Chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium vivax

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy

Volumn 48, Issue 11, 2004, Pages 4075-4083

  Baird, J Kevin ^a  

^a California   (Peru)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIMALARIAL AGENT; ATOVAQUONE; ATOVAQUONE PLUS PROGUANIL; CHLOROQUINE; DEETHYLCHLOROQUINE; DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; DOXYCYCLINE; FANSIDAR; HALOFANTRINE; MEFLOQUINE; PRIMAQUINE; PROGUANIL; TAFENOQUINE;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; ENDEMIC DISEASE; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HUMAN; MALARIA; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REINFECTION; RELAPSE; SHORT SURVEY;

ANIMALS; ANTIMALARIALS; CHLOROQUINE; DRUG RESISTANCE; HUMANS; MALARIA, VIVAX; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; RECURRENCE;

EID: 7244251635     PISSN: 00664804     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.48.11.4075-4083.2004     Document Type: Short Survey

References (116)

1. Ahlm, C., J. Wistrom, and H. Carlsson. 1996. Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax in Borneo. J. Travel Med. 3:124.
2. Akintonwa, A., M. C. Meyer, and P. T. R. Hwang. 1983. Simultaneous determination of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine in blood, plasma, and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Liquid Chromatogr. 6:1513-1522.
3. Alcantara, A. K., C. V. Uylangco, R. P. Sangalong, and J. H. Cross. 1985. A comparative clinical study of mefloquine and chloroquine in the treatment of vivax malaria. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 16:534-538.
4. Alecrim, M. G. C., W. Alecrim, and V. Macedo. 1999. Plasmodium vivax resistance to chloroquine (R3) in Brazilian Amazon region. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 32:67-68.
5. Alving, A. S., B. Craige, Jr., C. M. Worton, T. N. Pullman, and L. Eichelberger. 1948. Pentaquine, a therapeutic agent effective in reducing the relapse rate in vivax malaria. J. Clin. Investig. 27(Suppl. 2):25-33.
6. Andersen, T. J. C., B. Haubold, J. T. Williams, J. G. Estrada-Franco, L. Richardson, R. Mollinedo, M. Bockarie, J. Mokili, S. Mharakurwa, N. French, J. Whitworth, I. D. Velez, A. H. Brockman, F. Nosten, M. U. Ferreira, and K. P. Day. 2000. Microsatellite markers reveal a spectrum of population structures in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Biol. Evol. 17:1467-1482.
7. Baird, J. K. 2000. Resurgent malaria at the millennium: control strategies in crisis. Drugs 59:719-743.
8. Baird, J. K., H. Basri, Purnomo, M. J. Bangs, B. Subianto, L. C. Patchen, and S. L. Hoffman. 1991. Resistance to chloroquine by Plasmodium vivax in Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 44:547-552.
9. Baird, J. K., H. Basri, B. Subianto, D. J. Fryauff, P. D. McElroy, B. Leksana, T. L. Richie, S. Masbar, F. S. Wignall, and S. L. Hoffman. 1995. Treatment of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax with chloroquine and primaquine or halofantrine. J. Infect. Dis. 171:1678-1682.
10. Baird, J. K., E. Caneta-Miguel, S. Masbar, D. Bustos, J. A. Abrenica, A. V. O. Layawen, J. M. Calulut, B. Leksana, and F. S. Wignall. 1996. Survey of resistance to chloroquine of falciparum and vivax malaria in Palawan, the Philippines. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 90:413-414.
11. Baird, J. K., D. J. Fryauff, H. Basri, M. J. Bangs, B. Subianto, I. Wiady, Purnomo, B. Leksana, S. Masbar, T. L. Richie, F. S. Wignall, and S. L. Hoffman. 1995. Primaquine for prophylaxis against malaria among nonimmune transmigrants in Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 52:479-484.
12. Baird, J. K., and S. L. Hoffman. Primaquine therapy of malaria. Clin. Infect. Dis., in press.
13. Baird, J. K., B. Leksana, S. Masbar, D. J. Fryauff, M. A. Sutanihardja, Suradi, F. S. Wignall, and S. L. Hoffman. 1997. Diagnosis of resistance to chloroquine by Plasmodium vivax: timing of recurrence and whole blood levels. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 56:621-626.
14. Baird, J. K., B. Leksana, S. Masbar, Suradi, M. A. Sutanihardja, D. J. Fryauff, and B. Subianto. 1997. Whole blood chloroquine concentrations with Plasmodium vivax infection in Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 56:618-620.
15. Baird, J. K., P. Sismadi, S. Masbar, B. Leksana, Sekartuti, A. Ramzan, and E. Tjitra. 1996. Choroquine sensitive Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax in central Java, Indonesia. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 90:412-413.
16. Baird, J. K., M. F. Sustriaya Nalim, H. Basri, S. Masbar, B. Leksana, E. Tjitra, R. M. Dewi, M. Khairani, and F. S. Wignall. 1996. Survey of resistance to chloroquine by Plasmodium vivax in Indonesia. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 90:409-411.
17. Baird, J. K., T. Tiwari, G. J. Martin, C. L. Tamminga, T. M. Prout, J. Tjaden, P. P. Bravet, S. Rawlins, M. Ferrel, D. Carucci, and S. L. Hoffman. 2002. Chloroquine for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Guyana. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 96:339-348.
18. Baird, J. K., I. Wiady, D. J. Fryauff, M. A. Sutanihardja, B. Leksana, H. Widjaya, Kysdarmanto, and B. Subianto. 1997. In vivo resistance to chloroquine by Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum at Nabire, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 56:627-631.
19. Baird, J. K., I. Wiady, A. Sutanihardja, Suradi, Purnomo, H. Basri, Sekartuti, E. Ayomi, D. J. Fryauff, and S. L. Hoffman. 2002. Short report: therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine combined with primaquine against Plasmodium falciparum in northeastern Papua, Indonesia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 66:659-660.
20. Berliner, R. W., D. P. Earle, Jr., J. V. Taggart, C. G. Zubrod, W. J. Welch, N. J. Conan, E. Bauman, S. T. Scudder, and J. A. Shannon. 1948. Studies on the chemotherapy of the human malarias. VI. The physiological disposition, antimalarial activity, and toxicity of several derivatives of 4-aminoquinoline. J. Clin. Investig. 27:98-107.
21. Berqvist, Y., and B. Domeij-Nyberg. 1983. Distribution of chloroquine and its metabolite desethylchloroquine in human blood cells and its implication for the quantitative determination of these compounds in serum and plasma. J. Chromatogr. 272:137-148.
22. Black, R. H., C. J. Canfield, D. F. Clyde, W. Peters, and W. H. Wernsdorfer. 1981. In L. J. Bruce-Chwatt (ed.), Chemotherapy of malaria, 2nd ed. World Health Organization monograph series, no. 27. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
23. Boudreau, E. F., L. W. Pang, S. Chaikummao, and C. Witayarut. 1991. Comparison of mefloquine, chloroquine plus pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine (Fansidar) and chloroquine as malarial prophylaxis in eastern Thailand. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 22:183-189.
24. Brockelman, C. R., P. Tan-Ariya, and D. Bunnag. 1989. Development of in vitro microtest for the assessment of Plasmodium vivax sensitivity to chloroquine. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 20:41-47.
25. Brodie, B. B., S. Udenfriend, W. Dill, and G. Downing. 1947. The estimation of organic compounds in biological material. II. Estimation of fluorescent compounds. J. Biol. Chem. 168:319-325.
26. Bruce, M. C., M. R. Galinski, J. W. Barnwell, G. Snounou, and K. P. Day. 1999. Polymorphism at the merozoite surface protein-3α locus of Plasmodium vivax: global and local diversity. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 61:518-525.
27. Butts, D. C. A. 1950. Results on 449 cases of naturally acquired malaria treated with chloroquine. J. Natl. Malaria Soc. 9:44-49.
28. Campbell, C. C. 1997. Malaria: an emerging and re-emerging global plague. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 18:325-331.
29. Canada Communicable Disease Report. 2000. Canadian recommendations for the prevention and treatment of malaria among international travelers, vol. 26, suppl. 2. CATMAT, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
30. Castillo, C. M., L. E. Osorio, and G. I. Palma. 2002. Assessement of therapeutic response of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine in a malaria transmission-free area of Colombia. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 97:559-562.
31. Chai, J. Y. 1999. Re-emerging Plasmodium vivax in the Republic of Korea. Korean J. Parasitol. 37:129-143.
32. Coatney, G. R. 1963. Pitfalls in a discovery: the chronicle of chloroquine. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 12:121-128.
33. Coatney, G. R., W. C. Cooper, and M. D. Young. 1950. Studies in human malaria. XXX. A summary of 204 sporozoite-induced infections by the Chesson strain of Plasmodium vivax. J. Natl. Malaria Soc. 9:381-396.
34. Coatney, G. R., D. S. Ruhe, W. C. Cooper, E. S. Josephson, and M. D. Young. 1949. Studies in human malaria. X. The protective and therapeutic action of chloroquine (SN 7618) against St. Elizabeth strain of vivax malaria Am. J. Hyg. 49:49-59.
35. Collignon, P. 1991. Chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium vivax. J. Infect. Dis. 164:222-223.
36. Collins, W. E., I. K. Schwartz, J. C. Skinner, C. Morris, and V. K. Filipski. 1992. The susceptibility of the Indonesian I/CDC strain of Plasmodium vivax to chloroquine. J. Parasitol. 78:344-349.
37. Collins, W. E., J. S. Sullivan, D. J. Fryauff, J. Kendall, V. Jennings, G. G. Galland, and C. L. Morris. 2000. Adaptation of a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium vivax from Indonesia to New World monkeys. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 62:491-495.
38. Congpuong, K., K. Na-Bangchang, K. Thimasarn, U. Tasanor, and W. H. Wernsdorfer. 2002. Sensitivity of Plasmodium vivax to chloroquine in Sa Kaeo Province, Thailand. Acta Trop. 83:117-121.
39. Cooper, R. D., W. K. Milhous, and K. H. Rieckmann. 1994. The efficacy of WR238605 against the blood stages of a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium vivax. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 88:691-692.
40. Craig, A. A., and K. C. Kain. 1996. Molecular analysis of Plasmodium vivax from paired primary and relapse infections. J. Infect. Dis. 174:373-379.
41. Craige, B., Jr., A. S. Alving, R. Jones, Jr., C. M. Whorton, T. N. Dullman, and L. Eichelberger. 1947. The Chesson strain of Plasmodium vivax malaria. II. Relationship between prepatent period, latent period, and relapse rate. J. Infect. Dis. 80:228-236.
42. Davis, T. M., D. A. Syed, K. F. Ilett, and P. H. Barrett. 2003. Toxicity related to chloroquine treatment of resistant vivax malaria. Ann. Pharmacother. 37:526-529.
43. Dixon, K. E., U. Pitaktong, and P. Phintuyothin. 1985. A clinical trial of mefloquine in the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 34:435-437.
44. Dua, V. K., P. K. Kar, and V. P. Sharma. 1996. Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria in India. Trop. Med. Int. Health 1:816-819.
45. Ehrman, F. C., J. M. Ellis, and M. D. Young. 1945. Plasmodium vivax Chesson strain. Science 101:377.
46. Feng, X., J. M. Carlton, D. A. Joy, J. Mu, T. Furuya, B. Suh, Y. Wang, J. W. Barnwell, and X. Z. Su. 2003. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms and genome diversity in Plasmodium vivax. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:8502-8507.
47. Frisk-Holmberg, M., Y. Berqvist, E. Termond, and B. Domeij-Nyberg. 1984. The single dose kinetics of chloroquine and its major metabolite desethylchloroquine in healthy subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 26:521-530.
48. Fryauff, D. J., J. K. Baird, H. Basri, I. Sumawinata, Purnomo, T. L. Richie, C. K. Ohrt, E. Mouzin, C. J. Church, A. L. Richards, F. S. Wignall, and S. L. Hoffman. 1995. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of primaquine for prophylaxis of falciparum and vivax malaria. Lancet 346:1190-1193.
49. Fryauff, D. J., J. K. Baird, D. Candradikusuma, S. Masbar, M. A. Sutamihardja, B. Leksana, S. Tuti, H. Marwoto, T. Richie, and A. Romzan. 1997. Survey of in vivo sensitivity to chloroquine by Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax in Lombok, Indonesia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 56:241-244.
50. Fryauff, D. J., B. Leksana, S. Masbar, I. Wiady, P. Sisraadi, A. I. Susanti, H. S. Nagesha, Syafruddin, S. Atmosoedjono, M. J. Bangs, and J. K. Baird. 2002. The drug sensitivity and transmission dynamics of human malaria on Nias Island, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 96:447-462.
51. Fryauff, D. J., Soekartono, S. Tuti, B. Leksana, Suradi, S. Tandayu, and J. K. Baird. 1998. Survey of resistance in vivo to chloroquine of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 92:82-83.
52. Fryauff, D. J., I. Sumawinata, Purnomo, T. L. Richie, E. Tjitra, M. J. Bangs, A. Kadir, and G. Inkokusumo. 1999. In vivo responses to antimalarials by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax from isolated Gag Island off northwest coast of Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 60:542-546.
53. Fryauff, D. J., S. Tuti, A. Mardi, S. Masbar, R. Patipehohi, B. Leksana, K. C. Kain, M. J. Bangs, T. L. Richie, and J. K. Baird. 1998. Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax in transmigration settlements of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 59:513-518.
54. Fu, S., A. Bjorkman, D. Ofori-Adjei, B. Wahlin, O. Ericcson, and F. Sjoqvist. 1986. In vitro activity of chloroquine, the two enantiomers of chloroquine, desethylchloroquine and pyronaridine against Plasmodium falciparum. Br. J. Pharmacol. 22:93-96.
55. Gajanana, A., and A. N. Raichowdhuri. 1984. Plasmodium vivax: micro in vitro test for assaying chloroquine susceptibility. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 78:416-417.
56. Garg, M., N. Gopinathan, P. Bodhe, and N. A. Kshirsagar. 1995. Vivax malaria resistant to chloroquine: case reports from Bombay. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 89:656-657.
57. Geary, T. G., A. A. Divo, and J. B. Jenson. 1987. Activity of quinoline antimalarials against chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 81:499-503.
58. Gordon, H. H., F. R. Dieuaide, A. Marble, H. B. Christianson, and L. K. Dahl. 1947. Treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria of foreign origin. Arch. Intern. Med. 79:365-378.
59. Gustafsson, L. L., L. Rombo, G. Alvan, A. Bjorkman, M. Lind, and O. Walker. 1983. On the question of dose-dependent chloroquine elimination of a single oral dose. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 34:383-385.
60. Hamedi, Y., M. Nateghpour, P. Tan-ariya, M. Tiensuwan, U. Silachamroon, and S. Looareesuwan. 2002. Plasmodium vivax malaria in southeast Iran in 1999-2001: establishing the response to chloroquine in vitro and in vivo. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 33:512-518.
61. Hanna, J. 1993. Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax: how common? Med. J. Aust. 158:502-503.
62. Harinasuta, T., D. Bunnag, R. Lasserre, R. Leimer, and S. Vinijanont. 1985. Trials of mefloquine in vivax and of mefloquine plus Fansidar in falciparum malaria. Lancet 1:885-888.
63. Hastings, M. D., and C. H. Sibley. 2002. Pyrimethamine and WR99210 exert opposing selection on dihydrofolate reductase from Plasmodium vivax. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:13137-13141.
64. Hastings, M. D., K. M. Porter, J. D. Maguire, I. Susanti, W. Kania, M. J. Bangs, C. H. Sibley, and J. K. Baird. 2004. Dihydrofolate reductase mutations in Plasmodium vivax from Indonesia and therapeutic response to sulfadoxine plus pyrimethamine. J. Infect. Dis. 189:744-750.
65. Hoekenga, M. T. 1952. Treatment of malaria with a single dose of amodiaquine or chloroquine. JAMA 149:1369-1371.
66. Jamaiah, I., A. K. Anuar, N. A. Najib, and M. N. Zurainee. 1998. Imported malaria: a retrospective study in University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, a ten-year experience. Med. J. Malaysia 53:6-9.
67. Kirchgatter, K., and H. A. del Portillo. 1998. Molecular analysis of Plasmodium vivax relapses using the MSP1 molecule as a genetic marker. J. Infect. Dis. 177:511-515.
68. Kocken, C. H., A. van der Wel, B. Rosenwirth, and A. W. Thomas. 1996. Plasmodium vivax: in vitro antiparasitic effect of cyclosporins. Exp. Parasitol. 84:439-443.
69. Kshirsagar, N. A., N. J. Gogtay, D. Rojgor, S. S. Dalvi, and M. Wakde. 2000. An unusual case of multidrug-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria in Mumbai (Bombay), India. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 94:189-190.
70. Lacy, M. D., J. D. Maguire, M. J. Barcus, J. Ling, M. J. Bangs, R. Gramzinski, H. Basri, P. Sismadi, G. B. Miller, J. D. Chulay, D. J. Fryauff, S. L. Hoffman, and J. K. Baird. 2002. Atovaquone/proguanil therapy for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria in Indonesians who lack clinical immunity. Clin. Infect. Dis. 35:e92-e95.
71. Loeb, R. F., W. M. Clark, G. R. Coatney, L. T. Coggeshall, F. R. Dieuaide, A. R. Dochez, E. G. Hakansson, E. K. Marshall, Jr., C. S. Marvel, O. R. McCoy, J. J. Sapero, W. H. Sebrell, J. A. Shannon, and G. A. Garden. 1946. Activity of a new antimalarial agent, chloroquine (SN 7618). JAMA 130:1069-1070.
72. Looareesuwan, S., P. Wilairatana, S. Krudsood, S. Treeprasertsuk, P. Singhasivanon, V. Bussaratid, W. Chokjindachai, P. Viriyavejakul, K. Chalermrut, D. S. Walsh, and J. White. 1999. Chloroquine sensitivity of Plasmodium vivax in Thailand. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 93:225-230.
73. Looareesuwan, S., T. Harinasuta, and T. Chongsuphajaisiddhi. 1992. Drug resistant malaria with special reference to Thailand. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 23:621-634.
74. Machado, R. L. D., A. F. Filho, V. S. P. Calvosa, M. C. Figueredo, J. M. Nascimento, and M. M. Povoa. 2003. Correlation between Plasmodium vivax variants in Belem, Para State, Brazil and symptoms and clearance of parasitemia. Braz. J. Infect. Dis. 7:175-177.
75. Maguire, J. D., M. D. Lacy, Sururi, P. Sismadi, Krisin, I. Wiady, B. Laksana, M. J. Bangs, S. Masbar, I. Susanti, W. Basuki, M. J. Barcus, H. Marwoto, M. D. Edstein, S. Tjokrosonto, and J. K. Baird 2002. Chloroquine or sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria during an epidemic in Central Java. Indonesia. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 96:655-668.
76. Marlar-Than, Myat-Phone-Kyaw, Aye-Yu-Soe, Khaing-Khaing-Gyi, Ma-Sabai, and Myint-Oo. 1995. Development of resistance to chloroquine by Plasmodium vivax in Myanmar. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 89:307-308.
77. McChesney, E.W., W. F. Banks, Jr., and J. P. McAuliff. 1962. Laboratory studies of the 4-aminoquinoline antimalarials. II. Plasma levels of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in man after various oral dosage regimens. Antibiot. Chemother. 12:583-594.
78. Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics. 2002. Drugs for parasitic infections, April, p. 6. The Medical Letter, Inc., New Rochelle, N.Y.
79. Mendis, K., B. J. Sina, P. Machesini, and R. Carter. 2001. The neglected burden of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 64S:97-106.
80. Most, I. M., C. A. Kane, P. H. Lavietes, E. F. Schroeder, and J. M. Hayman. 1946. Chloroquine for treatment of acute attacks of vivax malaria. JAMA 131:963-967.
81. Murphy, G. S., H. Basri, Purnomo, E. M. Andersen, M. J. Bangs, D. L. Mount, J. Gorden, A. A. Lal, A. R. Punvokusumo, S. Harjosuwarno, K. Sorensen, and S. L. Hoffman. 1993. Vivax malaria resistant to treatment and prophylaxis with chloroquine. Lancet 341:96-100.
82. Myat-Phone-Kyaw, Myin-Oo, Myint-Lwin, Thaw-Zin, Kyin-Hla-Aye, and New-New-Yin. 1993. Emergence of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax in Myanmar (Burma). Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 87:687.
83. Nomura, T., J. M. Carlton, J. K. Baird, H. A. del Portillo, D. J. Fryauff, D. Rathore, D. A. Fidock, X. Su, W. E. Collins, T. F. McCutchan, J. C. Wootton, and T. E. Wellems. 2001. Evidence for different mechanisms of chloroquine resistance in 2 Plasmodium species that cause human malaria. J. Infect. Dis. 183:1653-1661.
84. Obaldia, N., III, R. N. Rossan, R. D. Cooper, D. E. Kyle, E. O. Nuzum, K. H. Rieckmann, and G. D. Shanks. 1997. WR238605, chloroquine, and their combinations as blood schizonticides against a chloroquine-resistant strain otPlasmodium vivax in Aotus monkeys. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 56:508-510.
85. Ohrt, C., T. L. Richie, H. Widjaja, G. D. Shanks, J. Fitriadi, D. J. Fryauff, J. Handschin, D. Tang, B. Sandjaja, E. Tjitra, L. Hadiarso, G. Watt, and F. S. Wignall. 1997. Mefloquine compared with doxycycline for the prophylaxis of malaria in Indonesian soldiers. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 126:963-972.
86. Patchen, L. C., D. L. Mount, I. K. Schwartz, and F. C. Churchill. 1983. Analysis of filter paper absorbed finger-stick blood samples for chloroquine and its major metabolite using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J. Chromatogr. 278:81-89.
87. Phan, G. T., P. J. de Vries, B. Q. Tran, H. Q. Le, N. V. Nguyen, T. V. Nguyen, S. H. Heisterkamp, and P. A. Kager. 2002. Artemisinin or chloroquine for blood stage Plasmodium vivax malaria in Vietnam. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2:858-864.
88. Phillips, E. J., J. S. Keystone, and K. C. Kain. 1996. Failure of combined chloroquine and high-dose primaquine therapy for Plasmodium vivax malaria acquired in Guyana, South America. Clin. Infect. Dis. 23:1171-1173.
89. Potkar, C. N., N. A. Kshirsagar, and R. Kathuria. 1995. Resurgence of malaria and drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax species in Bombay. J. Assoc. Physicians India 43:336-338.
90. Powell, R. D., and E. M. Berglund. 1974. Effects of chloroquine upon the maturation of asexual erythrocytic forms of Plasmodium vivax in vitro. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 23:1007-1014.
91. Price, R. N., and F. Nosten. 2001. Drug resistant falciparum malaria: clinical consequences and strategies for prevention. Drug Resist. Update 4:187-196.
92. Pullman, T. N., B. Craige, Jr., A. S. Alving, C. M. Whorton, R. Jones, Jr., and L. Eichelberger. 1948. Comparison of chloroquine, quinacrine, and quinine in the treatment of acute attacks of sporozoite-induced vivax malaria (Chesson strain). J. Clin. Investig. 27:46-50.
93. Renapurkar, D. M., V. R. Padhan, N. K. Sutar, R. A. Deshmukh, C. H. Pandit, and S. N. Marathe. 1989. Micro test for assaying sensitivity of Plasmodium vivax in vitro. Chemotherapy (Tokyo) 35:160-163.
94. Rieckmann, H., D. R. Davis, and D. C. Hutton. 1989. Plasmodium vivax resistance to chloroquine? Lancet ii:1183-1184.
95. Rombo, L., Y. Berqvist, and U. Hellgren. 1987. Chloroquine and desethylchloroquine concentrations during regular and long-term malaria prophylaxis. Bull. W. H. O. 65:879-883.
96. Rombo, L., O. Ericsson, G. Alvan, B. Lindstrom, and L. L. Gustafsson. 1985. Chloroquine and desethylchloroquine in plasma, serum and whole blood: problems in assay and handling of samples. Ther. Drug Monit. 7:211-215.
97. Ruebush, T. K., II, J. Zegarra, J. Cairo, E. M. Andersen, M. Green, D. R. Pillai, W. Marquino, M. Huilca, E. Arevalo, C. Garcia, L. Solary, and K. C. Kain. 2003. Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria in Peru. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 69:548-552.
98. Russell, B. M., R. Udomsangpetch, K. H. Rieckmann, B. M. Kotecka, R. E. Coleman, and J. Sattabongkot. 2003. Simple in vitro assay for determining the sensitivity of Plasmodium vivax isolates from fresh human blood to antimalarials in areas where P. vivax is endemic. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47:170-173.
99. Schuurkamp, G. J., P. E. Spicer, R. K. Kereu, P. K. Bulugol, and K. H. Rieckmann. 1992. Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax in Papua New Guinea. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 86:121-122.
100. Schuurkamp, G. J. T. 1992. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Papua New Guinea.
101. Schwartz, I. K., E. M. Lackritz, and L. C. Patchen. 1991. Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax from Indonesia. N. Engl. J. Med. 324:927.
102. Soto, J., J. Toledo, P. Gutierrez, M. Luzz, N. Llinas, N. Cedeno, M. Dunne, and J. Berman. 2001. Plasmodium vivax clinically resistant to chloroquine in Colombia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 65:90-93.
103. Sumawinata, I. W., Bernadeta, B. Leksana, A. Sutamihardja, Purnomo, B. Subianto, Sekartuti, D. J. Fryauff, and J. K. Baird. 2002. Very high risk of therapeutic failure with chloroquine for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax malaria in Indonesian Papua. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 68:416-420.
104. Tan-ariya, P., K. Na-Bangchang, T. Tin, L. Limapibul, C. R. Brockelman, and J. Karbwang. 1995. Clinical response and susceptibility in vitro of Plasmodium vivax to the standard regimen of chloroquine in Thailand. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 89:426-429.
105. Tasanor, O., H. Noedl, K. Na-Bangchang, K. Congpuong, J. Sirichaisinthop, and W. H. Wernsdorfer. 2002. An in vitro system for assessing the sensitivity of Plasmodium vivax to chloroquine. Acta Trop. 83:49-61.
106. Taylor, W. R., H. N. Doan, D. T. Nguyen, T. U. Tran, D. J. Fryauff, E. Gomez-Saladin, K. C. Kain, D. C. Le, and J. K. Baird. 2000. Assessing drug sensitivity of Plasmodium vivax to halofantrine or chloroquine in southern, central Vietnam using an extended 28-day in vivo test and polymerase chain reaction genotyping. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 62:693-697.
107. Taylor, W. R., H. Widjaja, T. L. Richie, H. Basri, C. Ohrt, E. Tjitra, E. Tauflk, T. R. Jones, K. C. Kain, and S. L. Hoffman. 2001. Chloroquine/ doxycycline combination versus chloroquine alone and doxycycline alone for the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria in northeastern Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 64:223-228.
108. Van Den Abbeele, K., E. Van Den Enden, and J. Van Den Ende. 1995. Combined chloroquine and primaquine resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria in a patient returning from India. Ann. Soc. Belge Med. Trop. 75:73-74.
109. Verdier, F., J. Le Bras, F. Clavier, and I. Hatin. 1984. Blood levels and in vitro activity of desethylchloroquine against Plasmodium falciparum. Lancet i:1186-1187.
110. Villalobos-Salcedo, J. M., M. S. Tada, E. Kimura, M. J. Menezes, and L. H. Pereira-da-Silva. 2000. In-vivo sensitivity of Plasmodium vivax isolates from Rondonia (western Amazon region, Brazil) to regimens including chloroquine and primaquine. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 94:749-758.
111. Wellems, T. E., and C. V. Plowe. 2001. Chloroquine-resistant malaria. J. Infect. Dis. 184:770-776.
112. Whitby, M., G. Wood, J. R. Veenendaal, and K. Rieckmann. 1989. Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax. Lancet ii:1395.
113. Whorton, C. M., E. Yount, Jr., R. Jones, Jr., A. S. Alving, T. N. Pullman, B. Craige, Jr., and L. Eichelberger. 1950. Studies in human malaria. The Chesson strain of Plasmodium vivax malaria. III. Clinical aspects. J. Infect. Dis. 80:237-249.
114. Wilson, T., and J. F. B. Edeson. 1954. Studies on the chemotherapy of malaria. III. The treatment of acute malaria with chloroquine. Med. J. Malaya 9:114-131.
115. Wiselogle, F. Y. 1946. A survey of antimalarial drugs, 1941-1945, 2 vols. J. W. Edwards, Ann Arbor, Mich.
116. World Health Organization. 2001. The use of antimalarial drugs. Report of a WHO informal consultation. Report WHO/CDS/RBM/2001.33. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.