Neurodevelopmental effects of anti-epileptic drugs

Epilepsy Research

Volumn 88, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 1-10

  Cross, J Helen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Anti epileptic drugs; Brain development; Childhood; Pregnancy

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; BUMETANIDE; CARBAMAZEPINE; CLOBAZAM; FOLIC ACID; LAMOTRIGINE; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYTOIN; PLACEBO; STEROID; STIRIPENTOL; TOPIRAMATE; VALPROIC ACID; VIGABATRIN;

ANTICONVULSANT THERAPY; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; CLINICAL EVALUATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONGENITAL MALFORMATION; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG EFFICACY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; EPILEPSY; FEBRILE CONVULSION; HUMAN; INFANCY; INFANTILE SPASM; INTELLIGENCE; INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT; KETOGENIC DIET; MYOCLONUS EPILEPSY; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NEURAL TUBE DEFECT; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; NEWBORN PERIOD; NONHUMAN; ONSET AGE; PRENATAL DRUG EXPOSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SEIZURE; SEIZURE SUSCEPTIBILITY; SIDE EFFECT; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT RESPONSE; VERBAL BEHAVIOR; WEST SYNDROME;

ABNORMALITIES, DRUG-INDUCED; ADOLESCENT; ANIMALS; ANTICONVULSANTS; BRAIN; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COGNITION DISORDERS; DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES; EPILEPSY; HUMANS; INFANT;

EID: 72549114592     PISSN: 09201211     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.08.015     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Adab N., Jacoby A., Smith D., and Chadwick D. Additional educational needs in children born to mothers with epilepsy. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 70 (2001) 15-21
2. Adab N., Kini U., Vinten J., Ayres J., Baker G., Clayton-Smith J., Coyle H., Fryer A., Gorry J., Gregg J., Mawer G.E., Nicolaides P., Pickering L., Tunnicliffe L., and Chadwick D.W. The longer term outcome of children born to mothers with epilepsy. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 75 (2004) 1575-1583
3. Aicardi J., Muneford J.P., Dumas C., and Wood S. Vigabatrim as initial therapy for infantile spasms: a European Retrospective Survey. Sabril IS Investigator and Peer Review Groups. Epilepsia 37 (1996) 638-642
4. Aldenkamp A.P., Baker G., Mulder O.G., Chadwick D., Cooper P., Doelman J., Duncan R., Gassmann-Mayer C., de Haan G.J., Hughson C., Hulsman J., Overweg J., Pledger G., Rentmeester T.W., Riaz H., and Wroe S. A multicenter, randomized clinical study to evaluate the effect on cognitive function of topiramate compared with valproate as add-on therapy to carbamazepine in patients with partial-onset seizures. Epilepsia 41 (2000) 1167-1178
5. Aldenkamp A.P., De Krom M., and Reijs R. Newer antiepileptic drugs and cognitive issues. Epilepsia 44 Suppl. 4 (2003) 21-29
6. Artama M., Auvinen A., Raudaskoski T., and Isojarvi J.I. Antiepileptic drug use of women with epilepsy. Neurology 64 (2005) 1874-1878
7. Battaglia D., Rando T., Deodato F., Bruccini G., Baglio G., Frisone M.F., et al. Epileptic disorders with onset in the first year of life: neurological and cognitive outcome. Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol. 3 (1999) 95-103
8. Booth, D., Evans, D.J., 2004. Anticonvulsants for neonates with seizures. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4. Chichester, UK: JohnWiley & Sons.
9. Bootsma H.P., Ricker L., Diepman L., Gehring J., Hulsman J., Lambrechts D., Leenen L., Majoie M., Schellekens A., de Krom M., and Aldenkamp A.P. Long-term effects of levetiracetam and topiramate in clinical practice: a head-to-head comparison. Seizure 17 1 (2008) 19-26
10. Boylan G.B., Pressler R.M., Rennie J.M., Morton M., Leow P.L., Hughes R., and Binnie C.D. Outcome of electroclinical, electrographic, and clinical seizures in the newborn infant. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 41 (1999) 819-825
11. Boylan G.B., Rennie J.M., Pressler R.M., Wilson G., Morton M., and Binnie C.D. Phenobarbitone, neonatal seizures, and video-EEG. Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 86 (2002) F165-F170
12. Canger R., Battino D., Canevini M.P., Fumarola C., Guidolin L., Vignoli A., Mamoli D., Palmieri C., Molteni F., Granata T., Hassibi P., Zamperini P., Pardi G., and Avanzini G. Malformations in offspring of women with epilepsy: a prospective study. Epilepsia 40 (1999) 1231-1236
13. Cavazzuti G.B., Ferrari P., and Lalla M. Follow-up study of 482 cases with convulsive disorders in the first year of life. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 26 (1984) 425-437
14. Chevrie J.J., and Aicardi J. Convulsive disorders in the first year of life: neurological and mental outcome and mortality. Epilepsia 19 (1978) 67-74
15. Chevrie J.J., and Aicardi J. Convulsive disorders in the first year of life: persistence of epileptic seizures. Epilepsia 20 (1979) 643-649
16. Chiron C., Dumas C., Jambaque I., Mumford J., and Dulac O. Randomized trial comparing vigabatrin and hydrocortisone in infantile spasms due to tuberous sclerosis. Epilepsy Res. 26 (1997) 389-395
17. Chiron C., Marchand M.C., Tran A., Rey E., d'Athis P., Vincent J., Dulac O., Pons G., and the STICLO study group. Stiripentol in severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: a randomised placebo-controlled syndrome-dedicated trial. Lancet 356 (2000) 1638-1642
18. Czochanska J., Langner Tyszka B., Losiowski Z., and Schmidt Sidor B. Children who develop epilepsy in the first year of life: a prospective study. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 36 (1994) 345-350
19. Diliberti J.H., Farndon P.A., Dennis N.R., and Curry C.J.R. The foetal valproate syndrome. Am. J. Med. Genet. 19 (1984) 473-481
20. Dzhala V.I., Talos D.M., Sdrulla D.A., et al. NKCC1 transporter facilitates seizures in the developing brain. Nat. Med. 11 (2005) 1205-1213
21. European Union 2006 Regulation (EC) No. 1901/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on medicinal products for paediatric use http://www.emea.europa.eu/htms/human/paediatrics/regulation.htm.
22. Engel J.J. a proposed diagnostic scheme for people with epileptic seizures and with epilepsy: report of the ILAE Task Force on classification and terminology. Epilepsia 42 (2001) 796-803
23. Farwell J.R., Lee Y.J., Hirtz D.G., et al. Phenobarbitol for febrile seizures-effects on intelligence and on seizure recurrence. N. Engl. J. Med. 322 (1990) 364-369
24. Gaily E., Granstrom M.L., Hiilesmaa V., and Bardy A. Minor abnormalities in offspring of epileptic mothers. J. Pediatr. 112 (1988) 520-529
25. Gaily E., Kantola-Sorsa E., Hiilesmaa V., Isoaho M., Matila R., Kotila M., Nylund T., Bardy A., Kaaja A., and Granstrom M.L. Normal intelligence in children with prenatal exposure to carbamazepine. Neurology 62 (2004) 28-32
26. Giraud C., Treluyer J.M., Rey E., Chiron C., Vincent J., Pons G., and Tran A. In vitro and in vivo inhibitory effect of stiripentol on clobazam metabolism. Drug Metab. Dispos. 34 (2006) 608-611
27. Granstrom M.L., and Gaily E. Psychomotor development in children of mothers with epilepsy. Neurology 42 (1992) 144-148
28. Guerrini R., Dravet C., Genton P., Belmonte A., Kaminska A., and Dulac O. Lamotrigine and seizure aggravation in severe myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsia 39 (1998) 508-512
29. Hall R.T., Hall F.K., and Daily D.K. High-dose phenobarbital therapy in term newborn infants with severe perinatal asphyxia: a randomised, prospective study with three year follow up. J. Pediatr. 132 (1998) 345-348
30. Hallbrook T., Kohler S., Rosen I., and Lundgren J. Effects of ketogenic diet on epileptiform activity in children with therapy resistant epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 77 (2007) 134-140
31. Hancock, E., Osborne, J., 2004. The treatment of infantile spasms (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library Issue 2; Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons.
32. Harkin L.A., McMahon J.M., Iona X., Dibbens L., Pelekanos J.T., Zuberi S.M., Sadleir L.G., Andermann E., Gill D., Farrell K., Connolly M., Stanley T., Harbord M., Andermann F., Wang J., Batish S.D., Jones J.G., Seltzer W.K., Gardner A., Sutherland G., Berkovic S.F., Mulley J.C., and Scheffer I.E. The spectrum of SCN1A-related infantile epileptic encephalopathies. Brain 130 (2007) 843-852
33. Hauser W.A., Annegers J.F., and Kurland L.T. Incidence of epilepsy and unprovoked seizures in Rochester, Minnesota: 1935-1984. Epilepsia 34 (1993) 453-468
34. Holmes L.B., Wyszynski D.F., and Lieberman E. The antiepileptic drug pregnancy registry: a 6-year experience. Arch. Neurol. 61 (2004) 673-678
35. Kaaja E., Kaaja R., and Hiilesmaa V. Major malformations in offspring of women with epilepsy. Neurology 60 (2003) 575-579
36. Kaneko S., Otani K., Kondo T., Fukushima Y., Nakamura Y., Ogawa Y., Kan R., Takeda A., Nakane Y., and Teranishi T. Malformation in infants of mothers with epilepsy receiving antiepileptic drugs. Neurology 42 (1992) 68-74
37. Kelly T.E. Teratogenicity of anticonvulsant drugs 1: a review of the literature. Am. J. Med. Genet. 19 (1984) 413-434
38. Koch S., Titze K., Zimmerman R.B., Schroder M., Lehmkuhl U., and Rauh H. Long-term neuropsychological consequences of maternal epilepsy and anticonvulsant treatment during pregnancy for school-age children and adolescents. Epilepsia 40 (1999) 1237-1243
39. Kossoff E.H., Hedderick E.F., Turner Z., and Freeman J.M. A case-control evaluation of the ketogenic diet versus ACTH for new-onset infantile spasms. Epilepsia 49 (2008) 1504-1509
40. Kossoff E.H., Pyzik P.L., McGrogan J.R., Vining E.P., and Freeman J.M. Efficacy of the ketogenic diet for infantile spasms. Pediatrics 109 (2002) 780-783
41. Kozma C. Valproic acid embryopathy: report of two siblings with further expansion of the phenotypic abnormalities and a review of the literature. Am. J. Med. Genet. 98 (2001) 168-175
42. Lee S., Sziklas V., Andermann F., Farnham S., Risse G., Gustafson M., et al. The effects of adjunctive topiramate on cognitive function in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia 44 3 (2003) 339-347
43. Lee H.W., Jung D.K., Suh C.K., Kwon S.H., and Park S.P. Cognitive effects of low-dose topiramate monotherapy in epilepsy patients: a 1-year follow-up. Epilepsy Behav. 8 4 (2006) 736-741
44. Loring D.W., and Meador K.J. Cognitive side effects of antiepileptic drugs in children. Neurology 62 (2004) 872-877
45. Lux A.L., Edwards S.W., Hancock E., Johnson A.L., Kennedy C.R., Newton R.W., O'Callaghan F.J., Verity C.M., and Osborne J.P. The United Kingdom Infantile Spasms Study comparing vigabatrin with prednisolone or tetracosactide at 14 days: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 364 (2004) 1773-1778
46. Lux A.L., Edwards S.W., Hancock E., Johnson A.L., Kennedy C.R., Newton R.W., O'Callaghan F.J., Verity C.M., and Osborne J.P. The United Kingdom Infantile Spasms Study (UKISS) comparing hormone treatment with vigabatrin on developmental and epilepsy outcomes to age 14 months: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 4 (2005) 712-717
47. Malm H., Kajantie E., Kivirikko S., Kaariainen H., Peippo M., and Somer M. Valproate embryopathy in three sets of siblings: further proof of hereditary susceptibility. Neurology 59 (2002) 630-633
48. Marini C., Mei D., Temudo T., Ferrari A.R., Buti D., Dravet C., Dias A.I., Moreira A., Calado E., Seri S., Neville B., Narbona J., Reid E., Michelucchi R., Sicca F., Cross J.H., and Guerrini R. Idiopathic epilepsies with seizures precipitated with fever and SCN1A abnormalities. Epilepsia 48 (2007) 1678-1685
49. Martin M.S., Tang B., Papale L.A., Yu F.H., Catterall W.A., and Escayg A. The voltage-gated sodium channel Scn8a is a genetic modifier of severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy. Hum. Mol. Genet. 16 (2007) 2892-2899
50. Martin R., Kuzniecky R., Ho S., Hetherington H., Pan J., Sinclair K., et al. Cognitive effects of topiramate, gabapentin, and lamotrigine in healthy young adults. Neurology 52 2 (1999 Jan 15) 321-327
51. Matsumoto A., Watanabe K., Sugiura M., Negoro T., Takaesu E., and Iwase K. Long-term prognosis of convulsive disorders in the first year of life: mental and physical development and seizure persistence. Epilepsia 24 (1983) 321-329
52. McBride M.C., Laroia N., and Guillet R. Electrographic seizures in neonates correlate with poor developmental outcome. Neurology 55 (2000) 506-513
53. Mikaeloff Y., de Saint Martin A., Mancini J., Peudenier S., Pedespan J.M., Vallee L., Motte J., Bourgeois M., Arzimanoglou A., Dulac O., and Chiron C. Topiramate: efficacy and tolerability in children according to epilepsy syndromes. Epilepsy Res. 53 (2003) 225-232
54. Mizrahi E.M., and Kellaway P. Characterization and classification of neonatal seizures. Neurology 37 (1987) 1837-1844
55. Morrow J.I., Russell A., Guthrie E., Parsons L., Robertson I., Waddell R., Irwin B., McGivern R.C., Morrison P.J., and Craig J. Malformation risks of antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy: a prospective study from the UK epilepsy and pregnancy register. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 77 (2006) 193-198
56. MRC Vitamin Study Research Group. Prevention of neural tube defects: results of the Medical Research Council Vitamin Study. Lancet 338 (1991) 131-137
57. Mulinare J., Cordero J.F., Erickson J.D., and Berry R.J. Periconceptional use of multivitamins and the occurrence of neural tube defects. JAMA 260 (1988) 3141-3145
58. Mullers-Kuppers V.M. Embryopathy during pregnancy caused by taking anticonvulsants. Acta Paedopsychiatr. 30 (1963) 401-405
59. Muter V., Taylor S., and Vargha-Khadem F. A longitudinal study of early intellectual development in hemiplegic children. Neuropsychologia 35 (1997) 289-298
60. Neal E.G., Chaffe H.M., Schwartz R.H., Lawson M.S., Edwards N., Fitzsimmons G., Whitney A., and Cross J.H. The ketogenic diet for the treatment of childhood epilepsy: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 7 (2008) 500-506
61. Nordli D., Kuroda M.M., Carroll J., Koenigsberger D.Y., Hirsch L.J., Bruner H.J., Seidel W.T., and De Vivo D.C. Experience with the ketogenic diet in infants. Pediatrics 108 (2002) 129-133
62. Ornoy A., and Cohen E. Outcome of children born to epileptic mothers treated with carbamazepine during pregnancy. Arch. Dis. Child. 75 (1996) 517-520
63. Pulsifer M.B., Gordon J.M., Brandt J., Vining E.P.G., and Freeman J.M. Effects of ketogenic diet on development and behavior: preliminary report of a prospective study. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 43 (2001) 301-306
64. Quilichini P.P., Chiron C., Ben-Ari Y., and Gozlan H. Stiripentol, a putative antiepileptic drug, enhances the duration of opening of GABA-A receptor channels. Epilepsia 47 (2006) 704-716
65. Rener-Primec Z., Stare J., and Neubauer D. The risk of lower mental outcome in infantile spasms increases after three weeks of hypsarrhythmia duration. Epilepsia 47 (2006) 2202-2205
66. Riikonen R. A long term followup study of 214 children with the syndrome of infantile spasms. Neuropediatrics 13 (1982) 14-23
67. Samren E.B., van Duijn C.M., Koch S., Hiilesmaa V.K., Klepel H., Brady A.H., Mannagetta G.B., Deichl A.W., Gaily E., Granstrom M.L., Meinardi H., Grobbee D.E., Hofman A., Janz D., and Lindhout D. Maternal use of antiepileptic drugs and the risk of major congenital malformations: a joint European prospective study of human teratogenesis associated with maternal epilepsy. Epilepsia 38 (1997) 981-990
68. Sanchez R.M., and Jensen F.E. Maturational aspects of epilepsy mechanisms and consequences for the immature brain. Epilepsia 42 (2001) 577-585
69. Schorry E.K., Oppenheimer S.G., and Saal H.M. Valproate embyopathy: clinical and cognitive profile in 5 siblings. Am. J. Med. Genet. 133 (2005) 202-206
70. Seller M.J., and Nevin N.C. Periconceptual vitamin supplementation and the prevention of neural tube defects in southeast England and Northern Ireland. J. Med. Genet. 21 (1984) 325-330
71. Speidel B.D., and Meadow S.R. Maternal epilepsy and abnormalities of the fetus and newborn. Lancet 2 (1972) 839-843
72. Sulzbacher S., Farwell J.R., Temkin N., et al. Late cognitive effects of early treatment with phenobarbitol. Clin. Pediatr. 38 (1999) 387-394
73. Tekgul H., Gauvreau K., Soul J., et al. The current etiologic profile and neurodevelopmental outcome of seizures in term newborn infants. Pediatrics 117 (2006) 1270-1280
74. The NEAD Study Group. Cognitive function at 3 years of age after foetal exposure to antiepileptic drugs. N. Engl. J. Med. 360 (2009) 1597-1605
75. Thompson P.J., Baxendale S.A., Duncan J.S., and Sander J.W. Effects of topiramate on cognitive function. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 69 5 (2000) 636-641
76. Titze K., Koch S., Helge H., Lehmkuhl U., Rauh H., and Steinhausen H.-C. Prenatal and family risks of children born to mothers with epilepsy: effects on cognitive development. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 50 (2008) 117-122
77. Vermeulen J., and Aldenkamp A.P. Cognitive side-effects of chronic antiepileptic drug treatment: a review of 25 years of research. Epilepsy Res. 22 (1995) 65-95s
78. Liverpool and Manchester Neurodevelopmental Study Group. Neuropsychological effects of exposure to anticonvulsant medication in utero. Neurology 64 (2005) 949-954
79. Watanabe K., Yamamoto N., Negoro T., Takahashi I., Aso K., and Maehara M. Benign infantile epilepsy with complex partial seizures. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 7 (1990) 409-416
80. Wide K., Winbladh B., and Kallen B. Major malformations in infants exposed to antiepileptic drugs in utero, with emphasis on carbamazepine and valproic acid, population-based study. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 93 (2004) 174-176
81. Wolf S.M., Forsythe A., Stunden A.A., et al. Long term effect of phenobarbitol on cognitive function in children with febrile convulsions. Pediatrics 68 (1981) 820-823
82. Wolff M., Casse-Perrot C., and Dravet C. Severe myoclonic epilepsy of infants (Dravet syndrome): natural history and neuropsychological findings. Epilepsia 47 Suppl. 2 (2006) 45-48
83. Yerby M.S. Management issues for women with epilepsy; neural tube defects and folic acid supplementation. Neurology 61 (2003) S23-S26
84. Zhao Q., Stafstrom C.E., Fu D.D., Hu Y., and Holmes G.L. Detrimental effects of the ketogenic diet on cognitive function in rats. Pediatr. Res. 55 (2004) 498-506
85. Zhou B., Zhang Q., Tian L., Xiao J., Stefan H., and Zhou D. Effects of levetiracetam as an add-on therapy on cognitive function and quality of life in patients with refractory partial seizures. Epilepsy Behav. 12 (2008) 305-310