Student understanding of complex earth systems

Special Paper of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 413, Issue 413, 2006, Pages 95-104

  Herbert, Bruce E ^a  

^a TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Complex systems; Environmental problems; Student learning; System science

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH; COMPUTER AIDED INSTRUCTION; DECISION MAKING; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; LARGE SCALE SYSTEMS; PROBLEM SOLVING; STUDENTS; SYSTEMS SCIENCE;

COMPLEX CHARACTERISTICS; CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING; ENVIRONMENTAL DECISION MAKING; ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM SOLVING; ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS; LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS; SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS; STUDENT LEARNING;

COGNITIVE SYSTEMS;

BEHAVIOR; DECISION MAKING; EARTH SCIENCE; LEARNING; RESEARCH; STUDENT;

EID: 72449154657     PISSN: 00721077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1130/2006.2413(07)     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Abd-El-Khalick, F., and Lederman, N.G., 2000, The influence of history of science courses on students' views of nature of science: Journal of Research in Science Teaching, v. 37, no. 10, p. 1057-1095, doi: 10.1002/1098-2736(200012) 37:10<1057::AID-TEA3>3.0.CO;2-C.
2. Aki, K., 1995, Earthquake prediction, societal implications, 1995: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 33, Supplement, p. S243-S247.
3. Allen, W., Bosch, O., Kilvington, M., Oliver, J., and Gilbert, M., 2001, Benefits of collaborative learning for environmental management: Applying the integrated systems for knowledge management approach to support animal pest control: Environmental Management, v. 27, no. 2, p. 215-223, doi: 10.1007/s002670010144. (Pubitemid 32234437)
4. American Association for the Advancement of Science Project 2061, 1989, Science for all Americans: A project 2061 report on literacy goals in science, mathematics, and technology: Washington, D.C., American Association for the Advancement of Science, 217 p.
5. Anderson, P.W., 1972, More is different: Science, v. 177, no. 4047, p. 393-396.
6. Bak, P., 1996, How nature works: The science of self-organized criticality: New York, Copernicus, 212 p.
7. Bak, P., Tang, C., and Wiesenfeld, K., 1987, Self-organized criticality: An explanation of the 1/f noise: Physical Review Letters, v. 59, no. 4, p. 381, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.381.
8. Baker, V.R., 2000, Conversing with the Earth: The geological approach to understanding, in Frodeman, R., ed., Earth matters: The earth sciences, philosophy, and the claims of community: Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, p. 2-10.
9. Bakker, E., 2004, Electrochemical sensors: Analytical Chemistry, v. 76, no. 12, p. 3285-3298, doi: 10.1021/ac049580z. (Pubitemid 38747271)
10. Barabási, A., and Albert, R., 1999, Emergence of scaling in random networks: Science, v. 286, p. 509-512, doi: 10.1126/science.286.5439.509.
11. Bar-Yam, Y., 1997, Dynamics of complex systems: Reading, Massachusetts, Addison-Wesley, 848 p.
12. Benson, D.A., Schumer, R., Meerschaert, M.M., and Wheatcraft, S.W., 2001, Fractional dispersion, Levy motions, and the MADE tracer tests: Transport in Porous Media, v. 42, p. 211-240, doi: 10.1023/A:1006733002131. (Pubitemid 32270340)
13. Berger, R., 1998, Understanding science: Why causes are not enough: Philosophy of Science, v. 65, no. 2, p. 306-333, doi: 10.1086/392641.
14. Bostrom, A., Fischhoff, B., and Morgan, M.G., 1993, Characterizing mental models of hazardous processes: A methodology and an application to radon: The Journal of Social Issues, v. 48, no. 4, p. 85-100.
15. Boulter, C.J., and Gilbert, J.K., 2000, Challenges and opportunities of developing models in science education, in Gilbert, J.K., and Boulter, C.J., eds., Developing models in science education: Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishing, p. 343-362.
16. Bransford, J.D., Brown, A., and Cocking, R.R., eds., 2000, How people learn: Brain, mind, experience, and school: Expanded edition: Washington, D.C., National Academy Press, 374 p.
17. Brewer, G.D., 1999, The challenges of interdisciplinarity: Policy Sciences, v. 32, p. 327-337, doi: 10.1023/A:1004706019826.
18. Brooks, S.P., 2004, Bayesian computation: A statistical revolution: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, ser. A, Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, v. 362, no. 1813, p. 2681-2697.
19. Brown, J.H., Whitham, T.G., Ernest, S.K.M., and Gehring, C.A., 2001, Complex species interactions and the dynamics of ecological systems: Longterm experiments: Science, v. 293, no. 5530, p. 643-650, doi: 10.1126/ science.293.5530.643.
20. Carlson, J.M., Chayes, J.T., Grannan, E.R., and Swindle, G.H., 1990, Self-organized criticality and singular diffusion: Physical Review Letters, v. 65, no. 20, p. 2547-2550, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.65.2547.
21. Carpenter, S.R., 1996, Microcosm experiments have limited relevance for community and ecosystem ecology: Ecology, v. 77, no. 3, p. 677-680.
22. Chinn, C.A., and Malhotra, B.A., 2002, Epistemologically authentic inquiry in schools: A theoretical framework for evaluating inquiry tasks: Science and Education, v. 86, no. 2, p. 175-218, doi: 10.1002/sce.10001. (Pubitemid 37230332)
23. Clarke, D., Meerschaert, M.M., and Wheatcraft, S.W., 2005, Fractal travel time estimates for dispersive contaminants: Ground Water, v. 43, no. 3, p. 401-407, doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.0025.x. (Pubitemid 40697664)
24. Clement, J., 1989, Learning via model construction and criticism, in Glover, G., Ronning, R., and Reynolds, C., eds., Handbook of creativity: Assessment, theory, and research: New York, Plenum Press, p. 341-381.
25. Clement, J., 2000, Model based learning as a key research area for science education: International Journal of Science Education, v. 22, no. 9, p. 1041-1053.
26. Culling, W.E.H., 1988, Dimension and entropy in the soil covered landscape: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 13, p. 619-648.
27. Daehler, C.C., and Strong, D.R., 1996, Can you bottle nature? The roles of microcosms in ecological research: Ecology, v. 77, no. 3, p. 663-664.
28. Delaughter, J.E., Stein, S., Stein, C.A., and Bain, K.R., 1998, Preconceptions abound among students in an introductory earth science course: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 79, no. 36, p. 429-432.
29. Dodick, J., and Orion, N., 2003, Measuring student understanding of geological time: Science and Education, v. 87, no. 5, p. 708-731, doi: 10.1002/ sce.1057.
30. Donoghue, D.N.M., 2002, Remote sensing: Environmental change: Progress in Physical Geography, v. 26, no. 1, p. 144-152, doi: 10.1191/0309133 302pp329pr.
31. Doyle, J.K., and Ford, D.N., 1998, Mental models concepts for system dynamics research: System Dynamics Review, v. 14, no. 1, p. 3-29, doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1727(199821)14:1<3::AID-SDR140>3.0.CO;2-K.
32. Drake, J.A., Huxel, G.R., and Hewitt, C.L., 1996, Microcosms as models for generating and testing community theory: Ecology, v. 77, no. 3, p. 670-677.
33. Dunbar, K., 1995, How scientists really reason: Scientific reasoning in realworld laboratories, in Sternberg, R.J., and Davidson, J.E., ed., The nature of insight: Cambridge, Massachusetts, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, p. 365-395.
34. Duschl, R.A., and Gitomer, D.H., 1997, Strategies and challenges to changing the focus of assessment and instruction in science classrooms: Educational Assessment, v. 4, no. 1, p. 37-74.
35. Dutch, S.I., 1996, The standard model for reform in science education does not work: Journal of Geoscience Education, v. 44, p. 245-249.
36. Eckmann, J.-P., and Ruelle, D., 1985, Ergodic theory of chaos and strange attractors: Reviews of Modern Physics, v. 54, p. 617-656, doi: 10.1103/ RevModPhys.57.617.
37. Ekborg, M., 2003, How student teachers use scientific conceptions to discuss a complex environmental issue: Journal of Biological Education, v. 37, no. 3, p. 126-132.
38. Fisk, D., 2004, Engineering complexity: Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, v. 29, no. 2, p. 151-161.
39. Forrester, J.W., 1992, Policies, decisions, and information sources for modeling: European Journal of Operational Research, v. 59, no. 1, p. 52-68.
40. Frodeman, R., 2000, Preface: Shifting plate: The new earth sciences, in Frodeman, R., ed., Earth matters: The earth sciences, philosophy, and the claims of community: Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Prentice-Hal, p. vii-xiii.
41. Frodeman, R., 2003, Geo-logic: Breaking ground between philosophy and the earth sciences: Ithaca, New York, State University of New York Press, 192 p.
42. George, M.D.C., 1996, Shaping the future: New expectation for undergraduate education in science, mathematics, engineering and technology: Washington, D.C., National Science Foundation: http://www.nsf.gov/publications/ pub-summ.jsp?ods-key=nsf96139 (accessed September 2006).
43. Gheorghiu, S., and Coppens, M.-O., 2004, Heterogeneity explains features of "anomalous" thermodynamics and statistics: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 101, p. 15,852-15,856, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0407191101. (Pubitemid 39517023)
44. Gilbert, J.K., Boulter, C.J., and Elmer, R., 2000, Positioning models in science education and in design and technology education, in Gilbert, J.K., and Boulter, C.J., eds., Developing models in science education: Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishing, p. 3-17.
45. Giorgi, F.A.R., 1997, Representation of heterogeneity effects in earth system modeling: Experience from land surface modeling: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 35, no. 4, p. 413, doi: 10.1029/97RG01754.
46. Gobert, J.D., and Buckley, B.C., 2000, Introduction to model-based teaching and learning in science education: International Journal of Science Education, v. 22, no. 9, p. 891-894.
47. Goldenfeld, N., and Kadanoff, L.P., 1999, Simple lessons from complexity: Science, v. 284, no. 5411, p. 87-89, doi: 10.1126/science.284.5411.87. (Pubitemid 29282050)
48. Grandy, R.E., 2003, What are models and why do we need them?: Science and Education, v. 12, no. 8, p. 773-777, doi: 10.1023/B:SCED.0000004572 .67859.43.
49. Greca, I.M., and Moreira, M.A., 2002, Mental, physical, and mathematical models in the teaching and learning of physics: Science and Education, v. 86, no. 1, p. 106-121.
50. Grotzer, T.A., 1993, Children's understanding of complex causal relationships in natural systems: A research study [PhD. dissertation]: Boston, Massachusetts, Harvard University, 319 p.
51. Guermond, Y., Delahaye, D., Dubos-Paillard, E., and Langlois, P., 2004, From modelling to experiment: GeoJournal, v. 59, no. 3, p. 171-176, doi: 10.1023/B:GEJO.0000026687.80908.59. (Pubitemid 39001291)
52. Hansson, B., 1999, Interdisciplinarity: For what purpose?: Policy Sciences, v. 32, p. 339-343, doi: 10.1023/A:1004718320735.
53. Howe, J.L., 1892, The teaching of science: Science, v. 19, no. 481, p. 233-235.
54. Hurley, J.M., Ginger, C., and Capen, D.E., 2003, Property concepts, ecological thought, and ecosystem management: A case of conservation policymaking in Vermont: Society and Natural Resources, v. 15, no. 4, p. 295-312, doi: 10.1080/089419202753570792.
55. Ireton, F.W., Manduca, C.A., and Mogk, D.W., 1997, Towards a coherent plan for undergraduate earth science education: A systems approach: Journal of College Science Teaching, v. 26, p. 304-308.
56. Ives, A.R., Foufopoulos, J., Klopfer, E.D., Klug, J.L., and Palmer, T.M., 1996, Bottle or big-scale studies: How do we do ecology?: Ecology, v. 77, no. 3, p. 681-685.
57. Johnson-Laird, P.N., 1983, Mental models: Towards a cognitive science of language, inference and consciousness: Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 513 p.
58. Johnson-Laird, P.N., and Shafir, E., 1993, The interaction between reasoning and decision making: An introduction: Cognition, v. 49, no. 1-2, p. 1-9.
59. Karlqvist, A., 1999, Going beyond disciplines: Policy Sciences, v. 32, p. 379-383, doi: 10.1023/A:1004736204322.
60. Katchalsky, A., and Curan, P.F., 1967, Nonequilibrium processes in biophysics: Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 248 p.
61. Kempton, W., 1991, Public understanding of global warming: Society and Natural Resources, v. 4, p. 331-345.
62. Kitano, H., 2002, Systems biology: A brief overview: Science, v. 295, p. 1662-1664, doi: 10.1126/science.1069492. (Pubitemid 34202893)
63. Latour, B., and Woolgar, S., 1986, Laboratory life: The construction of scientific fact (2nd edition): Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 294 p.
64. Laugksch, R.C., and Spargo, P.E., 1996, Development of a pool of scientific literacy test-items based on selected AAAS literacy goals: Science and Education, v. 80, no. 2, p. 121-143, doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-237X(199604)80: 2<121::AID-SCE1>3.0, v. 2-I.
65. Libarkin, J.C., Beilfuss, M., and Kurdziel, J.P., 2003, Research methodologies in science education: Mental models and cognition in education: Journal of Geoscience Education, v. 51, January, p. 121-126.
66. Lubchenco, J., 1998, Entering the century of the environment: A new social contract for science: Science, v. 279, p. 491-497, doi: 10.1126/science. 279.5350.491.
67. McDaniels, T., and Gregory, R., 2004, Learning as an objective within a structured risk management decision process: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 38, no. 7, p. 1921-1926, doi: 10.1021/es0264246. (Pubitemid 38468788)
68. Meijer, E.L., 1990, Modelling of non-linear equilibrium relations in the soilwater system: Chemical Geology, v. 84, p. 279-280.
69. Miller, J.D., 1998, The measurement of civic scientific literacy: Public Understanding of Science, v. 7, p. 203-223, doi: 10.1088/0963-6625/7/3/001.
70. Minstrell, J.A., 1989, Teaching science for understanding, in Resnick, L.B., and Klopfer, L.E., eds., Toward the thinking curriculum: Current cognitive research: Alexandria, Virginia, Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, p. 130-131.
71. Minstrell, J.A., 2000, Implications for teaching and learning inquiry: A summary, in Zee, J.M.E.V., ed., Inquiring into inquiry learning and teaching in science: Washington, D.C., American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), p. 471-496.
72. Mitchell, N., Crutchfield, J.P., and Das, R., 1996, Evolving cellular automata with genetic algorithms: A review of recent works, in Proceedings of the First International Conference on Evolutionary Computation and Its Applications (EvCA'96): Moscow, Russia, Russian Academy of Sciences, 15 p. (Available at http://www.cs.pdx.edu/~mm/evca-review.pdf.)
73. Morgan, M.G., Florig, H.K., Nair, I., Cortes, C., and Marsh, K., 1990, Lay understanding of low-frequency electric and magnetic fields: Bioelectromagnetics, v. 11, no. 4, p. 313, doi: 10.1002/bem.2250110407.
74. National Research Council, 2000, Inquiry and the National Science Education Standards: A guide for teaching and learning: Washington, D.C., National Academy Press, 224 p.
75. Neuman, S.P., and Di Federico, V., 2003, Multifaceted nature of hydrogeologic scaling and its interpretation: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 41, no. 3, p. 1014.
76. Neutel, A.-M., Heesterbeek, J.A.P., and de Ruiter, P.C., 2002, Stability in real food webs: Weak links in long loops: Science, v. 296, no. 5570, p. 1120-1123, doi: 10.1126/science.1068326. (Pubitemid 34517129)
77. Nicolis, G., and Progigine, I., 1977, Self-organization in nonequilibrium systems: New York, Wiley, 512 p.
78. Oreskes, N., Shrader-Frechette, K., and Belitz, K., 1994, Verification, validation, and confirmation of numerical models in the earth sciences: Science, v. 263, no. 4, p. 641-646.
79. Palumbi, S.R., 2005, Environmental science: Germ theory for ailing corals: Nature, v. 434, p. 713-715, doi: 10.1038/434713a. (Pubitemid 40558358)
80. Peak, D., West, J.D., Messinger, S.M., and Mott, K.A., 2004, Evidence for complex, collective dynamics and emergent, distributed computation in plants: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 101, p. 918-922, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0307811100. (Pubitemid 38160559)
81. Petrosino, A.J., Lehrer, R., and Schauble, L., 2003, Structuring error and experimental variation as distribution in the fourth grade: Journal of Mathematical Thinking and Learning, v. 5, no. 2 and 3, p. 131-156, doi: 10.1207/ S15327833MTL0502&3-02.
82. Phillips, J.D., 1992, Qualitative chaos in geomorphic systems, with an example from wetland response to sea level rise: The Journal of Geology, v. 100, p. 365-374.
83. Phillips, J.D., 1999, Earth surface systems: Complexity, order, and scale: New York, Blackwell Publishers, 180 p.
84. Power, M.E., Brozovi, N., Bode, C., and Zilberman, D., 2005, Spatially explicit tools for understanding and sustaining inland water ecosystems: Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, v. 3, no. 1, p. 47-55.
85. Prigogine, I., 1978, Time, structure, and fluctuations: Science, v. 201, no. 4358, p. 777-782.
86. Ravelo, A.C., Andreasen, D.H., Lyle, M., Lyle, A.O., and Wara, M.W., 2004, Regional climate shifts caused by gradual global cooling in the Pliocene epoch: Nature, v. 429, p. 263-267, doi: 10.1038/nature02567. (Pubitemid 38684806)
87. Resnick, L.B., 1987, Education and learning to think: Washington, D.C., National Academy Press, 62 p.
88. Sarewitz, D., 2000, Science and environmental policy: An excess of objectivity, in Frodeman, R., ed., Earth matters: The earth sciences, philosophy, and the claims of community: Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, p. 79-98.
89. Scheffer, M., 1991, Should we expect strange attractors behind plankton dynamics-and if so, should we bother?: Journal of Plankton Research, v. 13, no. 6, p. 1291-1305.
90. Scheffer, M., Hosper, S.H., Meijer, M.L., Moss, B., and Jeppesen, E., 1993, Alternative equilibria in shallow lakes: Trends in Ecology and Evolution, v. 8, p. 275-279, doi: 10.1016/0169-5347(93)90254-M.
91. Scheffer, M., Carpenter, S., Foley, J.A., Folke, C., and Walkerk, B., 2001, Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems: Nature, v. 413, p. 591-596, doi: 10.1038/35098000. (Pubitemid 32964052)
92. Schmidt, C.W., 2005, Terra cognita: Using Earth observing systems to understand our world: Environmental Health Perspectives, v. 113, no. 2, p. A98-A104.
93. Schofield, J., 2004, A model of learned implementation: Public Administration, v. 82, no. 2, p. 283-308, doi: 10.1111/j.0033-3298.2004.00395.x. (Pubitemid 38728224)
94. Schrader-Frechette, K., 2000, Reading the riddle of nuclear waste: Idealized geological models and positivist epistemology, in Frodeman, R., ed., Earth matters: The earth sciences, philosophy, and the claims of community: Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, p. 11-24.
95. Schumer, R., Benson, D.A., Meerschaert, M.M., and Baeumer, B., 2003, Multiscaling fractional advection-dispersion equations and their solutions: Water Resources Research, v. 39, no. 1, p. 1022-1032, doi: 10.1029/2001WR001229.
96. Smith, C.P., 1955, The sins of higher education: Education should replace instruction: The Journal of Higher Education, v. 26, no. 1, p. 31-36, 58.
97. Sneddon, C., Harris, L., Dimitrov, R., and Özesmi, U., 2002, Contested waters: Conflict, scale, and sustainability in aquatic socioecological systems: Society and Natural Resources, v. 15, no. 8, p. 663-675, doi: 10.1080/0 8941920290069272.
98. Stokes, D.E., 1997, Pasteur's quadrant: Basic science and technological innovation: Washington, D.C., Brookings Institution Press, 180 p.
99. Stout, D.L., Bierly, E.W., and Snow, J.T., 1994, Scrutiny of undergraduate geoscience education: Is the viability of the geosciences in jeopardy?: Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union Chapman Conference, 55 p.
100. Strogatz, S.H., 1994, Nonlinear dynamics and chaos: With applications to physics, biology, chemistry, and engineering: Cambridge, Massachusetts, Perseus Books, 498 p.
101. Strogatz, S.H., 2001, Exploring complex networks: Nature, v. 410, p. 268-276, doi: 10.1038/35065725. (Pubitemid 32216604)
102. The Boyer Commission on Educating Undergraduates in the Research University, 1998, Reinventing undergraduate education: A blueprint for America's research universities: New York, Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 54 p.
103. Thomas, M.F., 2001, Landscape sensitivity in time and space-An introduction: CATENA, v. 42, no. 2-4, p. 83-98, doi: 10.1016/S0341-8162(00) 00133-8. (Pubitemid 32143187)
104. Tomlin, C.J., and Axelrod, J.D., 2005, Understanding biology by reverse engineering the control: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 102, no. 12, p. 4219-4220, doi: 10.1073/ pnas.0500276102.
105. Triantafyllou, G.N., Elsner, J.B., Lascaratos, A., Koutitas, C., and Tsonis, A.A., 1995, Structure and properties of the attractor of a marine dynamical system: Mathematical and Computer Modelling, v. 21, no. 6, p. 73-86, doi: 10.1016/0895-7177(95)00024-V.
106. Turcotte, D.L., 1994, Modeling geomorphic processes: Physica D, Nonlinear Phenomena, v. 77, no. 1-3, p. 229-237, doi: 10.1016/0167-2789(94)90136-8.
107. Turcotte, D.L., 1995, Chaos, fractals, nonlinear phenomena in earth sciences: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 33, supplement, p. 341-344.
108. Valentine, G.A., Zhang, D., and Robinson, B.A., 2002, Modeling complex, nonlinear geological processes: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 30, p. 35-64, doi: 10.1146/annurev.earth.30.082801.150140. (Pubitemid 35376263)
109. Vo-Dinh, T., Griffin, G.D., Alarie, J.P., Cullum, B., Sumpter, B., and Noid, D., 2000, Development of nanosensors and bioprobes: Journal of Nanoparticle Research, v. 2, no. 1, p. 17-27, doi: 10.1023/A:1010005908586. (Pubitemid 33230021)
110. Whitesides, G.M., and Ismagilov, R.F., 1999, Complexity in chemistry: Science, v. 284, p. 89-92, doi: 10.1126/science.284.5411.89. (Pubitemid 29282051)
111. Wijkman, A., 1999, Sustainable development requires integrated approaches: Policy Sciences, v. 32, p. 345-350, doi: 10.1023/A:1004722400687.
112. Wolfbeis, O.S., 2004, Fiber-optic chemical sensors and biosensors: Analytical Chemistry, v. 76, no. 12, p. 3269-3284, doi: 10.1021/ac040049d. (Pubitemid 38747270)
113. Wu, J., and David, J.L., 2002, A spatially explicit hierarchical approach to modeling complex ecological systems: Theory and applications: Ecological Modelling, v. 153, p. 7-26, doi: 10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00499-9. (Pubitemid 34689040)