The role of neopterin in atherogenesis and cardiovascular risk assessment

Current Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 16, Issue 35, 2009, Pages 4644-4653

  Fuchs, D ^a   Avanzas, P ^b,c   Arroyo Espliguero, R ^b,d   Jenny, M ^a   Consuegra Sanchez, L ^b,e   Kaski, J C ^b  

^a INNSBRUCK MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Austria)

^b ST GEORGE'S UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO CENTRAL DE ASTURIAS   (Spain)

^d HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO DE GUADALAJARA   (Spain)

^e Hospital Virgen del Rosell   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CHOLESTEROL; CYCLOSPORIN A; CYTOKINE; GAMMA INTERFERON; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; NEOPTERIN; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; SALICYLIC ACID;

ANTIANGIOGENIC ACTIVITY; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ATHEROGENESIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DISEASE COURSE; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; MACROPHAGE; MONOCYTE; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TH1 CELL;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; HUMANS; NEOPTERIN; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 72449198624     PISSN: 09298673     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/092986709789878247     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Ross, R. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease. Am. Heart J., 1999, 138, S419-S420.
2. Libby, P.; Sukhova, G.; Lee, R.T.; Galis, Z.S. Cytokines regulate vascular functions related to stability of the atherosclerotic plaque. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 1995, 25(2), S9-12.
3. Libby, P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature, 2002, 420, 868-874.
4. Ruggeri, Z.M. Platelets in atherothrombosis. Nat. Med., 2002, 8, 1227-1234.
5. Galis, Z.S.; Sukhova, G.K.; Lark, M.W.; Libby, P. Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases and matrix degrading activity in vulnerable regions of human atherosclerotic plaques. J. Clin. Invest., 1994, 94(6), S2493-2503.
6. van der Wal, A.C.; Becker, A.E.; van der Loos, C.M.; Das, P.K. Site of intimal rupture or erosion of thrombosed coronary atherosclerotic plaques is characterized by an inflammatory process irrespective of the dominant plaque morphology. Circulation, 1994, 89(1), S36-44.
7. Werner, E.R.; Werner-Felmayer, G.; Fuchs, D.; Hausen, A.; Reibnegger, G.; Yim; J.J.; Pfleiderer, W.; Wachter, H. Tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthetic activities in human macrophages; fibroblasts; THP-1; and T 24 cells. GTP-cyclohydrolase I is stimulated by interferon-gamma; and 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase and sepiapterin reductase are constitutively present. J. Biol. Chem., 1990, 265(6), S3189-3192.
8. Huber, C.; Batchelor, J.R.; Fuchs, D.; Hausen, A.; Lang, A.; Niederwieser, D.; Reibnegger, G.; Swetly, P.; Troppmair, J.; Wachter, H. Immune response-associated production of neopterin. Release from macrophages primarily under control of interferon-gamma. J. Exp. Med., 1984, 160(1), S310-316.
9. Schumacher, M.; Halwachs, G.; Tatzber, F.; Fruhwald, F.M.; Zweiker, R.; Watzinger, N. Eber, B.; Wilders-Truschnig, M.; Esterbauer, H.; Klein, W. Increased neopterin in patients with chronic and acute coronary syndromes. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 1997, 30(3), S703-707.
10. Schumacher, M.; Eber, B.; Tatzber, F.; Kaufmann, P.; Esterbauer, H.; Klein, W. Neopterin levels in patients with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis, 1992, 94(1), S87-88.
11. Avanzas, P.; Arroyo-Espliguero, R.; Cosín-Sales, J.; Aldama, G.; Pizzi, C.; Quiles J.; Kaski, J.C. Markers of inflammation and multiple complex stenoses(pancoronary plaque vulnerability] in patients with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Heart, 2004, 90, S847-852.
12. van Haelst, P.L.; Liem, A.; van Boven, A.J.; Veeger, N.J.; van Veldhuisen, D.J.; Tervaert, J.W.; Gans, R.O.; Zijlstra, F. Usefulness of elevated neopterin and C-reactive protein levels in predicting cardiovascular events in patients with non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol., 2003, 92(10), S1201-1203.
13. Ray, K.K.; Morrow, D.A.; Sabatine, M.S.; Shui, A.; Rifai, N.; Cannon, C.P.; Braunwald, E. Long-term prognostic value of neopterin: a novel marker of monocyte activation in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Circulation, 2007, 115(24), S3071-3078.
14. Kaski, J.C.; Consuegra-Sanchez, L.; Fernandez-Berges, D.J.; Cruz-Fernandez, J.M.; Garcia-Moll, X.; Marrugat, J.; Mostaza, J.; Toro-Cebada, R.; González-Juanatey, J.R.; Guzmán-Martínez, G.; on behalf of the SIESTA Investigators. Elevated serum neopterin levels and adverse cardiac events at 6 months follow-up in Mediterranean patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. Atherosclerosis, 2008, 201(11), S176-183.
15. Zouridakis, E.; Avanzas, P.; Arroyo-Espliguero, R.; Fredericks, S.; Kaski, J.C. Markers of inflammation and rapid coronary artery disease progression in patients with stable angina pectoris. Circulation, 2004, 110, 1747-1753.
16. Avanzas, P.; Arroyo-Espliguero, R.; Quiles, J.; Roy, D.; Kaski, J.C. Elevated serum neopterin predicts future adverse cardiac events in patients with chronic stable angina pectoris. Eur. Heart J., 2005, 26(5), S457-463.
17. Garcia-Moll, X.; Cole, D.; Zouridakis, E.; Kaski, J.C. Increased serum neopterin: a marker of coronary artery disease activity in women. Heart, 2000, 83(3), S346-350.
18. Avanzas, P.; Arroyo-Espliguero, R.; Cosin-Sales, J.; Quiles, J.; Zouridakis, E.; Kaski, J.C. Prognostic value of neopterin levels in treated patients with hypertension and chest pain but without obstructive coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol., 2004, 93(5), S627-629.
19. Wirleitner, B.; Reider, D.; Ebner, S.; Bock, G.; Widner, B.; Jaeger, M; Schennach, H.; Romani, N.; Fuchs, D. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells release neopterin. J. Leukoc. Biol., 2002, 72(6), S1148-1153.
20. Werner-Felmayer, G.; Golderer, G.; Werner, E.R. Tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis; utilization and pharmacological effects. Curr. Drug Metab., 2002, 3(2), S159-173.
21. Cano, O.D.; Neurauter, G.; Fuchs, D.; Shearer, G.M.; Boasso, A. Differential effect of type I and type II interferons on neopterin production and amino acid metabolism in human astrocyte-derived cells. Neurosci. Lett., 2008, 438(1), S22-25.
22. Werner-Felmayer, G.; Werner, E.R.; Fuchs, D.; Hausen, A.; Reibnegger, G.; Wachter, H. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha and lipopolysaccharide enhance interferon-induced tryptophan degradation and pteridine synthesis in human cells. Biol. Chem. Hoppe Seyler, 1989, 370(9), S1063-1069.
23. Weiss, G.; Murr, C.; Zoller, H.; Haun, M.; Widner, B.; Ludescher, C.; Fuchs, D. Modulation of neopterin formation and tryptophan degradation by Th1- and Th2-derived cytokines in human monocytic cells. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 1999, 116(3), 435-440.
24. Neurauter, G.; Wirleitner, B.; Laich, A.; Schennach, H.; Weiss, G.; Fuchs, D. Atorvastatin suppresses interferon-gamma -induced neopterin formation and tryptophan degradation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in monocytic cell lines. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 2003, 131(2), S264-267.
25. Schroecksnadel, K.; Frick, B.; Winkler, C.; Wirleitner, B.; Schennach, H.; Fuchs, D. Aspirin downregulates homocysteine formation in stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Scand. J. Immunol., 2005, 62(2), S155-160.
26. Fuchs, D.; Stahl-Hennig, C.; Gruber, A.; Murr, C.; Hunsmann, G.; Wachter, H. Neopterin - its clinical use in urinalysis. Kidney Int., 1994, 47(Suppl.), S8-11.
27. Hoffmann, G.; Wirleitner, B.; Fuchs, D. Potential role of immune system activation-associated production of neopterin derivatives in humans. Inflamm. Res., 2003, 52(8), S313-321.
28. Nathan, C.F.; Murray, H.W.; Wiebe, M.E.; Rubin, B.Y. Identification of interferon-gamma as the lymphokine that activates human macrophage oxidative metabolism and antimicrobial activity. J. Exp. Med., 1983, 158(3), S670-689.
29. Nathan, C.F. Peroxide and pteridine: a hypothesis on the regulation of macrophage antimicrobial activity by interferon gamma. Interferon, 1986, 7, S125-143.
30. Weiss, G.; Fuchs, D.; Hausen, A.; Reibnegger, G.; Werner, E.R.; Werner-Felmayer, G.; Semenitz, E.; Dierich, M. P.; Wachter, H. Neopterin modulates toxicity mediated by reactive oxygen and chloride species. FEBS Lett., 1993, 321(1), S89-92.
31. Widner, B.; Baier-Bitterlich, G.; Wede, I.; Wirleitner, B.; Fuchs, D. Neopterin derivatives modulate the nitration of tyrosine by peroxynitrite. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1998, 248(2), S341-346.
32. Herpfer, I.; Greilberger, J.; Ledinski, G.; Widner, B.; Fuchs, D.; Jurgens, G. Neopterin and 7,8-dihydroneopterin interfere with low density lipoprotein oxidation mediated by peroxynitrite and/or copper. Free Radic. Res., 2002, 36(5), S509-520.
33. Hoffmann, G.; Schobersberger, W.; Frede, S.; Pelzer, L.; Fandrey, J.; Wachter, H.; Fuchs, D.; Grote, J. Neopterin activates transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B in vascular smooth muscle cells. FEBS Lett., 1996, 391(1-2), S181-184.
34. Cirillo, P.; Pacileo, M.; De Rosa, S.; Calabro, P.; Gargiulo, A.; Angri, V.; Granato-Corigliano, F.; Fiorentino, I.; Prevete, N.; DE Palma, R.; Mauro, C.; Leonardi, A.; Chiariello, M. Neopterin induces pro-atherothrombotic phenotype in human coronary endothelial cells. J. Thromb. Haemost., 2006, 4(10), S2248-2255.
35. Schobersberger, W.; Hoffmann, G.; Hobisch-Hagen, P.; Boeck, G.; Voelkl, H.; Baier-Bitterlich, G.; Wirleitner, B.; Wachter, H.; Fuchs, D. Neopterin and 7,8-dihydroneopterin induce apoptosis in the rat alveolar epithelial cell line L2. FEBS Lett., 1996, 397(2-3), S263-268.
36. Hoffmann, G.; Frede, S.; Kenn, S.; Smolny, M.; Wachter, H.; Fuchs, D.; Grote J.; Rieder J. Neopterin-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. Int. Arch. Allergy. Immunol., 1998, 116(3), S240-245.
37. Hoffmann, G.; Rieder, J.; Smolny, M.; Seibel, M.; Wirleitner, B.; Fuchs, D.; Schobersberger W. Neopterin-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1] in type II-like alveolar epithelial cells. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 1999, 118(3), S435-440.
38. [38) Margreiter, J.; Schlager, A.; Balogh, A.; Maier, H.; Balogh, D.; Lindner, K.H.; Fuchs, D. Exogenous neopterin causes cardiac contractile dysfunction in the isolated perfused rat heart. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol., 2000, 32(7), S1265-1274.
39. Balogh, A.; Mittermayr, M.; Schlager, A.; Balogh, D.; Schobersberger, W.; Fuchs, D.; Margreiter, J. E. Mechanism of neopterininduced myocardial dysfunction in the isolated perfused rat heart. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2005, 1724(1-2), S17-22.
40. Murr, C.; Fuith, L.C.; Widner, B.; Wirleitner, B.; Baier-Bitterlich, G.; Fuchs, D. Increased neopterin concentrations in patients with cancer: indicator of oxidative stress? Anticancer Res., 1999, 19(3A), S1721-1728.
41. Witko-Sarsat, V.; Friedlander, M.; Nguyen Khoa, T.; Capeillère- Blandin, C.; Nguyen, A.T.; Canteloup, S.; Dayer, J.M, Jungers, P.; Drüeke, T.; Descamps-Latscha, B. Advanced oxidation protein products as novel mediators of inflammation and monocyte activation in chronic renal failure. J. Immunol., 1998, 161, S2524-2532.
42. Murr, C.; Winklhofer-Roob, B.M.; Schroecksnadel, K.; Maritschnegg, M.; Mangge, H.; Boehm, B.O.; Maerz, W.; Fuchs, D. Inverse association between serum concentrations of neopterin and antioxidants in patients with and without angiographic coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis, 2009, 202(2), 543-549.
43. Schroecksnadel, K.; Frick, B.; Winkler, C.; Fuchs, D. Crucial role of interferon-gamma and stimulated macrophages in cardiovascular disease. Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol., 2006, 4(3), S205-213.
44. Schreck, R.; Rieber, P.; Baeuerle, P.A. Reactive oxygen intermediates as apparently widely used messengers in the activation of the NF-κB transcription factor and HIV-1. EMBO J., 1991, 10(8), S2247-2258.
45. Winkler, C.; Schroecksnadel, K.; Schennach, H.; Fuchs, D. Vitamin C and E suppress mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 2007, 142(2), S127-132.
46. Schroecksnadel, K.; Winkler, C.; Fischer, B.; Schennach, H.; Weiss, G.; Fuchs, D. Antioxidants down-regulate Th1-type immune response in vitro. Drug Metabol. Lett., 2007, 1, 166-171.
47. Fuchs, D.; Murr, C.; Reibnegger, G.; Weiss, G.; Werner, E.R.; Werner-Felmayer, G.; Wachter, H. Nitric oxide synthase and antimicrobial armature of human macrophages. J. Infect. Dis. 1994, 169(1), S224-225.
48. Murr, C.; Widner, B.; Wirleitner, B.; Fuchs, D. Neopterin as a marker for immune system activation. Curr. Drug Metab., 2002, 3(2), S175-187.
49. Fuchs, D.; Moeller, A.A.; Reibnegger, G.; Werner, E.R.; Werner-Felmayer, G.; Dierich, M.P.; Wachter, H. Increased endogenous interferon-gamma and neopterin correlate with increased degradation of tryptophan in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Immunol. Lett., 1991, 28(3), S207-211.
50. Denz, H.; Fuchs, D.; Huber, H.; Nachbaur, D.; Reibnegger, G.; Thaler, J.; Werner, E.R.; Wachter, H. Correlation between neopterin; interferon-gamma and haemoglobin in patients with haematological disorders. Eur. J. Haematol., 1990, 44(3), S186-189.
51. Fuchs, D.; Hausen, A.; Reibnegger, G.; Werner, E.R.; Werner-Felmayer, G.; Dierich, M.P.; Wachter, H. Immune activation and the anaemia associated with chronic inflammatory disorders. Eur. J. Haematol., 1991, 46(2), S65-70.
52. Denz, H.; Orth, B.; Weiss, G.; Herrmann, R.; Huber, P.; Wachter, H.; Fuchs, D. Weight loss in patients with hematological neoplasias is associated with immune system stimulation. Clin. Investig., 1993, 71, S37-41.
53. Zangerle, R.; Reibnegger, G.; Wachter, H.; Fuchs, D. Weight loss in HIV-1 infection is associated with immune activation. AIDS, 1993, 7(2), S175-181.
54. Grotto, H.Z. Anaemia of cancer: an overview of mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis. Med. Oncol., 2008, 25(1), S12-21.
55. Moyle, G. Anaemia in persons with HIV infection: prognostic marker and contributor to morbidity. AIDS Rev., 2002, 4(1), S13-20.
56. Sarnak, M.J.; Tighiouart, H.; Manjunath, G.; MacLeod, B.; Griffith, J.; Salem, D.; Levey, A.S. Anemia as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities(ARIC] study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2002, 40(1), S27-33.
57. Werner, E.R.; Werner-Felmayer, G.; Fuchs, D.; Hausen, A.; Reibnegger, G.; Wachter, H. Parallel induction of tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis and indoleamine 2;3-dioxygenase activity in human cells and cell lines by interferon-gamma. Biochem. J., 1989, 262(3), S861-866.
58. Wirleitner, B.; Neurauter, G.; Schrocksnadel, K.; Frick, B.; Fuchs, D. Interferon-gamma-induced conversion of tryptophan: immunologic and neuropsychiatric aspects. Curr. Med. Chem., 2003, 10(16), S1581-1591.
59. Byrne, G.I.; Lehmann, L.K.; Kirschbaum, J.G.; Borden, E.C.; Lee, C.M.; Brown, R.R. Induction of tryptophan degradation in vitro and in vivo: a gamma-interferon-stimulated activity. J. Interferon. Res., 1986, 6(4), S389-396.
60. Brandacher, G.; Schroecksnadel, K.; Winkler, C.; Margreiter, R.; Fuchs, D. Antitumoral activity of interferon-γ involved in impaired immune function in cancer patients. Curr. Drug Metabol., 2006, 7, S599-612.
61. Weiss, G.; Schroecksnadel, K.; Mattle, V.; Winkler, C.; Konwalinka, G.; Fuchs, D. Possible role of cytokine-induced tryptophan degradation in anaemia of inflammation. Eur. J. Haematol., 2004, 72(2), S130-134.
62. Widner, B.; Laich, A.; Sperner-Unterweger, B.; Ledochowski, M.; Fuchs, D. Neopterin production; tryptophan degradation; and mental depression-What is the link? Brain Behav. Immun., 2002, 16(5), S590-595.
63. Wellenius, G.A.; Mukamal, K.J.; Kulshreshtha, A.; Asonganyi, S.; Mittleman, M.A. Depressive symptoms and the risk of atherosclerotic progression among patients with coronary artery bypass grafts. Circulation, 2008, 117(18), S2313-2319.
64. Wirleitner, B.; Rudzite, V.; Neurauter, G.; Murr, C.; Kalnins, U.; Erglis, A.; Fuchs D. Immune activation and degradation of tryptophan in coronary heart disease. Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 2003, 33(7), S550-554.
65. Pertovaara, M.; Raitala, A.; Juonala, M.; Lehtimaki, T.; Huhtala, H.; Oja, S.S.; Jokinen, E.; Viikari, J.S.; Raitakari, O.T.; Hurme, M. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase enzyme activity correlates with risk factors for atherosclerosis: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 2007, 148(1), S106-111.
66. Weiss, G.; Willeit. J.; Kiechl, S.; Fuchs, D.; Jarosch, E.; Oberhollenzer, F.; Reibnegger, G.; Tilz, G. P.; Gerstenbrand, F.; Wachter, H. Increased concentrations of neopterin in carotid atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, 1994, 106(2), S263-271.
67. Tatzber, F.; Rabl, H.; Koriska, K.; Erhart, U.; Puhl, H.; Waeg, G.; Krebs, A.; Esterbauer, H. Elevated serum neopterin levels in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, 1991, 89(2-3), S203-208.
68. Barani, J.; Mattiasson, I.; Lindblad, B.; Gottsater, A. Cardiac function; inflammatory mediators and mortality in critical limb ischemia. Angiology, 2006, 57(4), S437-444.
69. Barani, J.; Nilsson, J.A.; Mattiasson, I.; Lindblad, B.; Gottsater, A. Inflammatory mediators are associated with 1-year mortality in critical limb ischemia. J. Vasc. Surg., 2005, 42(1), S75-80.
70. Anwaar, I.; Gottsater, A.; Lindgarde, F.; Mattiasson, I. Increasing plasma neopterin and persistent plasma endothelin during followup after acute cerebral ischemia. Angiology, 1999, 50(1), S1-8.
71. Melichar, B.; Gregor, J.; Solichová, D.; Lukes, J.; Tichý, M.; Pidrman, V. Increased urinary neopterin in acute myocardial infarction. Clin. Chem., 1994, 40(2), S338-339.
72. Gupta, S.; Fredericks, S.; Schwartzman, R.A.; Holt, D.W.; Kaski, J.C. Serum neopterin in acute coronary syndromes. Lancet, 1997, 349(9060), S1252-1253.
73. Gurfinkel, E.P.; Scirica, B.M.; Bozovich, G.; Macchia, A.; Manos, E.; Mautner, B. Serum neopterin levels and the angiographic extent of coronary arterial narrowing in unstable angina pectoris and in non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol., 1999, 83(4), S515-518.
74. Erren, M.; Reinecke, H.; Junker, R.; Fobker, M.; Schulte, H.; Schurek, J.O. Kropf, J.; Kerber, S.; Breithardt, G.; Assmann, G.; Cullen, P. Systemic inflammatory parameters in patients with atherosclerosis of the coronary and peripheral arteries. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 1999, 19(10), S2355-2363.
75. Tanaka, T.; Nakamura, Y.; Nasuno, A.; Mezaki, T.; Higuchi, K.; Fukunaga, H.; Tsuchida, K.; Ozaki, K.; Hori, T.; Matsubara, T.; Aizawa, Y. Plasma concentrations of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1(MCP-1] and neopterin in the coronary circulation of patients with coronary artery disease. Circ. J., 2004, 68(2), S114-120.
76. Garcia-Moll, X.; Coccolo, F.; Cole, D.; Kaski, J.C. Serum neopterin and complex stenosis morphology in patients with unstable angina. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2000, 35(4), S956-962.
77. Goldstein, J.A.; Demetriou, D.; Grines, C.L.; Pica, M.; Shoukfeh, M.; O'Neill, W.W. Multiple complex coronary plaques in patients with acute myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med., 2000, 343(13), S915-922.
78. Buffon, A.; Biasucci, L.M.; Liuzzo, G.; D'Onofrio, G.; Crea, F.; Maseri, A. Widespread coronary inflammation in unstable angina. N. Engl. J. Med., 2002, 347(1), S5-12.
79. Rioufol, G.; Finet, G.; Ginon, I.; Andre-Fouet, X.; Rossi, R.; Vialle, E.; Desjoyaux, E.; Convert, G.; Huret, J.F.; Tabib, A. Multiple atherosclerotic plaque rupture in acute coronary syndrome: a threevessel intravascular ultrasound study. Circulation, 2002, 106(7), S804-808.
80. Kaski, J.C.; Chester, M.R.; Chen, L.; Katritsis, D. Rapid angiographic progression of coronary artery disease in patients with angina pectoris. The role of complex stenosis morphology. Circulation, 1995, 92(8), S2058-2065.
81. Kaski, J.C.; Chen, L.; Chester, M. Rapid angiographic progression of "target" and "nontarget" stenoses in patients awaiting coronary angioplasty. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 1995, 26(2), S416-421.
82. Denz, H.; Fuchs, D.; Hausen, A.; Huber, H.; Nachbaur, D.; Reibnegger, G.; Thaler, J.; Werner, E.R.; Wachter, H. Value of urinary neopterin in the differential diagnosis of bacterial and viral infections. Klin. Wochenschr., 1990, 68(4), S218-222.
83. Ip, M.; Rainer, T.H.; Lee, N.; Chan, C.; Chau, S.S.L.; Leung, W.; Leung, M.F.; Tam, T.K.; Antonio, G.E.; Lui, G.; Lau, T.K.; Hui, D.S.C.; Fuchs, D.; Renneberg, R.; Chan, P.K.S Value of serum procalcitonin; neopterin; and C-reactive protein in differentiating bacterial from viral etiologies in patients presenting with lower respiratory tract infections. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 2007, 59(2), 131-136.
84. Auer, J.; Berent, R.; Lassnig, E.; Weber, T.; Eber, B. Prognostic significance of immune activation after acute coronary syndromes. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2002, 39(11), S1878.
85. Grammer, T.B.; Fuchs, D.; Böhm, B.O.; Winkelmann, B.R.; Maerz, W. Neopterin as a predictor of total and cardiovascular mortality in individuals undergoing angiography(The Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health Study). Clin. Chem., 2009, 55(6), S115-146.
86. Laich, A.; Neurauter, G.; Wirleitner, B.; Fuchs, D. Degradation of serum neopterin during daylight exposure. Clin. Chim. Acta., 2002, 322(1-2), S175-178.
87. Werner, E.R.; Bichler, A.; Daxenbichler, G.; Fuchs, D.; Fuith, L.C.; Hausen, A.; Hetzel, H.; Reibnegger, G.; Wachter, H. Determination of neopterin in serum and urine. Clin. Chem., 1987, 33(1), S62-66.
88. Hoenlinger, M.; Fuchs, D.; Hausen, A.; Reibnegger, G.; Schonitzer, D.; Werner, E.R.; Reissigl, H.; Dierich, M.P.; Wachter, H. [Serum neopterin determination for the additional safeguarding of blood transfusions. Our experiences with 76.587 blood donors]. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr., 1989, 114(5), S172-176.
89. Schroecksnadel, K.; Winkler, C.; Fuchs, D. Method for urinary neopterin measurements by HPLC. J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods, 2006, 66(1-3), S99-100.
90. Midttun, Ø; Hustad, S.; Ueland, P.M. Quantitative profiling of biomarkers related to B-vitamin status; tryptophan metabolism and inflammation in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass. Spectrom, 2009, 23(9), S1371-1379.
91. Flavall, E.A.; Crone, E.M.; Moore, G.A.; Gieseg, S.P. Dissociation of neopterin and 7;8-dihydroneopterin from plasma components before HPLC analysis. J. Chromatogr. B. Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci., 2008, 863(1), S167-171.
92. Mayersbach, P.; Augustin, R.; Schennach, H.; Schoenitzer, D.; Werner, E.R.; Wachter, H.; Reibnegger, G. Commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for neopterin detection in blood donations compared with RIA and HPLC. Clin. Chem., 1994, 40(2), S265-266.
93. Hosmer, D.; Lemeshow, S. Applied survival analysis: Regression Modelling of time to event data. John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York, New York, 1999.
94. Dominguez-Rodriguez, A.; Abreu-Gonzalez, P.; Garcia-Gonzalez, M. Usefulness of neopterin levels and left ventricular function for risk assessment in survivors of acute myocardial infarction. Int. J. Cardiol., 2006, 111(2), S318-320.
95. Pepe, M.S.; Janes, H.; Longton, G.; Leisenring, W.; Newcomb, P. Limitations of the odds ratio in gauging the performance of a diagnostic; prognostic; or screening marker. Am. J. Epidemiol., 2004, 159(9), S882-890.
96. Cook, N.R. Use and misuse of the receiver operating characteristic curve in risk prediction. Circulation, 2007; 115(7), 928-935.
97. Kaski, J.C.; Avanzas, P.; Arroyo-Espliguero, R. Neopterin - a forgotten biomarker. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2003; 42(6), 1142-1143.