메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 257-275

Understanding the risks associated with resource allocation decisions in health: An illustration of the importance of portfolio theory

Author keywords

Economic evaluation; Portfolio; Risk; Uncertainty

Indexed keywords

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ARTICLE; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; COVARIANCE; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH CARE FINANCING; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HEALTH ECONOMICS; HEALTH HAZARD; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMAN; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MEDICAL LITERATURE; OUTCOMES RESEARCH; PROCESS OPTIMIZATION; RESOURCE ALLOCATION; RISK ASSESSMENT; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; THEORETICAL STUDY;

EID: 7244234361     PISSN: 13698575     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/1369857042000275669     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (12)

References (70)
  • 2
    • 0031684249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The recent impact of antiretroviral therapy on CD4 counts, AIDS and death in HIV-infected persons: Routine HIV surveillance in Scotland
    • Allardice, G., McMenamin, J., Parpia, T., Gibbs, J., McSharry, C. and Whitelaw, J. (1998) The recent impact of antiretroviral therapy on CD4 counts, AIDS and death in HIV-infected persons: routine HIV surveillance in Scotland, International Journal of STD and AIDS 9, pp. 561-566.
    • (1998) International Journal of STD and AIDS , vol.9 , pp. 561-566
    • Allardice, G.1    McMenamin, J.2    Parpia, T.3    Gibbs, J.4    McSharry, C.5    Whitelaw, J.6
  • 3
    • 0141496727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A monetary value for initial information in portfolio optimisation
    • Amendinger, J., Becherer, D., and Schweizer, M. (2003) A monetary value for initial information in portfolio optimisation, Finance and Stochastics, 7, pp. 29-46.
    • (2003) Finance and Stochastics , vol.7 , pp. 29-46
    • Amendinger, J.1    Becherer, D.2    Schweizer, M.3
  • 4
    • 0035581276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of beta blockers alone, of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors alone, and of beta blockers plus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on new coronary events and on congestive heart failure in older persons with healed myocardial infarcts and asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction
    • Aronow, W., Ahn, C. and Kronzon, I. (2001) Effect of beta blockers alone, of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors alone, and of beta blockers plus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on new coronary events and on congestive heart failure in older persons with healed myocardial infarcts and asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction, Am J Cardiol, 88, pp. 1298-1300.
    • (2001) Am. J. Cardiol. , vol.88 , pp. 1298-1300
    • Aronow, W.1    Ahn, C.2    Kronzon, I.3
  • 5
    • 0023067046 scopus 로고
    • Cost-benefit analysis: Dealing with the problems of indivisible projects and fixed budgets
    • Birch, S. and Donaldson, C. (1987) Cost-benefit analysis: dealing with the problems of indivisible projects and fixed budgets, Health Policy, 7, pp. 61-72.
    • (1987) Health Policy , vol.7 , pp. 61-72
    • Birch, S.1    Donaldson, C.2
  • 6
    • 0037945344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Making the problem fit the solution: Evidence-based decision-making and 'dolly' economics
    • L Donaldson, C.M. Mugford and L. Vale (Eds) (London, BMJ Books)
    • Birch, S. (2002) Making the problem fit the solution: Evidence-based decision-making and 'dolly' economics, in: L Donaldson, C.M. Mugford and L. Vale (Eds) Evidence-Based Health Economics: From Effectiveness to Efficiency in Systematic Review, pp. 133-147 (London, BMJ Books).
    • (2002) Evidence-Based Health Economics: From Effectiveness to Efficiency in Systematic Review , pp. 133-147
    • Birch, S.1
  • 7
    • 0037367260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Valuing the benefits and costs of health care programmes: Where's the extra in extra wefarism?
    • Birch, S. and Donaldson, C. (2003) Valuing the benefits and costs of health care programmes: Where's the extra in extra wefarism? Social Science and Medicine, 56, pp. 1121-1133.
    • (2003) Social Science and Medicine , vol.56 , pp. 1121-1133
    • Birch, S.1    Donaldson, C.2
  • 8
    • 0026442059 scopus 로고
    • Cost effectiveness/utility analysis. Do current decision rules lead us to where we want to be?
    • Birch, S. and Gafni, A. (1992) Cost effectiveness/utility analysis. Do current decision rules lead us to where we want to be? Journal of Health Economics, 11, pp. 279-296.
    • (1992) Journal of Health Economics , vol.11 , pp. 279-296
    • Birch, S.1    Gafni, A.2
  • 9
    • 85015692260 scopus 로고
    • The pricing of options and corporate liabilities
    • Black, F. and Scholes, M. (1973) The pricing of options and corporate liabilities, Journal of Political Economy, 81, pp. 637-659.
    • (1973) Journal of Political Economy , vol.81 , pp. 637-659
    • Black, F.1    Scholes, M.2
  • 10
    • 0029912547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why we need observational studies to evaluate the effectiveness of health care
    • Black, N. (1996) Why we need observational studies to evaluate the effectiveness of health care, BMJ, 12, pp. 1215-1218.
    • (1996) BMJ , vol.12 , pp. 1215-1218
    • Black, N.1
  • 12
    • 3042576511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Stated preference methods in health care evaluation: An emerging methodological paradigm in health economics'
    • Bridges, J. (2003a) 'Stated preference methods in health care evaluation: an emerging methodological paradigm in health economics', Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, 2, pp. 213-224.
    • (2003) Applied Health Economics and Health Policy , vol.2 , pp. 213-224
    • Bridges, J.1
  • 13
    • 0242494245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Clopidogrel and percutaneous coronary interventions' Letter to the Editor
    • Bridges, J. (2003b) 'Clopidogrel and percutaneous coronary interventions' Letter to the Editor, JAMA, 289, pp. 1925-1926.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.289 , pp. 1925-1926
    • Bridges, J.1
  • 14
    • 0038621541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adapting portfolio theory for investment in health with a multiplicative extension for treatment synergies
    • Bridges, J., Stewart, M., King, M., and van Gool, K. (2002) Adapting portfolio theory for investment in health with a multiplicative extension for treatment synergies, European Journal of Health Economics, 3, pp. 47-53.
    • (2002) European Journal of Health Economics , vol.3 , pp. 47-53
    • Bridges, J.1    Stewart, M.2    King, M.3    van Gool, K.4
  • 15
    • 1542328818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Portfolio evaluation of health programs: A reply to Sendi et al'
    • Bridges, J. and Terris, D. (2004) 'Portfolio evaluation of health programs: A reply to Sendi et al', Social Science and Medicine 58, pp. 1849-1851.
    • (2004) Social Science and Medicine , vol.58 , pp. 1849-1851
    • Bridges, J.1    Terris, D.2
  • 16
    • 0000271564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of learning in dynamic portfolio decisions
    • Brennan, M. (1998) The role of learning in dynamic portfolio decisions, European Finance Review, 1, pp. 295-306.
    • (1998) European Finance Review , vol.1 , pp. 295-306
    • Brennan, M.1
  • 18
    • 0030853766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulling cost-effectiveness analysis up by its bootstraps: A non-parametric approach to confidence interval estimation
    • Briggs, A.H., Wonderling, D.E. and Mooney, C.Z. (1997) Pulling cost-effectiveness analysis up by its bootstraps: a non-parametric approach to confidence interval estimation, Health Economics, 6, pp. 327-340.
    • (1997) Health Economics , vol.6 , pp. 327-340
    • Briggs, A.H.1    Wonderling, D.E.2    Mooney, C.Z.3
  • 19
    • 0033183105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice guidelines: A tool to improve care
    • Carnett, W. (1999) Clinical practice guidelines: A tool to improve care, Qual Manag Health Care, 8, pp. 13-21.
    • (1999) Qual. Manag. Health Care , vol.8 , pp. 13-21
    • Carnett, W.1
  • 20
    • 0030011253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating confidence intervals for cost-effectiveness ratios: An example from a randomized clinical trial
    • Chaudhary, M. and Stearns, S. (1996) Estimating confidence intervals for cost-effectiveness ratios: an example from a randomized clinical trial, Statistics in Medicine, 15, pp. 1447-1458.
    • (1996) Statistics in Medicine , vol.15 , pp. 1447-1458
    • Chaudhary, M.1    Stearns, S.2
  • 21
    • 0036077604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ambiguity, risk, and asset returns in continuous time
    • Chen, Z. and Epstein, L. (2002) Ambiguity, risk, and asset returns in continuous time, Econometrica, 703 pp. 1403-1443.
    • (2002) Econometrica , vol.703 , pp. 1403-1443
    • Chen, Z.1    Epstein, L.2
  • 22
    • 0032944813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bayesian approaches to the value of information: Implications for the regulation of new pharmaceuticals
    • Claxton, K. (1999) Bayesian approaches to the value of information: implications for the regulation of new pharmaceuticals, Health Economics, 8, pp. 269-274.
    • (1999) Health Economics , vol.8 , pp. 269-274
    • Claxton, K.1
  • 24
    • 0003967514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical Series #129 (Thousand Oaks, CA, SAGE Publications)
    • Cortina, J. and Nouri, H. (1999) Effect Size for ANOVA Designs, Statistical Series #129 (Thousand Oaks, CA, SAGE Publications).
    • (1999) Effect Size for ANOVA Designs
    • Cortina, J.1    Nouri, H.2
  • 25
    • 0031031739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does 'process utility' exist? A case study of willingness to pay for laparoscopic cholesystectomy
    • Donaldson, C. and Shackley, P. (1997) Does 'process utility' exist? A case study of willingness to pay for laparoscopic cholesystectomy, Social Science and Medicine, 44, pp. 699-707.
    • (1997) Social Science and Medicine , vol.44 , pp. 699-707
    • Donaldson, C.1    Shackley, P.2
  • 26
    • 0027672670 scopus 로고
    • Clinical importance, statistical significance and the assessment of economic and quality of life outcomes
    • Drummond, M., and O'Brien, B. (1993) Clinical importance, statistical significance and the assessment of economic and quality of life outcomes, Health Economics, 2, pp. 336-346.
    • (1993) Health Economics , vol.2 , pp. 336-346
    • Drummond, M.1    O'Brien, B.2
  • 27
    • 0006268652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Healthcare CBA and CEA from 1991-1996: An Updated Bibliography
    • Elixhauser, A., Halpern, M., Schmier, J. and Luce, B.R. (1998) Healthcare CBA and CEA from 1991-1996: An Updated Bibliography, Medical Care, 36, pp. MS4-MS55.
    • (1998) Medical Care , vol.36
    • Elixhauser, A.1    Halpern, M.2    Schmier, J.3    Luce, B.R.4
  • 28
    • 0035669803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Representing uncertainty: The role of cost-effectiveness acceptability curves
    • Fenwick, E., Claxton, K. and Sculpher, M. (2001) Representing uncertainty: the role of cost-effectiveness acceptability curves, Health Economics, 10, pp. 779-787.
    • (2001) Health Economics , vol.10 , pp. 779-787
    • Fenwick, E.1    Claxton, K.2    Sculpher, M.3
  • 30
    • 0025471480 scopus 로고
    • Physicians' reactions to uncertainty in patient care: A new measure and new insights
    • Gerrity, M.S., Devellis, R.F. and Earp, J.A. (1990) Physicians' reactions to uncertainty in patient care: A new measure and new insights, Medical Care, 28, pp. 724-736.
    • (1990) Medical Care , vol.28 , pp. 724-736
    • Gerrity, M.S.1    Devellis, R.F.2    Earp, J.A.3
  • 32
    • 0034826916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost-effectiveness analysis with risk aversion
    • Graff Zivin, J. (2001) Cost-effectiveness analysis with risk aversion, Health Economics, 10, pp. 499-508.
    • (2001) Health Economics , vol.10 , pp. 499-508
    • Graff Zivin, J.1
  • 36
    • 0003089553 scopus 로고
    • Preserving innovation under increasing accountability pressures: The health promotion investment portfolio approach
    • Hawe, P. and Shiell, A. (1995) Preserving innovation under increasing accountability pressures: The health promotion investment portfolio approach, Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 5, pp. 4-9.
    • (1995) Health Promotion Journal of Australia , vol.5 , pp. 4-9
    • Hawe, P.1    Shiell, A.2
  • 37
    • 0000125534 scopus 로고
    • Sample selection bias as a specification error
    • Heckman, J. (1979) Sample selection bias as a specification error, Econometrica, 47, pp. 153-162.
    • (1979) Econometrica , vol.47 , pp. 153-162
    • Heckman, J.1
  • 38
    • 0003011661 scopus 로고
    • Assessing the case for randomized social experiments
    • Heckman, J. and Smith, J. (1995) Assessing the case for randomized social experiments, The Journal of Economic Perspectives 9, pp. 85-110.
    • (1995) The Journal of Economic Perspectives , vol.9 , pp. 85-110
    • Heckman, J.1    Smith, J.2
  • 39
    • 0030868389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stages of change, decisional balance, and self-efficacy across four health behaviors in a worksite environment
    • Herrick, A.B., Stone, W.J. and Mettler, M.M. (1997) Stages of change, decisional balance, and self-efficacy across four health behaviors in a worksite environment, American Journal of Health Promotion, 12, pp. 49-56.
    • (1997) American Journal of Health Promotion , vol.12 , pp. 49-56
    • Herrick, A.B.1    Stone, W.J.2    Mettler, M.M.3
  • 41
    • 0034034660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of economic evaluation studies on decision making: A European study
    • Hoffmann, C. and Graf von der Schulenberg, J.M. (2000) The influence of economic evaluation studies on decision making: A European study, Health Policy, 52, pp. 179-192.
    • (2000) Health Policy , vol.52 , pp. 179-192
    • Hoffmann, C.1    Graf von der Schulenberg, J.M.2
  • 43
    • 84995186518 scopus 로고
    • Portfolio selection
    • Markowitz, H. (1952) Portfolio selection, Journal of Finance, 7, pp. 77-91.
    • (1952) Journal of Finance , vol.7 , pp. 77-91
    • Markowitz, H.1
  • 44
    • 0019925487 scopus 로고
    • Small area variations in the use of common surgical procedures: An international comparison of New England
    • England and Norway
    • McPherson, K., Wennberg, J., Hovind, O. and Clifford, P. (1982) Small area variations in the use of common surgical procedures: An international comparison of New England, England and Norway, New England Journal of Medicine, 307, pp. 1310-1314.
    • (1982) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.307 , pp. 1310-1314
    • McPherson, K.1    Wennberg, J.2    Hovind, O.3    Clifford, P.4
  • 45
    • 0031133148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can econometrics rescue epidemiology?
    • Mennemeyer, S.T. (1997) Can econometrics rescue epidemiology? Annals of Epidemiology, 7, pp. 249-250.
    • (1997) Annals of Epidemiology , vol.7 , pp. 249-250
    • Mennemeyer, S.T.1
  • 46
    • 0033543506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Who's balancing the federal research portfolio and how?
    • Merril, S. and McGeary, M. (1999) Who's balancing the federal research portfolio and how? Science, 285, pp. 1679-1680.
    • (1999) Science , vol.285 , pp. 1679-1680
    • Merril, S.1    McGeary, M.2
  • 49
    • 0034795626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practice Jazz: Understanding variation in family practice medicine using complexity science
    • Miller, W., McDaniel, R., Crabbtree, B. and Stange, K. (2001) Practice Jazz: Understanding variation in family practice medicine using complexity science, The Journal of Family Practice, 50, pp. 872-878.
    • (2001) The Journal of Family Practice , vol.50 , pp. 872-878
    • Miller, W.1    McDaniel, R.2    Crabbtree, B.3    Stange, K.4
  • 51
    • 0027321236 scopus 로고
    • Anti-natal screening: What contributes to benefit?
    • Mooney, G. and Lange, M. (1993) Anti-natal screening: What contributes to benefit? Social Science and Medicine, 37, pp. 873-878.
    • (1993) Social Science and Medicine , vol.37 , pp. 873-878
    • Mooney, G.1    Lange, M.2
  • 52
    • 17944372415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The theory of moral hazard and unobservable behaviour: Part 1
    • Mirrlees, J.A. (1999) The theory of moral hazard and unobservable behaviour: Part 1, Review of Economic Studies, 66, pp. 3-21.
    • (1999) Review of Economic Studies , vol.66 , pp. 3-21
    • Mirrlees, J.A.1
  • 53
    • 10744228815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Failure of computerized treatment suggestions to improve health outcomes of outpatients with uncomplicated hypertension: Results of a randomized controlled trial
    • Murray, M., Harris, L., Overhage, J., Zhou, X., Eckert, G., Smith, F., Buchanan, N.N., Wolinsky, F.D., McDonald, C.J. and Tierney, W.M. (2004) Failure of computerized treatment suggestions to improve health outcomes of outpatients with uncomplicated hypertension: results of a randomized controlled trial, Pharmacotherapy, 24, pp. 324-337.
    • (2004) Pharmacotherapy , vol.24 , pp. 324-337
    • Murray, M.1    Harris, L.2    Overhage, J.3    Zhou, X.4    Eckert, G.5    Smith, F.6    Buchanan, N.N.7    Wolinsky, F.D.8    McDonald, C.J.9    Tierney, W.M.10
  • 54
    • 0031814687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Econometrics in outcomes research: The use of instrumental variables
    • Newhouse, J.P. and McClellan, M. (1998) Econometrics in outcomes research: The use of instrumental variables, Annual Review of Public Health, 19, pp. 17-34.
    • (1998) Annual Review of Public Health , vol.19 , pp. 17-34
    • Newhouse, J.P.1    McClellan, M.2
  • 55
    • 0034184455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Building uncertainty into cost-effectiveness rankings: Portfolio risk-return trade-offs and implications for decision rules
    • O'Brien, B. and Sculpher, M. (2000) Building uncertainty into cost-effectiveness rankings: Portfolio risk-return trade-offs and implications for decision rules, Medical Care, 38, pp. 460-468.
    • (2000) Medical Care , vol.38 , pp. 460-468
    • O'Brien, B.1    Sculpher, M.2
  • 56
    • 0028371797 scopus 로고
    • In search of power and significance: Issues in the design and analysis of stochastic cost-effectiveness studies in health care
    • O'Brien, B., Drummond, M., Labelle, R. and Willan, A. (1994) In search of power and significance: issues in the design and analysis of stochastic cost-effectiveness studies in health care, Medical Care, 32, pp. 150-163.
    • (1994) Medical Care , vol.32 , pp. 150-163
    • O'Brien, B.1    Drummond, M.2    Labelle, R.3    Willan, A.4
  • 57
    • 0033848186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incorporating option values into the economic evaluation of health care technologies
    • Palmer, S., and Smith, P.C. (2000) Incorporating option values into the economic evaluation of health care technologies, Journal of Health Economics, 19, pp. 755-766.
    • (2000) Journal of Health Economics , vol.19 , pp. 755-766
    • Palmer, S.1    Smith, P.C.2
  • 59
    • 49549135545 scopus 로고
    • Arbitrage theory of capital asset pricing
    • Ross, S.A. (1976) Arbitrage theory of capital asset pricing, Journal of Economic Theory, 13, pp. 341-360.
    • (1976) Journal of Economic Theory , vol.13 , pp. 341-360
    • Ross, S.A.1
  • 60
    • 0042520994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complexity theory in the management of communicable disease
    • Simmons, M. (2003) Complexity theory in the management of communicable disease, The Journal of Hospital Infection, 54, pp. 87-92.
    • (2003) The Journal of Hospital Infection , vol.54 , pp. 87-92
    • Simmons, M.1
  • 61
    • 0141682087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimizing a portfolio of health care programmes in the presence of uncertainty and constrained resources
    • Sendi, P., Al, M.J., Gafni, A. and Birch, S. (2003) Optimizing a portfolio of health care programmes in the presence of uncertainty and constrained resources, Social Science & Medicine, 57, pp. 2207-2215.
    • (2003) Social Science & Medicine , vol.57 , pp. 2207-2215
    • Sendi, P.1    Al, M.J.2    Gafni, A.3    Birch, S.4
  • 62
    • 0036146719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opportunity costs and uncertainty in the economic evaluation of health care interventions
    • Sendi, P., Gafni, A. and Birch, S. (2002) Opportunity costs and uncertainty in the economic evaluation of health care interventions, Health Economics, 11, pp. 23-31.
    • (2002) Health Economics , vol.11 , pp. 23-31
    • Sendi, P.1    Gafni, A.2    Birch, S.3
  • 63
    • 84980092818 scopus 로고
    • Capital asset prices - A theory of market equilibrium under conditions of risk
    • Sharpe, W. (1964) Capital asset prices - a theory of market equilibrium under conditions of risk, Journal of Finance, 19, pp. 425-442.
    • (1964) Journal of Finance , vol.19 , pp. 425-442
    • Sharpe, W.1
  • 64
    • 0037145863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early and sustained dual oral antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention: A randomised controlled trial
    • Steinhubl, S.R., Berger, P.B., Tift Mann, J., Fry, E.T.A., Deglago, A., Wilmer, C., et al. (2002) Early and sustained dual oral antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention: A randomised controlled trial, JAMA, 288, pp. 2411-2420.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.288 , pp. 2411-2420
    • Steinhubl, S.R.1    Berger, P.B.2    Tift Mann, J.3    Fry, E.T.A.4    Deglago, A.5    Wilmer, C.6
  • 65
  • 66
    • 0030267060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mathematical programmeming for the efficient allocation of health care resources
    • Stinnett, A.A. and Paltiel, A.D. (1996) Mathematical programmeming for the efficient allocation of health care resources, Journals of Health Economics, 15, pp. 641-653.
    • (1996) Journals of Health Economics , vol.15 , pp. 641-653
    • Stinnett, A.A.1    Paltiel, A.D.2
  • 67
    • 0003147296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hopes and fears: The conflicting effects of risk ambiguity
    • Viscusi, W.K. and Chesson, H. (1999) Hopes and fears: The conflicting effects of risk ambiguity, Theory and Decision, 47, pp. 153-178.
    • (1999) Theory and Decision , vol.47 , pp. 153-178
    • Viscusi, W.K.1    Chesson, H.2
  • 68
    • 0029366453 scopus 로고
    • Confidence intervals for cost/effectiveness ratios
    • Wakker, P. and Klaassen, M. (1995) Confidence intervals for cost/effectiveness ratios, Health Economics, 4, pp. 373-381.
    • (1995) Health Economics , vol.4 , pp. 373-381
    • Wakker, P.1    Klaassen, M.2
  • 69
    • 0002991692 scopus 로고
    • Health economics: The cheerful face of a dismal science
    • A. Williams (Ed.) (London, Macmillan)
    • Williams, A. (1987) Health economics: The cheerful face of a dismal science, in: A. Williams (Ed.) Health and Economics, pp. 1-11 (London, Macmillan).
    • (1987) Health and Economics , pp. 1-11
    • Williams, A.1
  • 70
    • 0035934650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complexity science: Complexity and clinical care
    • Willson, T. and Holt, T. (2001) Complexity science: Complexity and clinical care, BMJ, 323, pp. 685-688.
    • (2001) BMJ , vol.323 , pp. 685-688
    • Willson, T.1    Holt, T.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.