Geo-logic: Breaking ground between philosophy and the earth sciences

Geo-Logic: Breaking Ground between Philosophy and the Earth Sciences

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-184

  Frodeman, Robert ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84897223873     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (230)

1. Information on Global Climate Change and Society can be found at http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/gccs.
2. Earth Matters: The Earth Sciences, Philosophy, and the Claims of Community, ed. Robert Frodeman, (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall), 2000.
3. Cf. Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, trans. Thomas Burger. (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1989).
4. The Ages of Gaia: A Biography of our Living Earth (New York: Norton, 1988).
5. Paul Shepard, Nature and Madness (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1982)
6. David Abram, The Spell of the Sensuous (New York: Pantheon, 1996).
7. Kai N. Lee, Compass and Gyroscope: Integrating Science and Politics for the Environment (Washington, D. C.: Island Press, 1993).
8. Robert E. Proctor, Defining the Humanities (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998).
9. Stephen J. Pyne, How the Canyon Became Grand (New York: Penguin Books, 1998).
10. Immanuel Kant, Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals, trans. James W. Ellington (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1981), p. 2.
11. Ralph Waldo Emerson, "The American Scholar", in Selections from Ralph Waldo Emerson, ed. Stephen E. Whicher (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), p. 70.
12. Zen and the Ways, trans. and ed. Trevor Leggett (Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978), p. 221.
13. Alphonso Lingis, Excesses: Eros and Culture (Albany: SUNY Press, 1984);
14. Abuses (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994)
15. and The Community of Those Who Have Nothing in Common (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1994).
16. Richard Monastersky, "Fossils vs. the Formula", Chronicle of Higher Education, 47, no. 35 (11 May 2001):A16-A18.
17. Rachel Laudan, From Mineralogy to Geology: The Foundations of a Science, 1650-1830 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
18. One sign of this transitional status is the recent National Academy of Science report: Committee on Future Roles, Challenges, and Opportunities for the U. S. Geological Survey, Future Roles and Opportunities for the U. S. Geological Survey (Washington, D. C.: National Research Council, 2001).
19. Stanley Rosen, G. F. W. Hegel: An Introduction to the Science of Wisdom (New Haven: Yale University Press), 1974.
20. Carlos D. Da Rosa and James S., Lyon. Golden Dreams, Poisoned Streams (Washington, D. C.: Mineral Policy Center, 1997), p. 13.
21. Geoffrey S. Plumlee, The Summitville Mine and its Downstream Effects: An on-line update of Open File Report 95-23. Available at http://greenwood.cr.usgs. gov/pub/open-file-reports/ofr-95-0023/summit.htm.
22. John Marshall and Zeke Zanoni, Mining the Hard Rock in the San Juans (Silverton, Colo.: Simpler Way Press, 1996), p. 24.
23. Olga L. Moya and Andrew L. Fono, Federal Environmental Law: The User's Guide (St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing, 1997), p. 288.
24. Moya and Fono. Federal Environmental Law, p. 289;
25. Clean Water Act Section 101, 33 U. S. C. s1251 (1972).
26. "Animas Status Report", Colorado Center for Environmental Management, May 1996.
27. Interviews with Chris Hayes, attorney for Sunnyside Gold Corporation, 11 February 1999, and Carol Russell, EPA official, Region VIII, 16 February 1999.
28. Interview with Chris Hayes.
29. Kirk Nordstrom, U. S. Geological Survey, personal communication, 15 April 1999.
30. Interview with Larry Perino, Sunnyside Gold Corporation, 12 April 1999.
31. W. G. Wright, "Natural and Mining-Related Sources of Dissolved Minerals during Low Flow in the Upper Animas River Basin", Southwestern Colorado, USGS Fact Sheet FS 148-97, October 1997.
32. Michael Polanyi, Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy (New York: Harper & Row, 1964), 428 p.
33. Hegel's Science of Logic, trans. A. V. Miller (New York: Humanities Press, 1976), p. 143.
34. Carolyn Merchant, The Death of Nature (New York: Harper Collins, 1980), p. 32.
35. Daniel Sarewitz, "Science and Environmental Policy: An Excess of Objectivity", in Earth Matters: The Earth Sciences and Contemporary Culture, ed. Robert Frodeman (Upper Saddle River, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 2000).
36. Charles C. Mann, and Mark L. Plummer, "Can Science Rescue Salmon?" Science 289 (4 August 2000):716-19.
37. Max Oelschlaeger, Caring for Creation: An Ecumenical Approach to the Environmental Crisis (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994);
38. Dolores La Chapelle, Sacred Land, Sacred Sex (Silverton, Colo: Finn Hill Arts, 1988);
39. and Eugene Hargrove, ed., Religion and Environmental Crisis (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1986).
40. Eric Katz, Nature as Subject: Human Obligation and Natural Community (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1996);
41. Max Oelschlaeger, The Idea of Wilderness: From Prehistory to the Age of Ecology (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993).
42. Bill McKibben, The End of Nature (New York: Random House, 1989);
43. William Cronin, "The Trouble with Nature", in Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995).
44. Katz, Nature as Subject.
45. Bruce V. Foltz, Inhabiting the Earth: Heidegger, Environmental Ethics, and the Metaphysics of Nature (Atlantic Highlands, N. J.: Humanities Press, 1995).
46. http://www.nae.edu/nae/naehome.nsf/weblinks/NAEW-4NHMD8?opendocument.
47. http://www.cc.jyu.fi/helsie/pdf/allenby.pdf).
48. Brad Allenby, "Earth Systems Engineering and Management", IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, winter, 2000/2001, p. 21.
49. Steven Vogel, "Environmental Philosophy after the End of Nature", Environmental Ethics, vol. 24, Spring 2002, pp. 23-39.
50. Chris Maser, "Ends and Means: Restoration and the Future of Land Management", Restoration and Management Notes 6(1988):29;
51. Mark Cowell, "Ecological Restoration and Environmental Ethics", Environmental Ethics 15, no. 1 (spring 1993):19-32.
52. Carolyn Merchant, "Restoration and Reunion with Nature", Restoration and Management Notes 4 (1986);
53. Andrew Light, "Restoration, the Value of Participation, and the Risks of Professionalization", in Restoring Nature: Perspectives from the Social Sciences and the Humanities, ed. Paul H. Gobster and R. Bruce Hull (Washington, D. C.: Island Press, 2000).
54. Françoise d'Eaubonne, Le Féminisme ou la mort (Paris: Pierre Horay, 1974).
55. "Heidegger and Ecofeminism", in Re-Reading the Canon: Feminist Interpretations of Heidegger, ed. Nancy Holland and Patricia Huntington (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001).
56. Rosemary Radford Ruether, New Woman/New Earth: Sexist Ideologies and Human Liberation (New York: Seabury Press, 1975), 204.
57. Paula Gunn Allen, The Sacred Hoop: Recovering the Feminine in American Indian Tradition (Boston: Beacon Press, 1986);
58. Healing the Wounds: The Promise of Ecofeminism, ed. Judith Plant (Santa Cruz, Calif.: New Society Publishers, 1989).
59. Chris Cuomo, "Toward Thoughtful Ecofeminist Activism", in Ecological Feminist Perspectives, ed. Karen J. Warren (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996), 42-51;
60. Stephanie Lahar, "Ecofeminist Theory and Grassroots Politics", Hypatia 6, no. 1(1991):28-45.
61. Robert Elliott, "Faking Nature", Inquiry 25, no. 1 (March 1982):81-93.
62. Expanded into Faking Nature: The Ethics of Environmental Restoration (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997).
63. Andrew Light, "Ecological Restoration and the Culture of Nature: A Pragmatic Perspective", in Gobster and Hull, Restoring Nature.
64. Paul Ricoeur, The Symbolism of Evil (New York: Harper and Row, 1967), 33.
65. Al Gore, Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1993);
66. Theodore Roszak, The Voice of the Earth (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992).
67. Mircea Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane, trans. Willard Trask (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1968), p. 10.
68. Ricoeur, Symbolism of Evil, p. 10.
69. Public Law 88-577, 88th Congress, S. 4, 3 September 1964.
70. "Ecology, Theology, and Judeo-Christian Environmental Ethics", held at Notre Dame University on 21-24 February 2002.
71. Friedrich Nietzsche, The Gay Science, trans. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Random House, 1974), #125.
72. Science Wars, ed. Andrew Ross (London: Duke University Press, 1996)
73. Beyond the Science Wars, ed. Ullica Segerstrala (Albany: SUNY Press, 2000).
74. Ian Hacking, Representing and Intervening (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983);
75. Nancy Cartwright, The Dappled World: A Study of the Boundaries of Science (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999);
76. Trish Glazebrook, Heidegger's Philosophy of Science (New York: Fordham University Press, 2000);
77. and Ronald N. Giere, Science without Laws (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
78. Giere, Science without Laws, p. 4.
79. Cartwright, Dappled World, p. 1.
80. Jacques Derrida, Margins of Philosophy, trans. Alan Bass (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982).
81. George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought (New York: Basic Books, 1999);
82. and Marvin Minsky, The Society of Mind (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986).
83. Stella Vosniadou and Andrew Ortony, Similarity and Analogical Reasoning (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 1.
84. Nancy Cartwright, How the Laws of Physics Lie (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983).
85. Mary B. Hesse, Models and Analogies in Science (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1966).
86. Alan F. Chalmer's What Is This Thing Called Science (New York: Heckett, 1999)
87. Steve Fuller has argued along similar lines: see Social Epistemology (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002).
88. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, The Phenomenology of Perception (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1962).
89. Thomas Raab and Robert Frodeman, "What Is It Like to Be a Geologist? The Phenomenology of Geology and Its Implications", Philosophy and Geography, July 2002.
90. Hubert L. Dreyfus and Stuart E. Dreyfus. Mind over Machine: The Power of Human Intuition and Expertise in the Era of the Computer (New York: Free Press, 1986).
91. Naomi Oreskes. "Why Believe a Computer? Models, Measures, and Meaning in the Natural World", in The Earth Around Us: Maintaining a Livable Planet, ed. Jill S. Schneiderman (New York: W. H. Freeman, 2000).
92. John Harte, Consider a Spherical Cow: A Course in Environmental Problem Solving (Los Altos, Calif.: W. Kaufmann, 1985).
93. Victor R. Baker, "Conversing with the Earth: The Geological Approach to Understanding", in Earth Matters: The Earth Sciences and Contemporary Culture, ed. Robert Frodeman (Upper Saddle River, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 2000).
94. Rachel Lauden, From Mineralogy to Geology: The Foundations of a Science, 1650-1830 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
95. John McPhee. See, for instance, Basin and Range (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1981)
96. In Suspect Terrain (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1983)
97. Assembling California (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1993).
98. Nelson Goodman, "Uniformity and Simplicity", in Uniformity and Simplicity: A Symposium on the Principle of the Uniformity of Nature, ed. C. C. Albritton Jr. et al., Special Paper (New York: Geological Society of America, 1967), 99;
99. Richard Watson, "Explanation and Prediction in Geology", Journal of Geology 77(1969):488.
100. John Sallis's Stone (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994)
101. R. N. Giere. Explaining Science: A Cognitive Approach (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988);
102. N. Oreskes, K. S. Shrader-Frechette, and K. Belitz, "Verification, Validation, and Confirmation of Numerical Models in the Earth Sciences", Science 263(1994):641-46.
103. Kristen Shrader-Frechette, Burying Uncertainty: Risk and the Case against Geological Disposal of Nuclear Waste (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).
104. David B. Kitts, The Structure of Geology (Dallas, Tex.: SMU Press, 1977);
105. W. V. Engelhardt and J. Zimmermann, Theory of Earth Science (1982; reprint, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
106. Alexander Koyre, From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1957);
107. Thomas Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957).
108. "Deep time" was coined by John McPhee: cf. Basin and Range.
109. Charles Gillispie, Genesis and Geology (New York: Harper, 1959);
110. Stephen Toulmin and June Goodfield, The Discovery of Time (New York: Harper & Row, 1965);
111. and Stephen Goldman, "Modern Science and Western Culture: The Issue of Time", History of European Ideas 3, no. 4(1982):371-401.
112. Descartes's Rules for the Direction of the Mind, trans. with an introduction by Laurence J. Lafleur (Indianapolis: Liberal Arts Press; written in 1627 and first published in 1701).
113. G. K. Gilbert, "The Inculcation of Scientific Method by Example", American Journal of Science, 3d ser., 31(1886):284-99;
114. T. C. Chamberlin, "The Method of Multiple Working Hypotheses", Science 15(1890):92-96.
115. Claude Albritton, The Fabric of Geology (Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1963);
116. Stanley A. Schumm, To Interpret the Earth (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991);
117. Derek V. Ager, The Nature of the Stratigraphical Record (Chichester, NY: J. Wiley 1993).
118. Stephen Jay Gould, Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987)
119. Wonderful Life (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989);
120. Peter D. Ward, Time Machines: Scientific Explorations in Deep Time (New York: Copernicus, 1998);
121. Niles Eldredge, Dominion (New York: H. Holt, 1995);
122. Edward O. Wilson, Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge (New York: Knopf, 1998).
123. Gould's Wonderful Life, pp. 277-91
124. Doreen Massey, "Space-Time, Science, and the Relationship between Physical Geography and Human Geography", Institute of British Geography 24(1999):264.
125. Schumm, To Intrepret the Earth, p. 5.
126. Alan Sokal, "Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity", Social Text, nos. 46/47(spring/summer 1996):217-52, also available at http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/.
127. Ian Hacking, Representing and Intervening (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983);
128. John Rajchman and Cornel West, Post-Analytic Philosophy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985);
129. Richard Rorty, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979);
130. Ronald Giere, Explaining Science (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988);
131. Joseph Rouse, Knowledge and Power (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987);
132. and Philip Kitcher, The Advancement of Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
133. Paul Feyerabend, "Problems of Empiricism", in Beyond the Edge of Certainty, ed. R. Colodny (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1965).
134. H. Kornblith, ed., Naturalizing Epistemology (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1985);
135. Paul M. Churchland, Matter and Consciousness (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988);
136. and Paul Thagard, Conceptual Revolutions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992).
137. The Essential Tension [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977])
138. Patrick A. Heelan, Space-Perception and the Philosophy of Science (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983);
139. Joseph J. Kockelmans and Theodore J. Kisiel, eds., Phenomenology and the Natural Sciences: Essays and Translations (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1970);
140. Joseph Rouse, Engaging Science: How to Understand its Practices Philosophically (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996);
141. Babette E. Babich et al., eds., Continental and Postmodern Perspectives in the Philosophy of Science (Brookfield, Vt.: Avebury Press, 1995);
142. Glazebrook, Heidegger's Philosophy of Science.
143. Josef Bleicher, Contemporary Hermeneutics (Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980).
144. Hans-Georg Gadamer's Truth and Method (New York: Seabury Press, 1975)
145. Glazebrook, Heidegger's Philosophy of Science.
146. Martin J. S. Rudwick, "The Emergence of a Visual Language for Geological Science, 1760-1840", History of Science (1976):149-95.
147. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, "Eye and Mind", in The Merleau-Ponty Aesthetics Reader, ed. Galen A. Johnson, trans. Michael B. Smith (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1993).
148. Alan Sokal, "A Physicist Experiments with Cultural Studies", Lingua Franca, May/June 1996, pp. 62-64.
149. Heidegger's Being and Time, trans. John MacQuarrie and Edward Robinson (London: SCM Press, 1962), originally published in German in 1927.
150. Bruno Latour and Steven Woolgar, Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Fact (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1979);
151. Andrew Pickering, ed., Science as Practice and Culture (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992);
152. Sharon Traweek, Beamtimes and Lifetimes (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988);
153. Karin Knorr-Cetina, Epistemic Cultures: How the Sciences Make Knowledge (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999).
154. Harry M. Collins and Trevor Pinch have described the extraordinary difficulties scientists sometimes face in duplicating experiments. See The Golem: What Everyone Should Know about Science (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
155. Ivo Lucchitta, "The History of the Colorado River and the Grand Canyon", in Grand Canyon Geology, ed. Stanley S. Beus and Michael Morales (Flagstaff, Ariz.: Museum of Northern Arizona Press, 1990).
156. Hayden White, "The Logic of Historical Narration", Philosophy and History 3(1963):4-14;
157. D. L. Hull, "Central Subjects and Historical Narratives", History and Theory 14(1976):253-74.
158. Naomi Oreskes, "Why Predict? Historical Perspectives on Prediction in Earth Science", in Prediction: Science, Decision Making, and the Future of Nature, ed. Daniel Sarewitz, Roger A. Pielke Jr., and Radford Byerly Jr. (Washington, D. C.: Island Press, 2000), pp. 23-40.
159. David Carr, Time, Narrative, and History (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986)
160. K. S. Shrader-Frechette and E. D. McCoy, Method in Ecology: Strategies for Conservation (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
161. David R. Olroyd, The Highlands Controversy: Constructing Geological Knowledge through Fieldwork in Nineteenth Century Britain (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990);
162. David Stoddard, "Darwin and the Seeing Eye", Earth Science History 134 (1994):3-22;
163. and Henrika Kohler and Robert E. Kohler, eds. "Science in the Field", Osiris, 11 (1996).
164. J. Von-Brakel. "On the Neglect of the Philosophy of Chemistry", Foundations of Chemistry, 1, no. 2(1999):111-74.
165. www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/tertiary/eoc/greenriver.html).
166. John Ruskin, Elements of Drawing (London: Dutton, Everyman's Library, 1907), p. 70.
167. Bruce V. Foltz, "Inhabitation and Orientation: Science Beyond Disenchantment", in Frodeman, Earth Matters.
168. John N. Deely, Basics of Semiotics (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990).
169. Albert Borgmann, Holding on to Reality: The Nature of Information at the Turn of the Century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), p. 17.
170. Stoddart, Darwin and the Seeing Eye.
171. Alphonso Lingis, "Thinking in the Interrogative Mood", in The Horizons of the Flesh: Critical Perspectives on the Thought of Merleau-Ponty, ed. Garth Gillan (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1973);
172. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, The Visible and the Invisible, followed by working notes, ed. Claude Lefort, trans. Alphonso Lingis (Evanston, Ill: Northwestern University Press, 1968).
173. (Republic 327c. trans with notes and an interpretive essay by Allen Bloom [New York: Basic Books, 1968], 3-4).
174. Don L. Eicher, Richard Dinar, Origin of the Cretaceous Bridge Creek cycles in the Western Interior, United States. In Paleogeography, paleoclimatology, paleoecology, 74, 1-2, pp. 127-146, 1989.
175. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, trans. Colin Smith (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1963), pp. 300ff.
176. Johnson, Merleau-Ponty Aesthetics Reader, p. 67.
177. Martin Rudwick, The Great Devonian Controversy: The Shaping of Scientific Knowledge among Gentlemanly Specialists (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985);
178. Stuart McCook, "'It May Be Truth, But It Is Not Evidence': Paul du Chaillu and the Legitimization of Evidence in the Field Sciences", Osiris 11(1996):177-97.
179. Larry King Live, 17 June 1997.
180. Roger Shattuck, Forbidden Knowledge: From Prometheus to Pornography (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996).
181. Paul Saffo, Institute for the Future, quoted in High Stakes in Cyberspace, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/cyberspace/saffo.html.
182. Alston Chase, "Harvard and the Making of the Unabomber", Atlantic Monthly, June 2000).
183. "Why the Future Doesn't Need Us", Wired 8. 04, April 2000.
184. Nietzsche, The Gay Science, #125.
185. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 1176b30.
186. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, Anti-Oedipus, trans. Robert Hurley, Mark Seem, and Helen R. Lane (New York: Viking Press, 1977);
187. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, trans. Brian Massumi (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987).
188. Lester Brown, The State of the World (San Francisco: Worldwatch Institute, 1997).
189. Martin Heidegger, Being and Time (New York: Harper and Row, 1962)
190. Herbert Druyfus and Charles Spinosa, Highway Bridges and Feasts: Heidegger and Borgmann on How to Affirm Technology, at http://www.focusing.org/ dreyfus.html.
191. Don L. Eicher, Geologic Time (Englewood Cliffs, N. J: Prentice-Hall, 1976).
192. John Locke, Second Treatise of Government (New York: New American Library, 1963), p. 334.
193. Albert Borgmann, Crossing the Post-Modern Divide (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).
194. Steven Vogel, Against Nature: The Concept of Nature in Critical Theory (Albany: SUNY Press, 1996).
195. William Ophuls and A. Stephen Boyan Jr., Ecology and the Politics of Scarcity Revisited (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1992).
196. Julian Simon, The State of Humanity (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1995), p. 25.
197. Julian Simon, The Ultimate Resource (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981).
198. Mark Sagoff, "Do We Consume Too Much?" Atlantic Monthly, June 1997.
199. Theodore Roszak, The Voice of the Earth: An Exploration of Ecopsychology (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), p. 27.
200. Nature and Madness (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1982).
201. http://www.nps.gov/planning/arch/verp.html.
202. Aristotle's Ethics, especially 1. 3 and 6.1-7.
203. For information on the Georgia Basin Futures Project, see http://www.sdri.ubc.ca/GBFP/.
204. A. Hunter Dupree, Science in the Federal Government: A History of Policies and Activities to 1940 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957);
205. Don K. Price, Government and Science: Their Dynamic Relation in American Democracy (New York: New York University Press, 1961);
206. David Guston, Between Politics and Science: Assuring the Integrity and Productivity of Research (New York: Cambridge University, 2000).
207. Mary C. Rabbitt, Minerals, Lands, and Geology for the Common Defense and General Welfare (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1980), Vol. 1, p. 6.
208. Rabbitt, The United States Geological Survey, 1879-1989, USGS Circular 1050 (Washington, D. C.: US Government Printing Office, 1989).
209. Wallace Stegner, Beyond the Hundredth Meridian: John Wesley Powell and the Second Opening of the West (New York: Penguin, 1954);
210. Donald Worster, A River Running West: The Life of John Wesley Powell (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).
211. Michael Sandel, Democracy's Discontent (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996).
212. Rabbitt, The United States Geological Survey, p. 16.
213. "John Wesley Powell and the Unmaking of the West", in The Next West: Public Lands, Community, and Economy in the American West, ed. John A. Baden and Donald Snow (Washington, D. C.: Island Press, 1997).
214. Powell is Worster, River Running West.
215. the American Academy for the Advancement of Science web page for current figures at: http://www.aaas.org/spp/dspp/rd/caprev00.htm#hi.
216. Shrader-Frechette and McCoy, Method in Ecology.
217. Monroe H. Freedman, "Professional Responsibility of the Criminal Defense Lawyer: The Three Hardest Questions", in Ethics in Professional Life, ed. Joan C. Callahan (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 51-58.
218. http://www.usgs.gov/budget/stratplan.PDF.
219. Guston, Between Politics and Science.
220. Harold D. Lasswell, "Policy Sciences", in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (New York: Macmillan, 1968), pp. 181-189.
221. Case, in Gene Lessard, ed., Decision Support Capabilities for Future Technology Requirements: Interagency Group on Decision Support (IGDS), Washington, DC., 2001.
222. John Kelmelis, "The Changing Decision Environment", in Report on the Decision Support Systems Workshop, ed. Gene Lessard and Thomas Gunther (USGS Open file report 99-351), 1999, p. 5.
223. Information about these USGS programs can be found through searching the Survey's webpage at www.usgs.gov.
224. W. Scott McLean, Eldridge M. Moores, and David M. Robertson, "Nature and Culture", in Earth Matters: The Earth Sciences, Philosophy, and the Claims of Community, ed Robert Frodeman (Upper Saddle River, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 2000), pp. 141-150.
225. John Donne, The Anniversaries, ed Frank Manley (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1963), p. 73-74.
226. Gary Snyder, Mountains and Rivers without End, (Washington, D. C.: Counterpoint, 1996), p. 145.
227. "Nature and Culture", op. cit., p. 148.
228. http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/iwt/realworld/.
229. http://www.mines.edu/newdirections.
230. http://www.amdandart.org/.