Haiti and the dilemmas of local ownership

International Journal

Volumn 64, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 753-773

  Donais, Timothy ^a  

^a WILFRID LAURIER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 72449170096     PISSN: 00207020     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/002070200906400310     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Diana Francis, Rethinking War and Peace (London: Pluto, 2004), 43.
2. Jonathan Goodhand and Mark Sedra, "Bribes or bargains? Peace conditionalities and 'post-conflict' reconstruction in Afghanistan, " International Peacekeeping 14, no. 1 (2007) : 54.
3. David Mendeloff, "Truth-seeking, truth-telling, and post-conflict peacebuilding: Curb the enthusiasm?" International Studies Quarterly 6, no. 3 (2004) : 362.
4. This definition draws on Laurie Nathan, No Ownership, No Commitment: A Guide to Local Ownership of Security Sector Reform (Birmingham: University of Birmingham Press, 2007), 4.
5. Oliver Richmond, "Emancipatory forms of human security and liberal peacebuilding, " International Journal 62, no. 3 (summer 2007) : 462.
6. Simon Chesterman, "Ownership in theory and in practice: Transfer of authority in UN statebuilding operations, " Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 1, no. 1 (2007) : 7.
7. Michael Ward, "The case for international trusteeship in Haiti, " Canadian Military Journal 7, no. 3 (2006), www.journal.forces.gc.ca.
8. Caroline Hughes and Vanessa Pupavac, "Framing post-conflict societies: International pathologisation of Cambodia and the post-Yugoslav states, " Third World Quarterly 26, no. 6 (September 2005) : 883.
9. Roland Paris, "International peacebuilding and the mission civilisatrice, " Review of International Studies 28, no. 4 (2002) : 637-56.
10. On the latter argument, see Edward Joseph, "Ownership is over-rated, " SAIS Review 27, no. 2 (summer-fall 2007) : 109-23.
11. Oliver Richmond and Jason Franks, "Liberal hubris? Virtual peace in Cambodia, " Security Dialogue 38, no. 1 (2007) : 30.
12. As Johan Galtung noted nearly 20 years ago, certain tenets of the liberal script are seen as apodictic: "not to believe in them reflects badly on the non-believer, not on the belief'; Galtung, "Cultural violence, " Journal of Peace Research 27, no. 3 (1990), 298.
13. On the notion of hybridity, see David Roberts, "Hybrid polities and indigenous pluralities: Advanced lessons in statebuilding from Cambodia, " Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 2, no. 1 (2008) : 63-86.
14. The events surrounding Aristide's departure are described in Peter Hallward, Damming the Flood: Haiti, Aristide and the Politics of Containment (London: Verso, 2008).
15. Ginger Thompson, "Preval's silence obscures quiet bid to reunite Haiti, " New York Times, 20 February 2006, A7.
16. This was a prevailing sentiment in a series of interviews conducted by the author in Port-au-Prince in February of 2005.
17. Andrea Talentino, "Perceptions of peacebuilding: The dynamic of imposer and imposed upon, " International Studies Perspectives 8, no. 2 (2007) : 153.
18. International Crisis Group, International Studies Perspectives, 161.
19. For more on the anti-gang campaign, see Michael Dziedzic and Robert Perito, "Haiti: Confronting the gangs of Port-au-Prince, " US Institute of Peace special report, September 2008, www.usip.org.
20. For a broader discussion of the first national police reform effort, see Timothy Donais, "Back to square one: The politics of police reform in Haiti, " Civil Wars 7, no. 3 (autumn 2005) : 270-87.
21. Author interviews in Port-au-Prince, June 2007; see also Steven Edwards, "Success breeds its own problems for Canadian-led Haitian police, " Ottawa Citizen, 29 November 2007.
22. Transparency International's corruption perception index is available at www.transparency.org.
23. Author interviews in Port-au-Prince, June 2007;
24. "David et Fritz Brandt écroués au Pénitencier national, " Le Nouvelliste, 27 July 2007, www.lenouvelliste.com.
25. "Edmond Mulet: Mission bien accomplice, " MINUSTAH web document, www.minustah.org.
26. Author interview, Port-au-Prince, June 2007.
27. Mark Baskin, "Between exit and engagement: On the division of authority in transitional administrations, " Global Governance 10, no. 1 (2004) : 129. To be clear, in Haiti's case not even international authority is "unlimited."
28. As of mid-2007, for example, more than 7000 military personnel were in Haiti under the UN banner, while the bulk of the mission's peacebuilding activities were carried out by fewer than 500 international civilian staff.
29. While the Haitian state has already been substantially remade by outsiders through the processes of structural adjustment-Haiti now possesses one of the most open economies in the world-there is arguably a key difference between the state withdrawal implicit in structural adjustment and the state-building required for sustainable peacebuilding. On the record of "peace conditionality" more generally, see James Boyce, "Investing in peace: Aid and conditionality after civil wars, " Adelphi Paper 351, International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2002.
30. Talentino, "Perceptions of peacebuilding, " 153.
31. Robert Perito, "Haiti: Hope for the future, " US Institute of Peace special report 188, June 2007, 5.
32. See "Haiti: Prison reform and the rule of law, " International Crisis Croup Latin America-Caribbean briefing 15, Port-au-Prince-Brussels, 4 May 2007, 1; and
33. "Haiti: justice reform and the security crisis, " International Crisis Group Latin America-Caribbean briefing 14, 31 January 2007: 1, www.crisisgroup.org.
34. See Reed Lindsay, "Peace despite the peacekeepers in Haiti, " NACLA Report on the Americas 39, no. 6 (May-June 2006) : 34.
35. Robert Fatton, Haiti's Predatory Republic: The Unending Transition to Democracy (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2002).
36. Reed Lindsay, "Haiti on the 'death plan', " The Nation, 2 June 2008, 23.
37. Thomas Ohlson, "Understanding causes of war and peace, " European Journal of International Relations 14, no. 1 (2008) : 137.
38. Robert Fatton, "The impairments of democratization: Haiti in comparative perspective, " Comparative Politics 31, no. 2 (1999) : 215. In contemporary Haiti, the Group of 184 is representative of the neo-Duvalierist bloc, Preval's Lespwa movement occupies the reformist middle-ground, and the Lavalas movement, although seriously fragmented, claims to speak for Haiti's poor majority.
39. Cecillia Ann Winters, "Institution building in Haiti: An assessment of the interim cooperation framework, " Journal of Human Development and Capabilities 9, no. 2 (2008) : 289.
40. Robert Fatton, "Haiti: The saturnalia of emancipation and the vicissitudes of predatory rule, " Third World Quarterly 27, no. 1 (2006) : 116-17.
41. "Preparatory committee: Growth and poverty reduction strategy paper, " Ministry of Planning and External Cooperation, Republic of Haiti, November 2007, 7.
42. Joan Paluzzi and Paul Farmer, "The wrong question, " Development 48, no. 1 (2005) : 17.