The impairments of democratization: Haiti in comparative perspective

Comparative Politics

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 209-229

  Fatton Jr , Robert ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039572409     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/422145     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).
2. Charles E. Lindblom, Inquiry and Change (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990).
3. William Robinson, Promoting Polyarchy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
4. Robert Fatton, Jr., The Making of a Liberal Democracy: Senegal's Passive Revolution, 1975-1985 (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1987).
5. Lindblom.
6. See Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, eds., Economic Reform and Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995): Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992); Axel Hadenius, Democracy and Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995); Huntington, The Third Wave; Juan Linz, Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); Juan Linz, "Transitions to Democracy," The Washington Quarterly, 13 (1990), 143-64; Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics, 23 (October 1990), 1-21; Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Adam Przeworski "Some Problems in the Study of the Transition to Democracy," in O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead, eds., Comparative Perspectives, pp. 47-63; Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Georg Sorensen, Democracy and Democratization (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993); Alfred Stepan and Cindy Skach, "Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation," World Politics, 46 (October 1993), 1-22.
7. See Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, eds., Economic Reform and Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995): Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992); Axel Hadenius, Democracy and Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995); Huntington, The Third Wave; Juan Linz, Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); Juan Linz, "Transitions to Democracy," The Washington Quarterly, 13 (1990), 143-64; Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics, 23 (October 1990), 1-21; Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Adam Przeworski "Some Problems in the Study of the Transition to Democracy," in O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead, eds., Comparative Perspectives, pp. 47-63; Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Georg Sorensen, Democracy and Democratization (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993); Alfred Stepan and Cindy Skach, "Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation," World Politics, 46 (October 1993), 1-22.
8. See Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, eds., Economic Reform and Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995): Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992); Axel Hadenius, Democracy and Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995); Huntington, The Third Wave; Juan Linz, Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); Juan Linz, "Transitions to Democracy," The Washington Quarterly, 13 (1990), 143-64; Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics, 23 (October 1990), 1-21; Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Adam Przeworski "Some Problems in the Study of the Transition to Democracy," in O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead, eds., Comparative Perspectives, pp. 47-63; Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Georg Sorensen, Democracy and Democratization (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993); Alfred Stepan and Cindy Skach, "Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation," World Politics, 46 (October 1993), 1-22.
9. See Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, eds., Economic Reform and Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995): Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992); Axel Hadenius, Democracy and Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995); Huntington, The Third Wave; Juan Linz, Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); Juan Linz, "Transitions to Democracy," The Washington Quarterly, 13 (1990), 143-64; Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics, 23 (October 1990), 1-21; Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Adam Przeworski "Some Problems in the Study of the Transition to Democracy," in O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead, eds., Comparative Perspectives, pp. 47-63; Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Georg Sorensen, Democracy and Democratization (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993); Alfred Stepan and Cindy Skach, "Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation," World Politics, 46 (October 1993), 1-22.
10. See Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, eds., Economic Reform and Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995): Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992); Axel Hadenius, Democracy and Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995); Huntington, The Third Wave; Juan Linz, Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); Juan Linz, "Transitions to Democracy," The Washington Quarterly, 13 (1990), 143-64; Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics, 23 (October 1990), 1-21; Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Adam Przeworski "Some Problems in the Study of the Transition to Democracy," in O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead, eds., Comparative Perspectives, pp. 47-63; Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Georg Sorensen, Democracy and Democratization (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993); Alfred Stepan and Cindy Skach, "Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation," World Politics, 46 (October 1993), 1-22.
11. See Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, eds., Economic Reform and Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995): Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992); Axel Hadenius, Democracy and Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995); Huntington, The Third Wave; Juan Linz, Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); Juan Linz, "Transitions to Democracy," The Washington Quarterly, 13 (1990), 143-64; Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics, 23 (October 1990), 1-21; Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Adam Przeworski "Some Problems in the Study of the Transition to Democracy," in O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead, eds., Comparative Perspectives, pp. 47-63; Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Georg Sorensen, Democracy and Democratization (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993); Alfred Stepan and Cindy Skach, "Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation," World Politics, 46 (October 1993), 1-22.
12. See Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, eds., Economic Reform and Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995): Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992); Axel Hadenius, Democracy and Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995); Huntington, The Third Wave; Juan Linz, Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); Juan Linz, "Transitions to Democracy," The Washington Quarterly, 13 (1990), 143-64; Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics, 23 (October 1990), 1-21; Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Adam Przeworski "Some Problems in the Study of the Transition to Democracy," in O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead, eds., Comparative Perspectives, pp. 47-63; Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Georg Sorensen, Democracy and Democratization (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993); Alfred Stepan and Cindy Skach, "Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation," World Politics, 46 (October 1993), 1-22.
13. See Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, eds., Economic Reform and Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995): Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992); Axel Hadenius, Democracy and Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995); Huntington, The Third Wave; Juan Linz, Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); Juan Linz, "Transitions to Democracy," The Washington Quarterly, 13 (1990), 143-64; Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics, 23 (October 1990), 1-21; Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Adam Przeworski "Some Problems in the Study of the Transition to Democracy," in O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead, eds., Comparative Perspectives, pp. 47-63; Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Georg Sorensen, Democracy and Democratization (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993); Alfred Stepan and Cindy Skach, "Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation," World Politics, 46 (October 1993), 1-22.
14. See Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, eds., Economic Reform and Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995): Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992); Axel Hadenius, Democracy and Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995); Huntington, The Third Wave; Juan Linz, Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); Juan Linz, "Transitions to Democracy," The Washington Quarterly, 13 (1990), 143-64; Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics, 23 (October 1990), 1-21; Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Adam Przeworski "Some Problems in the Study of the Transition to Democracy," in O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead, eds., Comparative Perspectives, pp. 47-63; Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Georg Sorensen, Democracy and Democratization (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993); Alfred Stepan and Cindy Skach, "Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation," World Politics, 46 (October 1993), 1-22.
15. See Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, eds., Economic Reform and Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995): Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992); Axel Hadenius, Democracy and Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995); Huntington, The Third Wave; Juan Linz, Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); Juan Linz, "Transitions to Democracy," The Washington Quarterly, 13 (1990), 143-64; Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics, 23 (October 1990), 1-21; Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Adam Przeworski "Some Problems in the Study of the Transition to Democracy," in O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead, eds., Comparative Perspectives, pp. 47-63; Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Georg Sorensen, Democracy and Democratization (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993); Alfred Stepan and Cindy Skach, "Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation," World Politics, 46 (October 1993), 1-22.
16. See Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, eds., Economic Reform and Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995): Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992); Axel Hadenius, Democracy and Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995); Huntington, The Third Wave; Juan Linz, Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); Juan Linz, "Transitions to Democracy," The Washington Quarterly, 13 (1990), 143-64; Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics, 23 (October 1990), 1-21; Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Adam Przeworski "Some Problems in the Study of the Transition to Democracy," in O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead, eds., Comparative Perspectives, pp. 47-63; Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Georg Sorensen, Democracy and Democratization (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993); Alfred Stepan and Cindy Skach, "Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation," World Politics, 46 (October 1993), 1-22.
17. See Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, eds., Economic Reform and Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995): Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992); Axel Hadenius, Democracy and Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995); Huntington, The Third Wave; Juan Linz, Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); Juan Linz, "Transitions to Democracy," The Washington Quarterly, 13 (1990), 143-64; Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics, 23 (October 1990), 1-21; Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Adam Przeworski "Some Problems in the Study of the Transition to Democracy," in O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead, eds., Comparative Perspectives, pp. 47-63; Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Georg Sorensen, Democracy and Democratization (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993); Alfred Stepan and Cindy Skach, "Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation," World Politics, 46 (October 1993), 1-22.
18. See Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, eds., Economic Reform and Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995): Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992); Axel Hadenius, Democracy and Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995); Huntington, The Third Wave; Juan Linz, Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); Juan Linz, "Transitions to Democracy," The Washington Quarterly, 13 (1990), 143-64; Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics, 23 (October 1990), 1-21; Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Adam Przeworski "Some Problems in the Study of the Transition to Democracy," in O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead, eds., Comparative Perspectives, pp. 47-63; Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Georg Sorensen, Democracy and Democratization (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993); Alfred Stepan and Cindy Skach, "Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation," World Politics, 46 (October 1993), 1-22.
19. See Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, eds., Economic Reform and Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995): Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992); Axel Hadenius, Democracy and Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995); Huntington, The Third Wave; Juan Linz, Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); Juan Linz, "Transitions to Democracy," The Washington Quarterly, 13 (1990), 143-64; Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics, 23 (October 1990), 1-21; Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Adam Przeworski "Some Problems in the Study of the Transition to Democracy," in O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead, eds., Comparative Perspectives, pp. 47-63; Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Georg Sorensen, Democracy and Democratization (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993); Alfred Stepan and Cindy Skach, "Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation," World Politics, 46 (October 1993), 1-22.
20. See Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, eds., Economic Reform and Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995): Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992); Axel Hadenius, Democracy and Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995); Huntington, The Third Wave; Juan Linz, Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); Juan Linz, "Transitions to Democracy," The Washington Quarterly, 13 (1990), 143-64; Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics, 23 (October 1990), 1-21; Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Adam Przeworski "Some Problems in the Study of the Transition to Democracy," in O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead, eds., Comparative Perspectives, pp. 47-63; Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Georg Sorensen, Democracy and Democratization (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993); Alfred Stepan and Cindy Skach, "Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation," World Politics, 46 (October 1993), 1-22.
21. Stephen Horblitt, "Barriers to Nonviolent Conflict Resolution," in Georges A. Fauriol, ed., Haitian Frustrations: Dilemmas for U.S. Policy (Washington, D.C.: The Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1995), pp. 129-42. Haggard and Kaufman, p. 173.
22. Lindblom, pp. 66-67.
23. Brian Loveman, The Constitution of Tyranny: Regimes of Exception in Spanish America (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1993); also, Catherine M. Conaghan and James M. Malloy, Unsettling Statecraft (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1994), pp. 220-21.
24. Brian Loveman, The Constitution of Tyranny: Regimes of Exception in Spanish America (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1993); also, Catherine M. Conaghan and James M. Malloy, Unsettling Statecraft (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1994), pp. 220-21.
25. Michel Crozier in Michel Crozier, Samuel Huntington, and J. Watanuki, The Crisis of Democracy (New York: New York University Press, 1975), p. 12.
26. O'Donnell and Schmitter, Tentative Conclusions, p. 70.
27. Huntington, The Third Wave, p. 161.
28. See Linz, "Transitions to Democracy," p. 158; Haggard and Kaufman, pp. 15-16; and J. Samuel Valenzuela, "Consolidation in Post-Transition Settings," in Scott Mainwaring, Guillermo O'Donnell, and J. Samuel Valenzuela, eds., The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992), p. 69.
29. See Linz, "Transitions to Democracy," p. 158; Haggard and Kaufman, pp. 15-16; and J. Samuel Valenzuela, "Consolidation in Post-Transition Settings," in Scott Mainwaring, Guillermo O'Donnell, and J. Samuel Valenzuela, eds., The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992), p. 69.
30. Przeworski, "Some Problems," p. 63.
31. Luis Carlos Bresser Pereira, José Maria Maravall, and Adam Przeworski, Economic Reforms in New Democracies: A Social-Democratic Approach (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
32. Lindblom, p. 89.
33. Huntington, The Third Wave, pp. 109, 165.
34. See Ralph Miliband, Class Power and State Power (London: Verso, 1983).
35. James Petras and Morris Morley, Latin America in the Time of the Cholera (New York: Routledge, 1992), pp. 1-2.
36. Robinson.
37. World Bank, Governance and Development (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1992); also, Susan George and Fabrizio Sabelli, Faith and Credit: The World Bank's Secular Empire (Boulder: Westview Press, 1994), pp. 142-61.
38. World Bank, Governance and Development (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1992); also, Susan George and Fabrizio Sabelli, Faith and Credit: The World Bank's Secular Empire (Boulder: Westview Press, 1994), pp. 142-61.
39. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1971); also, Colin Leys, The Rise and Fall of Development Theory (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996).
40. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1971); also, Colin Leys, The Rise and Fall of Development Theory (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996).
41. Robert Cox with Timothy J. Sinclair, Approaches to World Order (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 528-29.
42. Lindblom, p. 201.
43. George and Sabelli, pp. 58-72; also, Bresser Pereira, Maravall, and Przeworski.
44. Huntington, The Third Wave, p. 231.
45. See Michael Taussig, The Nervous System (New York: Routledge, 1992), p. 48.
46. Robert Dahl, A Preface to Economic Democracy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1985), p. 60.
47. David Held, Models of Democracy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1987).
48. Diamond and Plattner, eds; and Haggard and Kaufman. However, the warning against the new orthodoxy in Adam Przeworski, Sustainable Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. viii-ix, is welcome. See also George and Sabelli, p. 97.
49. See Haggard and Kaufman, pp. 318-23.
50. Bresser Pereira, Maravall, and Przeworski, p. 199; also, Nora Lustig, ed., Coping with Austerity (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1995); United Nations, The 1996 Human Development Report (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
51. Bresser Pereira, Maravall, and Przeworski, p. 199; also, Nora Lustig, ed., Coping with Austerity (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1995); United Nations, The 1996 Human Development Report (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
52. Ellen Meiksins Wood, Democracy against Capitalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 235.
53. Alex Dupuy, Haiti in the World Economy (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989); Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Haiti: State against Nation (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1990); Michel-Rolph Trouillot, "Haiti's Nightmare and the Lessons of History," NACLA, 27 (January-February, 1994), 46-51; also NACLA, eds., Haiti: Dangerous Crossroads (Boston: South End Press, 1995).
54. Alex Dupuy, Haiti in the World Economy (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989); Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Haiti: State against Nation (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1990); Michel-Rolph Trouillot, "Haiti's Nightmare and the Lessons of History," NACLA, 27 (January-February, 1994), 46-51; also NACLA, eds., Haiti: Dangerous Crossroads (Boston: South End Press, 1995).
55. Alex Dupuy, Haiti in the World Economy (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989); Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Haiti: State against Nation (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1990); Michel-Rolph Trouillot, "Haiti's Nightmare and the Lessons of History," NACLA, 27 (January-February, 1994), 46-51; also NACLA, eds., Haiti: Dangerous Crossroads (Boston: South End Press, 1995).
56. Alex Dupuy, Haiti in the World Economy (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989); Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Haiti: State against Nation (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1990); Michel-Rolph Trouillot, "Haiti's Nightmare and the Lessons of History," NACLA, 27 (January-February, 1994), 46-51; also NACLA, eds., Haiti: Dangerous Crossroads (Boston: South End Press, 1995).
57. Douglass North, Structure and Change in Economic History (New York: Norton, 1981), pp. 22-28; also, Peter Evans, Embedded Autonomy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), p. 12; Robert Fatton, Jr., Predatory Rule (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1992).
58. Douglass North, Structure and Change in Economic History (New York: Norton, 1981), pp. 22-28; also, Peter Evans, Embedded Autonomy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), p. 12; Robert Fatton, Jr., Predatory Rule (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1992).
59. Douglass North, Structure and Change in Economic History (New York: Norton, 1981), pp. 22-28; also, Peter Evans, Embedded Autonomy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), p. 12; Robert Fatton, Jr., Predatory Rule (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1992).
60. James C. Scott, Domination and the Arts of Resistance (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990), pp. 183-200.
61. Ibid., p. xiii.
62. Déchoukaj is Creole for "uprooting." It became the slogan of the Lavalassian forces in their attempt to eradicate Duvalierism.
63. Fatton, Predatory Rule, pp. 105-6.
64. Lavalas is Creole for flood and symbolizes the loosely structured mass movement of the poor that sought to uproot Duvalierism. The program of Lavalas is contained in Opération Lavalas (OL), La Chance qui Passe (Port-au-Prince: Opération Lavalas, 1990); and La Chance à Prendre (Port-au-Prince: Opération Lavalas, 1990). See also Jean-Bertrand Aristide, In the Parish of the Poor (New York: Orbis Books, 1991); Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Aristide: An Autobiography (New York: Orbis Books, 1993); Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Dignité (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1994); Alex Dupuy, "The Prophet Armed: Jean-Bertrand Aristide's Liberation-Theology and Politics," unpublished manuscript, 1995.
65. Lavalas is Creole for flood and symbolizes the loosely structured mass movement of the poor that sought to uproot Duvalierism. The program of Lavalas is contained in Opération Lavalas (OL), La Chance qui Passe (Port-au-Prince: Opération Lavalas, 1990); and La Chance à Prendre (Port-au-Prince: Opération Lavalas, 1990). See also Jean-Bertrand Aristide, In the Parish of the Poor (New York: Orbis Books, 1991); Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Aristide: An Autobiography (New York: Orbis Books, 1993); Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Dignité (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1994); Alex Dupuy, "The Prophet Armed: Jean-Bertrand Aristide's Liberation-Theology and Politics," unpublished manuscript, 1995.
66. Lavalas is Creole for flood and symbolizes the loosely structured mass movement of the poor that sought to uproot Duvalierism. The program of Lavalas is contained in Opération Lavalas (OL), La Chance qui Passe (Port-au-Prince: Opération Lavalas, 1990); and La Chance à Prendre (Port-au-Prince: Opération Lavalas, 1990). See also Jean-Bertrand Aristide, In the Parish of the Poor (New York: Orbis Books, 1991); Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Aristide: An Autobiography (New York: Orbis Books, 1993); Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Dignité (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1994); Alex Dupuy, "The Prophet Armed: Jean-Bertrand Aristide's Liberation-Theology and Politics," unpublished manuscript, 1995.
67. Lavalas is Creole for flood and symbolizes the loosely structured mass movement of the poor that sought to uproot Duvalierism. The program of Lavalas is contained in Opération Lavalas (OL), La Chance qui Passe (Port-au-Prince: Opération Lavalas, 1990); and La Chance à Prendre (Port-au-Prince: Opération Lavalas, 1990). See also Jean-Bertrand Aristide, In the Parish of the Poor (New York: Orbis Books, 1991); Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Aristide: An Autobiography (New York: Orbis Books, 1993); Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Dignité (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1994); Alex Dupuy, "The Prophet Armed: Jean-Bertrand Aristide's Liberation-Theology and Politics," unpublished manuscript, 1995.
68. Lavalas is Creole for flood and symbolizes the loosely structured mass movement of the poor that sought to uproot Duvalierism. The program of Lavalas is contained in Opération Lavalas (OL), La Chance qui Passe (Port-au-Prince: Opération Lavalas, 1990); and La Chance à Prendre (Port-au-Prince: Opération Lavalas, 1990). See also Jean-Bertrand Aristide, In the Parish of the Poor (New York: Orbis Books, 1991); Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Aristide: An Autobiography (New York: Orbis Books, 1993); Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Dignité (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1994); Alex Dupuy, "The Prophet Armed: Jean-Bertrand Aristide's Liberation-Theology and Politics," unpublished manuscript, 1995.
69. Lavalas is Creole for flood and symbolizes the loosely structured mass movement of the poor that sought to uproot Duvalierism. The program of Lavalas is contained in Opération Lavalas (OL), La Chance qui Passe (Port-au-Prince: Opération Lavalas, 1990); and La Chance à Prendre (Port-au-Prince: Opération Lavalas, 1990). See also Jean-Bertrand Aristide, In the Parish of the Poor (New York: Orbis Books, 1991); Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Aristide: An Autobiography (New York: Orbis Books, 1993); Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Dignité (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1994); Alex Dupuy, "The Prophet Armed: Jean-Bertrand Aristide's Liberation-Theology and Politics," unpublished manuscript, 1995.
70. Trouillot, Haiti: State against Nation.
71. Bo tab la and en ba tab la are Creole, meaning, respectively, to be at the table and thus capable of sharing in society's wealth and to be under the table and thus both excluded from sharing and exploited by those who eating.
72. Gro manjers is Creole for big eaters, or people who are getting fat as a result of corruption and exploitation.
73. Trouillot, Haiti, pp. 155-56.
74. Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Wood, Democracy against Capitalism; and Ellen Meiksins Wood, Retreat from Class (London: Verso, 1986).
75. Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Wood, Democracy against Capitalism; and Ellen Meiksins Wood, Retreat from Class (London: Verso, 1986).
76. Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Wood, Democracy against Capitalism; and Ellen Meiksins Wood, Retreat from Class (London: Verso, 1986).
77. Huntington, The Third Wave, p. 9; also, O'Donnell and Schmitter, Tentative Conclusions, p. 7; and Przeworski, Democracy and the Market, pp. 54-66.
78. Huntington, The Third Wave, p. 9; also, O'Donnell and Schmitter, Tentative Conclusions, p. 7; and Przeworski, Democracy and the Market, pp. 54-66.
79. Huntington, The Third Wave, p. 9; also, O'Donnell and Schmitter, Tentative Conclusions, p. 7; and Przeworski, Democracy and the Market, pp. 54-66.
80. Robinson, pp. 256-316; also, Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens.
81. Przeworski, Democracy and the Market, p. 13.
82. Jon Elster and Rune Slagstad, Constitutionalism and Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); also, Claude Moïse, Une constitution dans la tourmente: Le nouveau régime politique haïtien et la crise nationale (1987-1993) (Montreal: 1984).
83. Jon Elster and Rune Slagstad, Constitutionalism and Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); also, Claude Moïse, Une constitution dans la tourmente: Le nouveau régime politique haïtien et la crise nationale (1987-1993) (Montreal: 1984).
84. Moïse, pp. 51-93.
85. See Przeworski, Democracy and the Market, pp., xi-67.
86. Alex Dupuy, "An Alternative Development Model for Haiti," unpublished manuscript, 1995, pp. 19-20.
87. Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens, p. 5.
88. Alfred Stepan, Rethinking Military Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), p. 4.
89. Ibid.
90. Cited as quoted in Alex Dupuy, "1986-1990: The Struggle for a Democratic Alternative," unpublished manuscript, 1995, p. 14.
91. Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens, pp. 168-287. On the democratic limitations of liberal democracy, see Ralph Miliband, Marxism and Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977); Wood, Democracy against Capitalism.
92. Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens, pp. 168-287. On the democratic limitations of liberal democracy, see Ralph Miliband, Marxism and Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977); Wood, Democracy against Capitalism.
93. Seymour Martin Lipset, "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy," American Political Science Review, 53 (1959), 69-106.
94. Doh Chull Shin, "On the Third Wave of Democratization: A Synthesis and Evaluation of Recent Theory and Research," World Politics, 47 (October 1994), 138-39.
95. Di Palma.
96. Dupuy, "The Prophet Armed"; also Franklin Midy, "Qui êtes-vous, Père Aristide?," Haiti en Marche, 26 (October 26-November 2, 1988), Franklin Midy, "Aristide: Entre le Prophète et le Prince," Haiti en Marche, 26 (December 26, 1990-January 1, 1991). Aristide is reported to have declared: "I will not be president of the government, I am going to be president of the opposition, of the people, even if this means confronting the very government I am creating." Cited in Robinson, p. 291.
97. Dupuy, "The Prophet Armed"; also Franklin Midy, "Qui êtes-vous, Père Aristide?," Haiti en Marche, 26 (October 26-November 2, 1988), Franklin Midy, "Aristide: Entre le Prophète et le Prince," Haiti en Marche, 26 (December 26, 1990-January 1, 1991). Aristide is reported to have declared: "I will not be president of the government, I am going to be president of the opposition, of the people, even if this means confronting the very government I am creating." Cited in Robinson, p. 291.
98. Dupuy, "The Prophet Armed"; also Franklin Midy, "Qui êtes-vous, Père Aristide?," Haiti en Marche, 26 (October 26-November 2, 1988), Franklin Midy, "Aristide: Entre le Prophète et le Prince," Haiti en Marche, 26 (December 26, 1990-January 1, 1991). Aristide is reported to have declared: "I will not be president of the government, I am going to be president of the opposition, of the people, even if this means confronting the very government I am creating." Cited in Robinson, p. 291.
99. Youssef Cohen, Radicals, Reformers, and Reactionaries (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), pp. 119-20.
100. Di Palma, p. 6.
101. Lawrence Pezzullo, "The Challenge of the Negotiation Process," in Fauriol, ed., p. 99; and Horblitt, pp. 129-42.
102. Stepan and Skach, pp. 1-22; also, Juan L. Linz and Arturo Valenzuela, eds., The Failure of Presidential Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994).
103. See Claude Moïse and Emile Ollivier, Repenser Haïti (Montréal: Editions du CIDIHCA, 1992), pp. 137-92.
104. Aristide, Aristide: An Autobiography, p. 128.
105. See Moïse and Ollivier, pp. 149-74.
106. Dupuy, "The Prophet Armed," p. 25.
107. In an attempt to prevent Aristide from becoming president, Roger Lafontant, a notorious Duvalierist and macoute, launched a coup on January 6, 1991, against the provisional government of Pascal-Trouillot; the coup failed when thousands of Aristide's supporters overwhelmed the streets of Port-au-Prince and forced the army to abort the coup. Aristide eventually became president on February 7, 1991.
108. The expression Père Lebrun originated from a tire commercial in which the salesman, Père Lebrun, put his head through the tires. For the critical passages of Aristide's speech, which was at once surprisingly conciliatory and wildly threatening, see Mark Danner, "The Fall of the Prophet," The New York Review of Books, 40 (December 2, 1993), 52.
109. The Haitian elites, as well as the military, were convinced that the external forces advocating the reinstatement of Aristide had neither the will nor the power to impose his return. Their conviction was further strengthened when the U.S. warship Harlan County, sent in accordance with the Governors Island Agreement to prepare the island for Aristide's return, failed to dock in Haiti in October 1993. Fearing a violent confrontation with army-backed thugs, the Harlan County pulled out of Haitian waters. See Ian Martin, "Haiti: Mangled Multilateralism," Foreign Policy, 95 (Summer 1994), 72-73. The sentiments of the Haitian elite are reflected in the comments of a member of the old mulatto bourgeoisie who told me before the American intervention that "the U.S. would never send the marines to restore that little communist nigger [Aristide]."
110. Michel-Rolph Trouillot, "Aristide's Challenge," The New York Review of Books, 44 (November 3, 1994), 39-40.
111. Jorge G. Castaneda, Utopia Unarmed (New York: Vintage, 1994).
112. See Haïti en Marche, 10 (May 8-14, 1996): 10 (May 29-June 4, 1996): and Haïti Progrès, 14 (May 29-June 4, 1996).
113. See Haïti en Marche, 10 (May 8-14, 1996): 10 (May 29-June 4, 1996): and Haïti Progrès, 14 (May 29-June 4, 1996).
114. See Haïti en Marche, 10 (May 8-14, 1996): 10 (May 29-June 4, 1996): and Haïti Progrès, 14 (May 29-June 4, 1996).
115. Haggard and Kaufman, p. 377; also, Alex Dupuy, "A Neo-Liberal Model for Post-Duvalier Haiti," unpublished manuscript, 1995, p. 21.
116. Przewoorski, Democracy and the Market, p. 189.
117. National Coalition for Haitian Refugees, No Greater Priority: Judicial Reform in Haiti (New York: 1995).
118. William G. O'Neill, "Building a New Haitian Police Force and Justice System," Haiti Insight, 6 (October-November 1995), 8.
119. Aristide's relations with the U.S. have been quite contradictory. See Kate Doyle, "Hollow Diplomacy in Haiti," World Policy Journal, 11 (Spring 1994), 52; Martin: The New York Times, Nov. 1, 1993, pp. A1-A8; Alan Nairn, "Our Man in FRAPH," The Nation, 259 (October 24, 1994), 458-61; Alan Nairn, "He's Our S.O.B.," The Nation, 259 (October 31, 1994), 481-82; Jane Regan, "A.I.D.ing U.S. Interests in Haiti," Covert Action, 51 (Winter 1994-1995); and Robinson, pp. 256-316.
120. Aristide's relations with the U.S. have been quite contradictory. See Kate Doyle, "Hollow Diplomacy in Haiti," World Policy Journal, 11 (Spring 1994), 52; Martin: The New York Times, Nov. 1, 1993, pp. A1-A8; Alan Nairn, "Our Man in FRAPH," The Nation, 259 (October 24, 1994), 458-61; Alan Nairn, "He's Our S.O.B.," The Nation, 259 (October 31, 1994), 481-82; Jane Regan, "A.I.D.ing U.S. Interests in Haiti," Covert Action, 51 (Winter 1994-1995); and Robinson, pp. 256-316.
121. Aristide's relations with the U.S. have been quite contradictory. See Kate Doyle, "Hollow Diplomacy in Haiti," World Policy Journal, 11 (Spring 1994), 52; Martin: The New York Times, Nov. 1, 1993, pp. A1-A8; Alan Nairn, "Our Man in FRAPH," The Nation, 259 (October 24, 1994), 458-61; Alan Nairn, "He's Our S.O.B.," The Nation, 259 (October 31, 1994), 481-82; Jane Regan, "A.I.D.ing U.S. Interests in Haiti," Covert Action, 51 (Winter 1994-1995); and Robinson, pp. 256-316.
122. Aristide's relations with the U.S. have been quite contradictory. See Kate Doyle, "Hollow Diplomacy in Haiti," World Policy Journal, 11 (Spring 1994), 52; Martin: The New York Times, Nov. 1, 1993, pp. A1-A8; Alan Nairn, "Our Man in FRAPH," The Nation, 259 (October 24, 1994), 458-61; Alan Nairn, "He's Our S.O.B.," The Nation, 259 (October 31, 1994), 481-82; Jane Regan, "A.I.D.ing U.S. Interests in Haiti," Covert Action, 51 (Winter 1994-1995); and Robinson, pp. 256-316.
123. Aristide's relations with the U.S. have been quite contradictory. See Kate Doyle, "Hollow Diplomacy in Haiti," World Policy Journal, 11 (Spring 1994), 52; Martin: The New York Times, Nov. 1, 1993, pp. A1-A8; Alan Nairn, "Our Man in FRAPH," The Nation, 259 (October 24, 1994), 458-61; Alan Nairn, "He's Our S.O.B.," The Nation, 259 (October 31, 1994), 481-82; Jane Regan, "A.I.D.ing U.S. Interests in Haiti," Covert Action, 51 (Winter 1994-1995); and Robinson, pp. 256-316.
124. Bertolt Brecht, Poems 1913-1956 (New York: Methuen, 1979), p. 424.
125. Lindblom.
126. Ibid., p. 204.
127. Leys.
128. Ibid., p. 279.