Source apportionment of elevated wintertime PAHs by compound-specific radiocarbon analysis

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 9, Issue 10, 2009, Pages 3347-3356

  Sheesley, R J ^a   Krusa M ^a   Krecl, P ^a   Johansson, C ^a   Gustafsson, O ^a  

^a STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; BIOFUEL; BIOMASS; CARBON ISOTOPE; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; COMBUSTION; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); INORGANIC CARBON; ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS; MASS BALANCE; PAH; POINT SOURCE; SEASONAL VARIATION; TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON; WINTER;

LYCKSELE; SWEDEN; VASTERBOTTEN;

EID: 72449143948     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-9-3347-2009     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. 2.5 aerosols at nine Interagency Monitoring for Protection of Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network sites, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D10205, doi:10.1029/2006JD007708, 2007.
2. Benner, B. A., Wise, S. A., Currie, L. A., Klouda, G. A., Klinedinst, D. B., Zweidinger, R. B., Stevens, R. K., and Lewis, C. W.: Distinguishing the contributions of residential wood combustion and mobile source emissions using relative concentrations of dimethylphenanthrene isomers, Environ. Sci. Technol., 29(9), 2382-2389, 1995.
3. Breivik, K., Vestreng, V., Rozovskaya, O., and Pacyna, J. M.: Atmospheric emissions of some POPs in Europe: a discussion of existing inventories and data needs, Environ. Sci. Policy, 9(7-8), 663-674, doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2006.09.001, 2006.
4. Broman, D., Naf, C., and Zebuhr, Y.: Long-term high-volume and low-volume air sampling of polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and dibenzofurans and polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons along a transect from urban to remote areas on the Swedish Baltic Coast, Environ. Sci. Technol., 25(11), 1841-1850, 1991.
5. Busby, W. F., Smith, H., Plummer, E. F., Lafleur, A. L., Mulder, P. P. J., Boere, B. B., Cornelisse, J., and Lugtenburg, J.: Mutagenicity of cyclopenta-fused polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and a non-polar fraction from a fuel combustion sample in a Salmonella forward mutation assay without exogenous metabolic activation, Mutation Research-Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 391(3), 117-125, 1997.
6. Choi, H., Jedrychowski, W., Spengler, J., Camann, D. E., Whyatt, R. M., Rauh, V., Tsai, W. Y., and Perera, F. P.: International studies of prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and fetal growth, Environ. Health Perspect., 114(11), 1744-1750, 2006.
7. Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Lowenthal, D. H., Chen, L. W. A., Zielinska, B., Mazzoleni, L. R., and Magliano, K. L.: Evaluation of organic markers for chemical mass balance source apportionment at the Fresno Supersite, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1741-1754, 2007, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/1741/2007/.
8. 2.5 in Indian cities, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D15, doi:10.1029/2007JD008386, 2007.
9. Coplen, T. B.: New guidelines for reporting stable hydrogen, carbon and oxygen isotope-ratio data, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60, 3359-3360, 1996.
10. Currie, L. A., Klouda, G. A., Benner, B. A., Garrity, K., and Eglinton, T. I.: Isotopic and molecular fractionation in combustion; three routes to molecular marker validation, including direct molecular 'dating' (GC/AMS), Atmos. Environ., 33(17), 2789-2806, 1999.
11. Eglinton, T. I., Aluwihare, L. I., Bauer, J. E., Druffel, E. R. M., and McNichol, A. P.: Gas chromatographic isolation of individual compounds from complex matrices for radiocarbon dating, Anal. Chem., 68(5), 904-912, 1996.
12. Hays, M. D., Smith, N. D., Kinsey, J., Dong, Y. J., and Kariher, P.: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon size distributions in aerosols from appliances of residential wood combustion as determined by direct thermal desorption-GC/MS, J. Aerosol Sci, 34(8), 1061-1084, 2003.
13. Hedberg, E. and Johansson, C.: Is levoglucosan a suitable quantitative tracer for wood burning? Comparison with receptor modeling on trace elements in Lycksele, Sweden, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 56(12), 1669-1678, 2006.
14. Hildemann, L. M., Klinedinst, D. B., Klouda, G. A., Currie, L. A., and Cass, G. R.: Sources Of Urban Contemporary Carbon Aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 28(9), 1565-1576, 1994.
15. Jaeckels, J. M., Bae, M. S., and Schauer, J. J.: Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis of molecular marker measurements to quantify the sources of organic aerosols, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41(16), 5763-5769, 2007.
16. Johansson, C., Hedberg, E., Olivares, G., et al.: Measurements and calculations of the effect of wood burning on air pollution levels. Part I. Lycksele, Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SwedenITM report-124, 2004.
17. Jordan, T. B., Seen, A. J., Jacobsen, G. E., and Gras, J. L.: Radiocarbon determination of woodsmoke contribution to air particu-late matter in Launceston, Tasmania, Atmos. Environ., 40(14), 2575-2582, 2006.
18. 2.5 fossil and biomass carbon within the Northern Front Range Air Quality Study's domain, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33(23), 4146-4154, 1999.
19. Krecl, P., Strom, J., and Johansson, C.: Carbon content of atmospheric aerosols in a residential area during the wood combustion season in Sweden, Atmos. Environ., 41(33), 6974-6985, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.06.025, 2007.
20. Krecl, P., Hedberg Larsson, E., Ström, J., and Johansson, C.: Contribution of residential wood combustion and other sources to hourly winter aerosol in Northern Sweden determined by positive matrix factorization, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3639-3653, 2008a, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/3639/2008/.
21. Krecl, P., Strom, J., and Johansson, C.: Diurnal variation of atmospheric aerosol during the wood combustion season in Northern Sweden, Atmos. Environ., 42(18), 4113-4125, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.01.026, 2008b.
22. 1.1 aerosols from residential areas of suburban Tokyo, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40(11), 3474-3480, 2006.
23. Larsen, R. K. and Baker, J. E.: Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere: A comparison of three methods, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37(9), 1873-1881, doi:10.1021/es0206184, 2003.
24. 2)-C-14 observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 23, doi:10.1029/2003GL018477, 2003.
25. Levin, I. and Kromer, B.: The tropospheric (CO2)-C-14 level in mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (1959-2003), Radiocarbon, 46(3), 1261-1272, 2004.
26. Lima, A. L. C., Farrington, J. W., and Reddy, C. M.: Combustion-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the environment-A review, Environ. Forensics, 6(2), 109-131, 2005.
27. Lough, G. C. and Schauer, J. J.: Sensitivity of source apportionment of urban particulate matter to uncertainty in motor vehicle emissions profiles, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 57(10), 1200-1213, 2007.
28. Mandalakis, M. and Gustafsson, O.: Optimization of a preparative capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry system for the isolation and harvesting of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, J. Chromatogr. A, 996(1-2), 163-172, 2003.
29. Mandalakis, M., Gustafsson, O., Reddy, C. M., and Li, X.: Radiocarbon apportionment of fossil versus biofuel combustion sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Stockholm metropolitan area, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38(20), 5344-5349, 2004a.
30. Mandalakis, M., Zebuhr, Y., and Gustafsson, O.: Efficient isolation of polyaromatic fraction from aliphatic compounds in complex extracts using dimethylformamide-pentane partitionings, J. Chromatogr. A, 1041(1-2), 111-117, 2004b.
31. Mandalakis, M., Gustafsson, O., Alsberg, T., Egeback, A. L., Reddy, C. M., Xu, L., Klanova, J., Holoubek, I., and Stephanou, E. G.: Contribution of biomass burning to atmospheric poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at three European background sites, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39(9), 2976-2982, 2005.
32. McDonald, J. D., Zielinska, B., Fujita, E. M., Sagebiel, J. C., Chow, J. C., and Watson, J. G.: Emissions from charbroiling and grilling of chicken and beef, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 53(2), 185-194, 2003.
33. Pearson, A., McNichol, A. P., Schneider, R. J., Von Reden, K. F., and Zheng, Y.: Microscale AMS C-14 measurement at NOSAMS, Radiocarbon, 40(1), 61-75, 1998.
34. Ravindra, K., Sokhi, R., and Van Grieken, R.: Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors and regulation, Atmos. Environ., 42(13), 2895-2921, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.12.010, 2008.
35. Reddy, C. M., Pearson, A., Xu, L., McNichol, A. P., Benner, B. A., Wise, S. A., Klouda, G. A., Currie, L. A., and Eglinton, T. I.: Radiocarbon as a tool to apportion the sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and black carbon in environmental samples, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36(8), 1774-1782, 2002.
36. Reddy, C. M., Xu, L., and O'Connor, R.: Using radiocarbon to apportion sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in household soot, Environ. Forensics, 4(3), 191-197, 2003.
37. Sauvain, J. J., Duc, T. V., and Guillemin, M.: Exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic compounds and health risk assessment for diesel-exhaust exposed workers, Int. Arch. Occ. Env. Hea., 76(6), 443-455, 2003.
38. Schauer, J. J. and Cass, G. R.: Source apportionment of wintertime gas-phase and particle-phase air pollutants using organic compounds as tracers, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34(9), 1821-1832, 2000.
39. Schauer, J. J., Kleeman, M. J., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 3. C-1-C-29 organic compounds from fireplace combustion of wood, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35(9), 1716-1728, 2001.
40. Schauer, J. J., Kleeman, M. J., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 5. C-1-C-32 organic compounds from gasoline-powered motor vehicles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36(6), 1169-1180, 2002.
41. 2.5. Seasonal trends and daily resolved source contributions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41(11), 3821-3828, 2007.
42. Schwarze, P. E., Ovrevik, J., Hetland, R. B., Becher, R., Cassee, F. R., Lag, M., Lovik, M., Dybing, E., and Refsnes, M.: Importance of size and composition of particles for effects on cells in vitro, Inhalation Toxicology, 19, 17-22, 2007.
43. Sheesley, R. J., Schauer, J. J., Zheng, M., and Wang, B.: Sensitivity of molecular marker-based CMB models to biomass burning source profiles, Atmos. Environ., 41(39), 9050-9063, 2007.
44. Stuiver, M. and Polach, H. A.: Reporting Of C-14 Data-Discussion, Radiocarbon, 19(3), 355-363, 1977.
45. Szidat, S., Jenk, T. M., Gaggeler, H. W., Synal, H. A., Fisseha, R., Baltensperger, U., Kalberer, M., Samburova, V., Reimann, S., Kasper-Giebl, A., and Hajdas, I.: Radiocarbon (C-14)-deduced biogenic and anthropogenic contributions to organic carbon (OC) of urban aerosols from Zurich, Switzerland, Atmos. Environ., 38(24), 4035-4044, 2004a.
46. Szidat, S., Jenk, T. M., Gaggeler, H. W., Synal, H. A., Fisseha, R., Baltensperger, U., Kalberer, M., Samburova, V., Wacker, L., Saurer, M., Schwikowski, M., and Hajdas, I.: Source apportionment of aerosols by C-14 measurements in different carbonaceous particle fractions, Radiocarbon, 46(1), 475-484, 2004b.
47. Szidat, S., Prevot, A. S. H., Sandradewi, J., Alfarra, M. R., Synal, H. A., Wacker, L., and Baltensperger, U.: Dominant impact of residential wood burning on particulate matter in Alpine valleys during winter, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L05820, doi:10.1029/2006GL028325, 2007.
48. Yan, B. Z., Abrajano, T. A., Bopp, R. F., Chaky, D. A., Benedict, L. A., and Chillrud, S. N.: Molecular tracers of saturated and poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon inputs into Central Park Lake, New York City, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39(18), 7012-7019, 2005.
49. Yunker, M. B., Macdonald, R. W., Vingarzan, R., Mitchell, R. H., Goyette, D., and Sylvestre, S.: PAHs in the Fraser River basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition, Org. Geochem., 33(4), 489-515, 2002.
50. Zencak, Z., Elmquist, M., and Gustafsson, O.: Quantification and radiocarbon source apportionment of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols using the CTO-375 method, Atmos. Environ., 41(36), 7895-7906, 2007a.
51. Zencak, Z., Klanova, J., Holoubek, I., and Gustafsson, O.: Source apportionment of atmospheric PAHs in the western balkans by natural abundance radiocarbon analysis, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41(11), 3850-3855, 2007b.
52. Zencak, Z., Reddy, C. M., Teuten, E. L., Xu, L., McNichol, A. P., and Gustafsson, O.: Evaluation of gas chromatographic isotope fractionation and process contamination by carbon in compound-specific radiocarbon analysis, Anal. Chem., 79(5), 2042-2049, 2007c.