. B., Cheney, D. L. & Seyfarth, R. M. 1999 The structure of social relationships among female savannah baboons in Moremi Reserve, Botswana. Behaviour 136, 679-703. (doi:10.1163/156853999501522)
105. Silk, J. B., Alberts, S. C. & Altmann, J. 2003 Social bonds of female baboons enhance infant survival. Science 302, 1331-1334. (Pubitemid 37421031)
106. Silk, J. B., Alberts, S. C. & Altmann, J. 2006a Social relationships among adult female baboons (Papio cynocephalus) II. Variation in the quality and stability of social bonds. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 61, 197-204. (doi:10. 1007/s00265-006-0250-259)
107. Silk, J. B., Altmann, J. & Alberts, S. C. 2006b Social relationships among adult female baboons (Papio cynocephalus) I. Variation in the strength of social bonds. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 61, 183-195. (doi:10.1007/s00265-006-0249- 2) (Pubitemid 44813931)
108. Silk, J. B., Beehner, J. C., Berman, T. J., Crockford, C., Engh, A. L., Moscovice, L. R., Wittig, R. M., Seyfarth, R. M. & Cheney, D. L. 2009 The benefits of social capital: close social bonds among female baboons enhance offspring survival. Proc. R. Soc. B 276, 3099-3104. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0681)
109. Slater, K., Schaffner, C. & Aureli, F. 2009 Sex differences in the social behavior of wild spider monkeys (Ateies geoffroyi yucatenensis). Am. J. Primatol. 71, 21-29. (doi:10.1002/ajp.20618)
110. Smith, K. L., Alberts, S. C. & Altmann, J. 2003 Wild female baboons bias their social behaviour towards paternal halfsisters. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 270, 503-510. (doi:10. 1098/rspb.2002.2277)
111. Smuts, B. B., Cheney, D. L., Seyfarth, R. M., Wrangham, R. W. & Struhsaker, T. T. (eds) 1987 Primate societies. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
112. Stammbach, E. 1987 Desert, forest and montane baboons: multilevel societies. In Primate societies (eds B. B. Smuts, D. L. Cheney, R. M. Seyfarth, R. W. Wrangham & T. T. Struhsaker), pp. 112-120. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
113. Sterck, E. H. M., Watts, D. P. & van Schaik, C. P. 1997 The evolution of female social relationships in non human primates. Behav. Ecol. Soiobiol. 46, 1-13.
114. Strier, K. B. 1994 Brotherhoods among atelins. Behaviour 130, 151-167. (doi:10.1163/156853994X00505)
115. Strier, K. B., Dib, L. T. & Figueira, J. E. C. 2002 Social dynamics of male muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoids hypoxanthus). Behaviour 139, 315-342. (doi:10.1163/156853902760102690)
116. Tang-Martinez, Z. 2001 The mechanisms of kin discrimination and the evolution of kin recognition in vertebrates: a critical re-evaluation. Behav. Process. 53, 21-40. (doi:10.1016/S0376-6357(00)00148-0) (Pubitemid 32194599)
117. Tardiff, S. D. 1997 The bioenergetics of parental behavior and the evolution of alloparental care in marmosets and tamarins. In Cooperative breeding in mammals (eds N. G. Solomon & J. A. French), pp. 11-33. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
118. van Schaik, C. P. 1983 Why are diurnal primates living in groups? Behaviour 87, 120-144. (doi:10.1163/156853983X00147)
119. van Schaik, C. P. & Janson, C. H. (eds) 2000 Infanticide by males and its implications. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
120. Vokey, J. R., Rendall, D., Tangen, J. M., Parr, L. A. & de Waal, F. B. M. 2004 Visual kin recognition and family resemblance in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J. Comp. Psychol. 118, 194-199. (doi: 10.1037/0735-7036.118.2.194)
121. Walters, J. R. 1980 Interventions and the development of dominance relationships in female baboons. Folia Primatol. 34, 61-89. (doi:10.1159/ 000155948)
122. Watts, D. P. 1996 Comparative socioecology of gorillas. In Great ape societies (eds W. C. McGrew, L. F. Marchant & T. Nishida), pp. 16-28. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
123. Watts, D. P. 2000 Causes and consequences of variation in male mountain gorilla life histories and group membership. In Primate males: causes and consequences of variation in group membership (ed. P. M. Kappeler), pp. 169-179. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
124. Watts, D. P. & Pusey, A. E. 1993 Behavior of juvenile and adolescent great apes. In Juvenile primates: life history, development and behavior (eds M. E. Pereira & L. F. Fairbanks), pp. 148-167. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
125. Weisfeld, G. E., Czilli, T., Phillips, K. A., Gall, J. A. & Lichtman, C. M. 2003 Possible olfaction-based mechanisms in human kin recognition and inbreeding avoidance. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 85, 279-295. (doi:10. 1016/S0022-0965(03)00061-4) (Pubitemid 36881049)
126. Welker, C., Schwibbe, M. H., Schäffer-Witt, C. & Visalberghi, E. 1987 Failure of kin recognition in Macaca fasicularis. Folia Primatol. 49, 216-221. (doi:10. 1159/000156327)
127. Widdig, A. 2007 Paternal kin discrimination: the evidence and likely mechanisms. Biol. Rev. 82, 319-334. (doi:10. 1111/J.1469-185X.2007.00011.x) (Pubitemid 46587936)
128. Widdig, A., Nürnberg, P., Krawczak, M., Streich, W. J. & Bercovitch, F. 2001 Paternal relatedness and age proximity regulate social relationships among adult female rhesus macaques. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 13769-13773. (doi:10.1073/pnas.241210198) (Pubitemid 33115973)
129. Widdig, A., Nürnberg, P., Krawczak, M., Streich, W. J. & Bercovitch, F. 2002 Affiliation and aggression among adult female rhesus macaques: a genetic analysis of paternal cohorts. Behaviour 139, 371-391. (doi:10. 1163/156853902760102717) (Pubitemid 36380269)
130. Widdig, A., Streich, W. J., Nürnberg, P., Croucher, P. J. P., Bercovitch, F. & Krawczak, M. 2006 Paternal kin bias in the agonistic interventions of adult female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Behav. Ecol. Soiobiol. 61, 205-214. (doi:10.1007/s00265-006-0251-8) (Pubitemid 44813933)
131. Williams, J. M., Liu, H. & Pusey, A. E. 2002 Costs and benefits of grouping for female chimpanzees at Gombe. In Behavioural diversity in chimpanzees and bonobos (eds C. Boesch & G. Hohmann & L. Marchant), pp. 192-203. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
132. Wilson, E. O. 1975 Sociobiology: the new synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
133. Wimmer, B., Tautz, D. & Rappeler, P. M. 2002 The genetic population structure of the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus), a basal primate from Madagascar. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 52, 166-175. (doi:10.1007/s00265-002-0497-8) (Pubitemid 36052934)
134. Wittig, R. M., Crockford, C., Seyfarth, R. M. & Cheney, D. L. 2007 Vocal alliances in chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus). Behav. Ecol. Soiobiol. 61, 899-909. (doi:10.1007/s00265-006-0319-5)
135. Wrangham, R. W. 1980 An ecological model of the evolution of female-bonded groups of primates. Behaviour 75, 262-300. (doi:10.1163/ 156853980X00447)
136. Wu, H. M., Holmes, W. G., Medina, S. R. & Sackett, G. P. 1980 Kin preferences in infant Macaca nemestrina. Nature 285, 225-227. (doi:10.1038/285225a0)