Thermal structure of the crust in the Gibraltar arc: Influence on active tectonics in the western Mediterranean

Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems

Volumn 9, Issue 10, 2008, Pages

  Soto, Juan I ^a   Fernández Ibáñez, Fermín ^b   Fernàndez, Manel ^c   García Casco, Antonio ^a  

^a INSTITUTO ANDALUZ DE CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA   (Spain)

^b Geomechanics International   (Australia)

^c INSTITUTE OF EARTH SCIENCES JAUME ALMERA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Alboran sea; Continental geotherm; Crustal melting; Gibraltar arc; Mediterranean; Thermal modeling

Indexed keywords

EID: 72249123351     PISSN: 15252027     EISSN: 15252027     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2008GC002061     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. Afonso, J. C., G. Ranalli, and M. Fernàndez (2005), Thermal expansivity and elastic properties of the lithospheric mantle: Results frommineral physics of composites, Phys. Earth Planet Inter., 149, 279-306, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2004.10.003. (Pubitemid 40373971)
2. Álvarez-Valero, A. M., and L. M. Kriegsman (2007), Crustal thinning and mafic underplating beneath the Neogene Volcanic Province (Betic Cordillera, SE Spain): Evidence from crustal xenoliths, Terra Nova, 19, 266-271, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.2007.00745.x. (Pubitemid 47162821)
3. Artemieva, I., and W. Mooney (2001), Thermal thickness and evolution of Precambrian lithosphere: A global study, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 16,387-16,414, doi:10.1029/2000JB900439.
4. Ayala, C., M. Torne, and J. Pous (2003), The lithosphereasthenosphere boundary in the western Mediterranean from 3D joint gravity and geoid modeling: Tectonic implications, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 209, 275-290, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00093-1. (Pubitemid 36522309)
5. Banda, E., and J. Ansorge (1980), Crustal structure under the central and eastern part of the Betic Cordillera, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 63, 515-532.
6. Banda, E., J. Gallart, V. García-Dueñas, J. J. Dañobeitia, and J. Makris (1993), Lateral variation of the crust in the Iberian peninsula: New evidence from the Betic Cordillera, Tectonophysics, 221, 53-66, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(93)90027-H. (Pubitemid 23392414)
7. Barranco, L. M., J. Ansorge, and E. Banda (1990), Seismic refraction constrains on the geometry of the Ronda peridotite massif (Betic Cordillera, Spain), Tectonophysics, 184, 379-392, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(90)90450-M.
8. Beaumont, C., R. A. Jamieson, M. H. Nguyen, and S. Medvedev (2004), Crustal channel flows: 1. Numerical models with applications to the tectonics of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B06406, doi:10.1029/2003JB002809. (Pubitemid 39306330)
9. Booth-Rea, G., C. R. Ranero, J. M. Martínez-Martínez, and I. Grevemeyer (2007), Crustal types and Tertiary tectonic evolution of the Alborán sea, western Mediterranean, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 8, Q10005, doi:10.1029/2007GC001639.
10. Braga, J. C., J. M. Martín, and C. Quesada (2003), Patterns and average rates of late Neogene-Recent uplift of the Betic Cordillera, SE Spain, Geomorphology, 50, 3-26, doi:10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00205-2. (Pubitemid 36137798)
11. Buforn, E., and P. Coca (2002), Seismic moment tensor for intermediate depth earthquakes at regional distances in southern Spain, Tectonophysics, 356, 49-63, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00376-1.
12. Cabal, J., and M. Fernàndez (1995), Heat flow and regional uplift at the north-eastern border of the Ebro basin, NE Spain, Geophys. J. Int., 121, 393-403, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1995.tb05720.x.
13. Calvert, A., E. Sandvol, D. Seber, M. Barazangi, F. Vidal, G. Alguacil, and N. Jabour (2000), Propagation of regional seismic phases (Lg and Sn) and Pn velocity structure along the Africa-Iberia plate boundary zone: Tectonic implications, Geophys. J. Int., 142, 384-408, doi:10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000. 00160.x. (Pubitemid 30496530)
14. Carbonell, R., M. Torne, V. García-Dueñas, R. Moya, and E. Banda (1997), The ESCI-Béticas: A Seismic Reflection Image of the Betic Orogen, Rev. Soc. Geol. Esp., 8, 503-512.
15. Carbonell, R., V. Sallarés, J. Pous, J. J. Dañobeitia, P. Queralt, J. J. Ledo, and V. García-Dueñas (1998), A multidisciplinary geophysical study in the Betic Chain (southern Iberia Peninsula), Tectonophysics, 288, 137-152, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00289-8.
16. Cesare, B., E. S. Mariani, and G. Venturelli (1997), Crustal anatexis and melt extraction during deformation in the restitic xenoliths at El Joyazo (SE Spain), Mineral. Mag., 61, 15-27, doi:10.1180/minmag.1997.061.404.03.
17. Cesare, B., M. T. Gómez-Pugnaire, and D. Rubatto (2003), Residence time of S-type anatectic magmas beneath the Neogene volcanic province of SE Spain: A zircon and monazite SHRIMP study, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 146, 28-43, doi:10.1007/s00410-003-0490-x. (Pubitemid 37348007)
18. Chapman, D. S., and K. P. Furlong (1992), Thermal state of the lower continental crust, in Continental Lower Crust, edited by D. M. Fountain, R. Arculus, and R. W. Kay, pp. 179-199, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
19. Chen, G. N., and R. Grapes (2007), Granite Genesis: In-Situ Melting and Crustal Evolution, 278 pp., Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
20. Christensen, N. I., and W. D. Mooney (1995), Seismic velocity structure and composition of the continental crust: A global view, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 9761-9788, doi:10.1029/95JB00259.
21. Collins, W. J. (2002), Hot orogens, tectonic switching, and creation of continental crust, Geology, 30, 535-538, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0535: HOTSAC>2.0.CO;2.
22. Comas, M. C., J. J. Dañobeitia, J. Alvárez Marrón, and J. I. Soto (1997), Crustal reflections and structure in the Alboran Basin. Preliminary results of the ESCI-Alborán survey, Rev. Soc. Geol. Esp., 8, 529-542.
23. Comas, M. C., J. P. Platt, J. I. Soto, and A. B. Watts (1999), The origin and tectonic history of the Alborán Basin: Insights from Leg 161 results, in Proc. Ocean Drilling Program Sci. Results, 161, 555-579.
24. Dañobeitia, J. J., V. Sallarès, and J. Gallart (1998), Local earthquakes seismic tomography in the Betic Cordillera (southern Spain), Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 160, 225-239, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00061-2.
25. De Larouzière, F. D., J. Bolze, P. Bordet, J. Hernández, C. Montenat, and P. Ott D'Estevou (1988), The Betic segment of the lithospheric Trans-Alboran shear zone during the Late Miocene, Tectonophysics, 152, 41-52, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(88)90028-5.
26. De Voogd, B., et al. (1991), First deep seismic reflection transect from the Gulf of Lions to Sardinia (ECORS-CROP profiles in western Mediterranean), in Continental Lithosphere: Deep Seismic Reflections, Geodyn. Ser., vol. 22, edited by R. Meissner et al., pp. 265-274, AGU, Washington, D.C.
27. Dorbath, C., and F. Masson (2000), Composition of the crust and upper-mantle in the Central Andes (19° 30′S) inferred from P wave velocity and Poisson's ratio, Tectonophysics, 327, 213-223, doi:10.1016/S0040- 1951(00)00170-0. (Pubitemid 32140157)
28. Duggen, S., K. Hoernle, P. Van Den Bogaard, and C. Harris (2004), Magmatic evolution of the Alboran region: The role of subduction in forming the western Mediterranean and causing the Messinian Salinity Crisis, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 218, 91 -108, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03) 00632-0.
29. Duggen, S., K. Hoernle, P. Van Den Bogaard, and D. Garbe-Schonberg (2005), Post-collisional transition from subduction-to intraplate-type magmatism in the westernmost Mediterranean: Evidence for continental-edge delamination of subcontinental lithosphere, J. Petrol., 46, 1155-1201, doi:10.1093/petrology/ egi013. (Pubitemid 40864770)
30. El Bakkali, S., A. Gourgaud, J. L. Bourdier, H. Bellón, and N. Gundogdu (1998), Post-collision neogene volcanism of the Eastern Rif (Morocco): Magmatic evolution through time, Lithos, 45, 523-543, doi:10.1016/S0024-4937(98) 00048-6. (Pubitemid 29430715)
31. Faulkner, D. R., A. C. Lewis, and E. H. Rutter (2003), On the internal structure and mechanics of large strike-slip fault zones: Field observations of the Carboneras fault in southeastern Spain, Tectonophysics, 367, 235-251, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00134-3.
32. Fernàndez, M., I. Marzán, A. Correia, and E. Ramalho (1998a), Heat flow, heat production, and lithospheric thermal regime in the Iberian Peninsula, Tectonophysics, 291, 29-53, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00029- 8. (Pubitemid 28472450)
33. Fernàndez, M., X. Berástegui, C. Puig. D. García-Castellanos, M. J. Jurado, M. Torne, and C. Banks (1998b), Geophysical and geological constraints on the evolution of the Guadalquivir foreland basin, Spain, in Cenozoic Foreland Basins of Western Europe, edited by A. Mascle et al., Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 134, 29-48.
34. Fernández-Ibáñez, F., and J. I. Soto (2008), Rheology and crustal seismicity in the Gibraltar Arc (western Mediterranean), Tectonics, 27, TC2007, doi:10.1029/2007TC002192.
35. Fernández-Ibáñez, F., J. I. Soto, M. D. Zoback, and J. Morales (2007), Present-day stress field in the Gibraltar Arc (western Mediterranean), J. Geophys. Res., 112, B08404, doi:10.1029/2006JB004683. (Pubitemid 47591328)
36. Ferri, F., L. Burlini, B. Cesare, and R. Sassi (2007), Seismic properties of lower crustal xenoliths from El Hoyazo (SE Spain): Experimental evidence up to partial melting, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 253, 239-253, doi:10.1016/j.epsl. 2006.10.027.
37. Fullea, J., M. Fernàndez, H. Zeyen, and J. Verges (2007), A rapid method to map the crustal and lithospheric thickness using elevation, geoid anomaly and thermal analysis. Application to the Gibraltar Arc System, Atlas Mountains and adjacent zones, Tectonophysics, 430, 97-117, doi:10.1016/j.tecto. 2006.11.003.
38. Gallart, J., J. Díaz, N. Vidal, and J. J. Dañobeitia (1997), The base of the crust at the Betic-Alborán Sea transition: Evidence for an abrupt structural variation from wide-angle ESCI data, Rev. Soc. Geol. Esp., 8, 519-527.
39. García-Castellanos, D., M. Fernàndez, and M. Torne (2002), Modelling the evolution of the Guadalquivir foreland basin (southern Spain), Tectonics, 21(3), 1018, doi:10.1029/2001TC001339.
40. Gardner, G. H. F., L. W. Gardner, and A. R. Gregory (1974), Formation velocity and density-the diagnostic basics of stratigraphic traps, Geophysics, 39, 770-780, doi:10.1190/1.1440465.
41. Gerya, T. V., and D. A. Yuen (2003), Rayleigh-Taylor inestabilities from hydration and melting propel "cold plumes" at subduction zones, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 212, 47-62, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00265-6. (Pubitemid 36881890)
42. Gill, R. C. O., A. Aparicio, M. El Azzouzi, J. Hernández, M. F. Thirlwall, J. Bourgois, and G. F. Marriner (2004), Depleted arc volcanism in the Alboran Sea and shoshonitic volcanism in Morocco: Geochemical and isotopic constraints on Neogene tectonic processes, Lithos, 78, 363-388, doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2004.07.002.
43. Goes, S., R. Govers, and P. Vacher (2000), Shallow mantle temperatures under Europe from P and S wave tomography, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 11,153-11,169, doi:10.1029/1999JB900300.
44. González, A., D. Córdoba, R. Vegas, and L. M. Matias (1998), Seismic crustal structure in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula and the Gulf of Cadiz, Tectonophysics, 296, 317-331, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(98) 00151-6. (Pubitemid 29285479)
45. Gurría, E., and J. Mezcua (2000), Seismic tomography of the crust and lithospheric mantle in the Betic Cordillera and Alboran Sea, Tectonophysics, 329, 99-119, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00191-8.
46. Hasterok, D., and D. S. Chapman (2007), Continental thermal isostasy: 1. Methods and sensitivity, J. Geophys. Res., 112, B06414, doi:10.1029/ 2006JB004663. (Pubitemid 47354868)
47. Hatzfeld, D., and The Working Group for the Deep Sounding in the Alboran Sea (1978), Crustal seismic profiles in the Alboran Sea -Preliminary results, Pure Appl. Geophys., 116, 167-180, doi:10.1007/BF00878991.
48. Hoernle, K., Y. S. Zhang, and D. Graham (1995), Seismic and geochemical evidence for large-scale mantle upwelling beneath the eastern Atlantic and western central Europe, Nature, 374, 34-39, doi:10.1038/374034a0.
49. Holtzman, B. K., D. L. Kohlstedt, M. E. Zimmerman, F. Heidelbach, T. Hiraga, and J. Hustoft (2003), Melt segregation and strain partitioning: Implications for seismic anisotropy and mantle flow, Science, 301, 1227-1230, doi:10.1126/science.1087132. (Pubitemid 37052209)
50. Houseman, G., and P. England (1986), Finite strain calculations of continental deformation 1. Method and general results for convergent zones, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 3651-3663, doi:10.1029/JB091iB03p03651.
51. Hyndman, R. D., C. A. Currie, and S. P. Mazzotti (2005), Subduction zone backarcs, mobile belts, and orogenic heat, GSA Today, 15(2), 4-10.
52. Japsen, P. (2006), Velocity-depth trends in Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments from the Norwegian Shelf, Discussion, AAPG Bull., 90, 1141-1143.
53. Jaupart, C., and J. C. Mareschal (1999), The thermal structure and thickness of continental roots, Lithos, 48, 93-114, doi:10.1016/S0024-4937(99) 00023-7. (Pubitemid 30034047)
54. Jiménez-Munt, I., M. Fernàndez, J. Vergés, and J. P. Platt (2008), Lithosphere structure underneath the Tibetan Plateau inferred from elevation, gravity and geoid anomalies, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 267, 276-289, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.11.045.
55. Johannes, W., and F. Holtz (1996), Petrogenesis and Experimental Petrology of Granitic Rocks, 335 pp., Springer, Berlin.
56. Julià, J., F. Mancilla, and J. Morales (2005), Seismic signature of intracrustal magmatic intrusions in the Eastern Betics (Internal Zone), SE Iberia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L16304, doi:10.1029/2005GL023274. (Pubitemid 41461647)
57. Kretz, R. (1983), Symbols for rock-forming minerals, Am. Mineral., 68, 277-279.
58. Lachenbruch, A. H., and P. Morgan (1990), Continental extension, magmatism and elevation: Formal relations and rules of thumb, Tectonophysics, 174, 39 -62, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(90)90383-J.
59. 2liquids -New measurements and derived partial molar properties, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 51, 2931-2946, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(87)90368-1.
60. Lewis, T. J., R. D. Hyndman, and P. Flück (2003), Heat flow, heat generation, and crustal temperatures in the northern Canadian Cordillera: Thermal control of tectonics, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B6), 2316, doi:10.1029/2002JB002090.
61. Li, S., M. J. Unsworth, J. R. Booker, W. Wei, H. Tan, and A. G. Jones (2003), Partial melt or aqueous fluid in the mid-crust of southern Tibet?: Constraints from INDEPTH magnetotelluric data, Geophys. J. Int., 153, 289-304, doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01850.x. (Pubitemid 36632363)
62. López-Ruiz, J., J. M. Cebriá, and M. Doblas (2002), Cenozoic volcanism I: The Iberian Peninsula, in Geology of Spain, edited by W. Gibbons and T. Moreno, pp. 417-438, Geol. Soc. of London, London.
63. Mareschal, J. C., and C. Jaupart (2004), Variations of surface heat flow and lithospheric thermal structure beneath the North American craton, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 223, 65-77, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.04.002. (Pubitemid 38768063)
64. Masana, E., J. J. Martínez-Díaz, P. Hernández- Enrile, and P. Santanach (2004), The Alhama de Murcia fault (SE Spain), a seismogenic fault in a diffuse plate boundary: Seismotectonic implications for the Ibero-Magrebian region, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B01301, doi:10.1029/ 2002JB002359.
65. Mauffret, A., G. Pascal, A. Maillard, and C. Gorini (1995), Structure of the deep Northwestern Mediterranean basin, Mar. Pet. Geol., 12, 645-666, doi:10.1016/0264-8172(95)98090-R.
66. Mauffret, A., D. Frizon De Lamotte, S. Lallemant, C. Gorini, and A. Maillard (2004), E-Wopening of the Algerian Basin (western Mediterranean), Terra Nova, 16, 257-264, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.2004.00559.x. (Pubitemid 39412094)
67. Mauffret, A., A. Ammar, C. Gorini, and H. Jabour (2007), The Alboran Sea (western Mediterranean) revisited with a view from the Moroccan margin, Terra Nova, 19, 195-203, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.2007.00734.x. (Pubitemid 47193273)
68. Maury, R. C., et al. (2000), Post-collisional Neogene magmatism of the Mediterranean Maghreb margin: A consequence of slab breakoff, C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. IIa Sci. Terre Planetes, 331, 159-173.
69. Medialdea, T., E. Suriñach, R. Vegas, E. Banda, and J. Ansorge (1986), Crustal structure under the western end of the Betic Cordillera (Spain), Ann. Geophys., 4, 345-355.
70. Meissner, R., W. D. Mooney, and I. Artemieva (2002), Seismic anisotropy and mantle creep in young orogens, Geophys. J. Int., 149, 1-14, doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01628.x. (Pubitemid 34458648)
71. Mickus, K., and C. Jallouli (1999), Crustal structure beneath the Tell and Atlas Mountains (Algeria and Tunisia) through the analysis of gravity data, Tectonophysics, 314, 373-385, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00225-5. (Pubitemid 30138487)
72. Missenard, Y., H. Zeyen, D. Frizon De Lamotte, P. Leturmy, C. Petit, M. Sébrier, and O. Saddiqi (2006), Crustal versus asthenospheric origin of relief of the Atlas Mountains of Morocco, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B03401, doi:10.1029/2005JB003708.
73. Montenat, C., P. Ott D'Estevou, and P. Masse (1987), Tectonic-Sedimentary characters of the Betic Neogene basins evolving in a crustal transcurrent shear zone (SE Spain), Bull. Cent. Rech. Explor. Prod. Elf Aquitaine, 11, 1-22.
74. Morelli, C. (1985), Geophysical contribution to knowledge of the Mediterranean Crust, in Geological Evolution of the Mediterranean Basin, edited by D. J. Stanley and F. C. Wezel, pp. 65-82, Springer, New York.
75. Nyblade, A. A., I. S. Suleiman, F. R. Roy, B. Pursell, A. S. Suleiman, D. I. Doser, and G. R. Keller (1996), Terrestrial heat flow in the Sirt Basin, Lybia, and the pattern of the heat flow across northern Africa, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 17,737-17,746, doi:10.1029/96JB01177.
76. Owens, T. J., and G. Zandt (1997), Implications of crustal property variations for models of Tibetan plateau evolution, Nature, 387, 37-43, doi:10.1038/387037a0.
77. Pasquale, V., M. Verdoya, and P. Chiozzi (1996), Heat flux and timing of the drifting stage in the Ligurian-Provencal basin (northwestern Mediterranean), J. Geodyn., 21, 205-222, doi:10.1016/0264-3707(95)00035-6.
78. Perry, H. K. C., C. Jaupart, J. C. Mareschal, and N. M. Shapiro (2006a), Crustal heat production in the Superior Province, Canadian Shield, and in North America inferred from heat flow data, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B04401, doi:10.1029/2005JB003893.
79. Perry, H. K. C., C. Jaupart, J. C. Mareschal, and N. M. Shapiro (2006b), Upper mantle velocity-temperature conversion and composition determined from seismic refraction and heat flow, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B07301, doi:10.1029/2005JB003921.
80. Piromallo, C., and A. Morelli (2003), P wave tomography of the mantle under the Alpine-Mediterranean area, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B2), 2065, doi:10.1029/2002JB001757.
81. Platt, J. P., and R. L. M. Vissers (1989), Extensional collapse of thickened continental lithosphere: Aworking hypothesis for the Alboran Sea and Gibraltar Arc, Geology, 17, 540-543, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0540: ECOTCL>2.3. CO;2.
82. Platt, J. P., J. I. Soto, M. J. Whitehouse, A. J. Hurford, and S. P. Kelley (1998), Thermal evolution, rate of exhumation, and tectonic significance of metamorphic rocks from the floor of the Alboran extensional basin, western Mediterranean, Tectonics, 17, 671-689, doi:10.1029/98TC02204.
83. Pollack, H. N., S. J. Hurter, and J. R. Johnson (1993), Heat Flow from the Earths Interior -Analysis of the global data set, Rev. Geophys., 31, 267-280, doi:10.1029/93RG01249.
84. Polyak, B. G., et al. (1996), Heat flow in the Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean, Tectonophysics, 263, 191-218, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(95)00178-6.
85. Pous, J., J. A. Muñoz, J. J. Ledo, and M. Liesa (1995), Partial melting of subducted continental lower crust in the Pyrenees, J. Geol. Soc., 152, 217-220, doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.2.0217.
86. Pous, J., P. Queralt, J. J. Ledo, and E. Roca (1999), A high electrical conductive zone at lower crustal depth beneath the Betic Chain (Spain), Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 167, 35-45, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00011-4. (Pubitemid 29261119)
87. Reicherter, K., and S. Reiss (2001), The Carboneras fault zone (southeastern Spain) revisited with ground-penetrating radar: Quaternary structural styles from high-resolution images, Geol. Mijnbouw, 80, 11-20.
88. Rimi, A. (1999), Mantle heat-flow and geotherms for the main geologic domains in Morocco, Int. J. Earth Sci., 88, 458-466, doi:10.1007/s005310050278. (Pubitemid 30044991)
89. Rimi, A., A. Chalouan, and L. Bahi (1998), Heat flow in the westernmost part of the Alpine Mediterranean system (the Rif, Morocco), Tectonophysics, 285, 135-146, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00185-6.
90. Rivers, M. L., and I. S. E. Carmichael (1987), Ultrasonic studies of silicate melts, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 9247-9270, doi:10.1029/JB092iB09p09247.
91. Rosenberg, C. L., and M. R. Handy (2005), Experimental deformation of partially melted granite revisited: Implications for the continental crust, J. Metamorph. Geol., 23, 19-28, doi:10.1111/j.1525-1314.2005.00555.x. (Pubitemid 40335402)
92. Roy, M., and L. H. Royden (2000), Crustal rheology and faulting at strike-slip plate boundaries: 2. Effects of lower crustal flow, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 5599-5613, doi:10.1029/1999JB900340. (Pubitemid 30264065)
93. Rudnick, R. L., and D. M. Fountain (1995), Nature and composition of the continental crust: A lower crustal perspective, Rev. Geophys., 33, 267-309, doi:10.1029/95RG01302. (Pubitemid 26456752)
94. Sandiford, M., and S. McLaren (2005), Thermo-mechanical controls on heat production distributions and the long-term evolution of the continents, in Evolution and Differentiation of the Continental Crust, edited by M. Brown and T. Rushmer, pp. 67-91, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
95. Sanz De Galdeano, C., C. López Casado, J. Delgado, and M. A. Peinado (1995), Shallow seismicity and active faults in the Betic Cordillera: A preliminary approach to seismic sources associated with specific faults, Tectonophysics, 248, 293-302, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(94)00279-I.
96. Schmitz, M., W. D. Heinsohn, and F. R. Schilling (1997), Seismic, gravity and petrological evidence for partial melt beneath the thickened Central Andean crust (21-23 degrees S), Tectonophysics, 270, 313-326, doi:10.1016/S0040- 1951(96)00217-X.
97. Serrano, I., T. M. Hearn, J. Morales, and F. Torcal (2005), Seismic anisotropy and velocity structure beneath the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula, Phys. Earth Planet Inter., 150, 317-330, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2004.12. 003. (Pubitemid 40621929)
98. Soto, J. I., and J. P. Platt (1999), Petrological and structural evolution of high-grade metamorphic rocks from the floor of the Alboran Sea Basin, western Mediterranean, J. Petrol., 40, 21-60, doi:10.1093/petrology/40.1. 21.
99. Soto, J. I., M. C. Comas, and J. De La Linde (1996), Espesor de sedimentos en la Cuenca de Alborán mediante una conversio ́n sísmica corregida, Geogaceta, 20, 382-385.
100. Spear, F. S., M. J. Kohn, and J. T. Cheney (1999), P-T paths from anatetic pelites, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 134, 17-32, doi:10.1007/ s004100050466.
101. Srivastava, K. (2005), Modelling the variability of heat flow due to the random thermal conductivity of the crust, Geophys. J. Int., 160, 776-782, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005. 02456.x.
102. Sykes, T. J. S. (1996), A correction for sediment load upon the ocean floor: Uniform versus varying sediment density estimations-implications for isostatic correction, Mar. Geol., 133, 35-49, doi:10.1016/0025-3227(96)00016-3. (Pubitemid 26309963)
103. Tadili, B., M. Ramdani, D. Ben Sari, K. Cahpochnikov, and A. Bellot (1986), Structure de la croû te dans le nord du Maroc, Ann. Geophys., 4, 99-104.
104. Tesauro, M., M. K. Kaban, and S. A. P. L. Cloetingh (2008), EuCRUST-07: A new reference model for the European crust, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L05313, doi:10.1029/2007GL032244.
105. Thompson, A. B., K. Schulmann, J. Jezek, and V. Tolar (2001), Thermally softened continental extensional zones (arcs and rifts) as precursors to thickened orogenic belts, Tectonophysics, 332, 115-141, doi:10.1016/S0040- 1951(00)00252-3. (Pubitemid 32467940)
106. Torne, M., E. Banda, V. García-Dueñas, and J. C. Balanyá (1992), Mantle-lithosphere bodies in the Alboran crustal domain (Ronda Peridotites, Betic-Rifean orogenic belt), Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 110, 163-171, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(92)90046-X.
107. Torne, M., M. Fernàndez, M. C. Comas, and J. I. Soto (2000), Lithospheric structure beneath the Alboran Basin: Results from 3D gravity modeling and tectonic relevance, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 3209-3228, doi:10.1029/1999JB900281.
108. Torres-Roldán, R. L., G. Poli, and A. Peccerillo (1986), An early Miocene arc-tholeitic magmatic dike event from the Alboran Sea: Evidence for precollisional subduction and back-arc crustal extension in the westernmost Mediterranean, Geol. Rundsch., 75, 219-234, doi:10.1007/BF01770190.
109. Turner, S. P., J. P. Platt, R. M. M. George, S. P. Kelley, D. G. Pearson, and G. M. Nowell (1999), Magmatism associated with orogenic collapse of the Betic-Alboran Domain, SE Spain, J. Petrol., 40, 1011-1036, doi:10.1093/ petrology/40.6.1011.
110. Vanderhaeghe, O., and C. Teyssier (2001), Partial melting and flow of orogens, Tectonophysics, 342, 451-472, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00175-5. (Pubitemid 34078000)
111. Vielzeuf, D., and J. R. Holloway (1988), Experimental determination of the fluid-absent melting relations in the pelitic system, consequences for crustal differentiation, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 98, 257-276, doi:10.1007/BF00375178.
112. Watts, A. B., J. P. Platt, and P. Bulh (1993), Tectonic evolution of the Alboran Sea Basin, Basin Res., 5, 153-177, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2117.1993.tb00063. x.
113. Wilson, C. K., C. H. Jones, P. Molnar, A. F. Sheehan, and O. S. Boyd (2004), Distributed deformation in the lower crust and upper mantle beneath a continental strike-slip fault zone: Marlborough fault system, South Island, New Zealand, Geology, 32, 837-840, doi:10.1130/G20657.1. (Pubitemid 39447917)
114. Yegorova, T. P., V. I. Starostenko, V. G. Kozlenko, and N. I. Pavlenkova (1997), Three-dimensional gravity modelling of the European Mediterranean lithosphere, Geophys. J. Int., 129, 355-367, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997. tb01588.x.
115. Zappone, A., M. Fernàndez, V. García-Dueñas, and L. Burlini (2000), Laboratory measurements of seismic P wave velocities on rocks from the Betic Chain (Southern Iberian Peninsula), Tectonophysics, 317, 259-272, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00319-4. (Pubitemid 30239378)
116. Zazo, C. (1999), Interglacial sea levels, Quat. Int., 55, 101-113, doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(98)00031-7. (Pubitemid 29206110)
117. Zeck, H. P., and I. Williams (2002), Inherited and magmatic zircon from Neogene Hoyazo cordierite dacite, SE Spainanatectic source rock provenance and magmatic evolution, J. Petrol., 43, 1089-1104, doi:10.1093/petrology/43.6.1089.
118. Zeyen, H., P. Ayarza, M. Fernàndez, and A. Rimi (2005), Lithospheric structure under the western African-European plate boundary: A transect across the Atlas Mountains and the Gulf of Cadiz, Tectonics, 24, TC2001, doi:10.1029/2004TC001639.
119. Ziegler, P. A., and P. Dèzes (2006), Crustal evolution of western and central Europe, in European Lithosphere Dynamics, edited by D. G. Gee and R. A. Stephenson, Geol. Soc. London Mem., 32, 43-56.