Wildfire and Tree Population Processes

Plant Disturbance Ecology

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 441-485

  Gutsell, Sheri L ^a   Johnson, Edward A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 72249096142     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012088778-1/50016-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (173)

1. Acherar M., Lepart J., Debussche M. La colonization des friches par le pin d'Alep (Pinus halepensis Mill.) en Languedoc méditerranéen. Acta Ecol 1984, 19:179-189.
2. Alexander M.E. Help with making crown fire hazard assessments. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, General Technical Report INT-251 1988, 147-156. Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, UT.
3. Alexander M.E., Stocks B.J., Lawson B.D. Fire behavior in black spruce-lichen woodland: the Porter Lake project. Forestry Canada Information Report NOR-X-310 1991, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton.
4. Andersen M. Mechanistic models for the seed shadows of wind-dispersed plants. Am Nat 1991, 137:476-497.
5. Bai Y.G., Thompson D., Broersma K. Early establishment of Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine in grassland seedbeds. J Range Manage 2000, 53:511-517.
6. Baker W.L., Ehle D. Uncertainty in surface-fire history: the case of ponderosa pine forests in the western United States. Can J Forest Res 2001, 31:1205-1226.
7. Bakhman N.N. Smoldering wave propagation mechanism. 1. Critical conditions. Combust Explo Shock 1993, 29:14-17.
8. Banavar J.R., Damuth J., Maritan A., Rinaldo A. Supply-demand balance and metabolic scaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 2002, 10506-10509.
9. Barbour, M. G., Billings, W. D., North American Terrestrial Vegetation, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
10. Beaufait W.R. Some effects of high temperatures on the cones and seeds of jack pine. Forest Sci 1960, 6:194-199.
11. Bergeron Y., Archambault S. Decreasing fire frequency of forest fires in the southern boreal zone of Québec and its relationship to global warming since the end of the "Little Ice Ag. Holocene 1993, 3:255-259.
12. Beverly J.L., Martell D.L. Modeling Pinus strobus mortality following pre-scribed fire in Quetico Provincial Park, northwestern Ontario. Can J Forest Res 2003, 33:740-751.
13. Bonnet V.H., Schoettle A.W., Sheppard W.D. Postfire environmental condi-tions influence the spatial pattern of regeneration for. Pinus ponderosa. Can J Forest Res 2005, 35:37-47.
14. Borchert M., Johnson M., Schreiner D.S., Vander Wall S.B. Early postfire seed dispersal, seedling establishment and seedling mortality of Pinus coulteri (D. Don) in central coastal California, USA. Plant Ecol 2003, 168:207-220.
15. Bridge S.R.J., Johnson E.A. Geomorphic principles of terrain organization and vegetation gradients. J Veg Sci 2000, 11:57-70.
16. Broncana M.J., Retana J. Topography and forest composition affecting the vari-ability in fire severity and post-fire regeneration occurring after a large fire in the Mediterranean bas. Int J Wildland Fire 2004, 13:209-216.
17. Brown J.L., DeByle N.V. Fire damage, mortality, and suckering in aspen. Can J Forest Res 1987, 17:1100-1109.
18. Brown P.M., Kauffman M.R., Sheppard W.D. Long-term, landscape patterns of past fire events in a montane ponderosa pine forest of central Colorado. Landscape Ecol 1999, 14:513-532.
19. Brown P.M., Wu R. Climate and disturbance forcing of episodic tree recruit-ment in a southwestern ponderosa pine landscape. Ecology 2005, 86:3030-3038.
20. Byram G.M. Combustion of forest fuels. Forest Fire: Control and Use 1959, 61-80. McGraw-Hill, New York. K.P. Davis, (Ed.).
21. Caccia F.D., Ballaré C.L. Effects of tree cover, understorey vegetation, and litter on regeneration of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in southwestern Argentina. Can J Forest Res 1998, 28:683-692.
22. Callaway R.M. Positive interactions among plants. Bot Rev 1995, 61:306-349.
23. Castro J., Gómez J.M., García D., Zamora R., Hódar J.A. Seed predation and dispersal in relict Scots pine forests in southern Spain. Plant Ecol 1999, 145:115-123.
24. Catchpole E.A., de Mestre N.J., Gill A.M. Intensity of a fire at its perimeter. Aust Forest Res 1982, 12:47-54.
25. Catchpole W. Fire properties and burn patterns in heterogeneous landscapes. Flammable Australia: The Fire Regimes and Biodiversity of a Continent 2002, 49-76. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. R.A. Bradstock,, J.E. Williams,, A.M. Gill, (Eds.).
26. Physiological Ecology of North American Plant Communities 1985, New York. Chapman and Hall. B.F. Chabot,, H.A. Mooney, (Eds.).
27. Charron I. Sexual Recruitment of Trees Following Fire in the Southern Mixedwood Boreal Forest of Canada. M.Sc. thesis 1998, Concordia University, Montreal.
28. Charron I., Greene D.F. Post-wildfire seedbeds and tree establishment in the southern mixedwood boreal forest. Can J Forest Res 2002, 32:1607-1615.
29. Chipman S.J., Johnson E.A. Understory vascular plant species diversity in the mixedwood boreal forest of western Canada. Ecol Appl 2002, 12:588-601.
30. Chrosciewicz Z. Evaluation of fire-produced seedbeds for jack pine regeneration in central Ontario. Can J Forest Res 1974, 4:455-457.
31. Clark T.L., Jenkins M.A., Coen J., Packham D. A coupled atmosphere-fire model: convective feedback on fire-line dynamics. J Appl Meteorol 1996, 35:875-901.
32. Clements F.E. The Life History of Lodgepole Pine Forests. Bulletin 79 1910, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Washington, DC.
33. Coen J. Simulation of the Big Elk Fire using coupled atmosphere-fire modeling. Int J Wildland Fire 2005, 14:49-59.
34. Cox G. Combustion Fundamentals of Fire 1995, Academic Press, New York.
35. Davis K.P. Forest Fire Control and Use 1959, McGraw-Hill, New York.
36. DeVries D.A. Thermal properties of soil. Physics of Plant Environment 1963, 210-235. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam. W.W.R. Van (Ed.).
37. Díaz-Delgado R., Lloret F., Pons X. Spatial patterns of fire occurrence in Catalonia, NE, Spain. Landscape Ecol 2004, 19:731-745.
38. Dickinson M.B., Johnson E.A. Fire effects on trees. Forest Fires: Behavior and Ecological Effects 2001, .477-525. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. E.A. Johnson,, K. Miyanishi, (Eds.).
39. Dreyer O., Puzio R. Allometric scaling in animals and plants. J Math Biol 2001, 43:144-156.
40. Drysdale D. An Introduction to Fire Dynamics 1985, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK.
41. Duchesne S., Sirois L. Phase initial de régénération après feu des populations conifériennes subarctiques. Can J Forest Res 1995, 25:307-318.
42. Eberhart K.E., Woodard P.M. Distribution of residual vegetation associated with large fires in Alberta. Can J Forest Res 1987, 17:1207-1212.
43. Ebert T.A. Plant and Animal Populations: Methods in Demography 1999, Academic Press, New York.
44. Ehle D.S., Baker W.L. Disturbance and stand dynamics in ponderosa pine forests in Rocky Mountain National Park, USA. Ecol Monogr 2003, 73:543-566.
45. Eriksson O. Regional dynamics of plants: a review of evidence for remnant, source-sink, and metapopulations. Oikos 1996, 77:248-258.
46. Fahnestock G.R., Hare R.C. Heating of tree trunks in surface fires. J Forest 1964, 62:799-805.
47. Farmer R.E. Aspen root sucker formation and apical dominance. Forest Sci 1962, 8:403-410.
48. Fauria M., Johnson E.A. Large-scale climatic patterns control large lightning fire occurrence in Canada and Alaska forest regions. J Geophys Res 2006, 111:G04008.
49. Flannigan M.D., Harrington J.B. Synoptic conditions during the Porter Lake burning experiment. Climatol Bull 1987, 21:19-40.
50. Flannigan M.D., Wotton B.M. Climate, weather, and area burned. Forest Fires: Behavior and Ecological Effects 2001, 351-373. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. E.A. Johnson,, K. Miyanishi, (Eds.).
51. Fulé P.Z., Crouse J.E., Heinlein T.A., Moore M.M., Covington W., Verkamp G. Mixed-severity fire regime in a high-elevation forest of Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA. Landscape Ecol 2003, 18:465-486.
52. Glitzenstein J.S., Platt W.J., Streng D.R. Effects of fire regime and habitat on tree dynamics in north Florida longleaf pine savannas. Ecol Monogr 1995, 65:441-476.
53. Grace S.L., Platt W.J. Effects of adult tree density and fire on the demography of pregrass stage juvenile longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) J. Ecol 1995, 83:75-86.
54. Greene D.F., Johnson E.A. A model of wind dispersal of winged or plumed seeds. Ecology 1989, 70:339-347.
55. Greene D.F., Johnson E.A. Wind dispersal of seeds from a forest into a clearing. Ecology 1996, 77:595-609.
56. Greene D.F., Johnson E.A. Modelling recruitment of Populus tremuloides, Pinus banksiana, and Picea mariana following fire in the mixedwood boreal forest. Can J Forest Res 1999, 29:462-473.
57. Greene D.F., Noel J., Bergeron Y., Rousseau M., Gauthier S. Recruitment of Picea mariana, Pinus banksiana, and Populus tremuloides across a burn severity gradient following wildfire in the southern boreal fores. Can J Forest Res 2004, 34:1845-1857.
58. Greene D.F., Zasada J.C., Sirois L., Kneeshaw D., Morin H., Charron I., Simard M.-J. A review of regeneration dynamics of North American boreal forest tree species. Can J Forest Res 1999, 29:824-839.
59. Grime J.P., Jeffrey D.W. Seedling establishment in vertical gradients of sunlight. J Ecol 1965, 53:621-642.
60. Grissino-Mayer H.D. Modeling fire interval data from the American Southwest with the Weibull distribution. Int J Wildland Fire 1999, 9:37-50.
61. Gutsell S.L. Understanding Forest Dynamics Incorporating Both Local and Regional Ecological Processes. Ph.D. dissertation 2001, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB.
62. Gutsell S.L., Johnson E.A. How fire scars are formed: coupling a disturbance process to its ecological effect. Can J Forest Res 1996, 26,:166-174.
63. Gutsell S.L., Johnson E.A. Accurately ageing trees and examining their height growth rates: implications for interpreting forest dynamics. J Ecol 2002, 90:153-166.
64. Haase S.M. Effect of prescribed burning on soil moisture and germination of south- western ponderosa pine seed on basaltic soils. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Research Note RM-462 1986, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO.
65. Hanski I., Gilpin M. Metapopulation dynamics: brief history and conceptual domain. Biol J Linn Soc 1991, 42:3-16.
66. Harrington M.G. Predicting Pinus ponderosa mortality from dormant season and growing season fire injury. Int J Wildland Fire 1993, 3:65-72.
67. Heinselman M.L. Fire in the virgin forests of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area. Quaternary Res 1973, 3:329-382.
68. Hély C., Flannigan M., Bergeron Y. Modeling tree mortality following wildfire in the southeastern Canadian mixed-wood boreal forest. Forest Sci 2003, 49:566-576.
69. Herranz J.M., Martinez-Sanchez J.J., Marin A., Ferrandis P. Postfire regenera-tion of Pinus halepensis Miller in a semi-arid area in Albacete province (southeastern Spain). Ecoscience 1997, 4:86-90.
70. Heyerdahl E.K., Brubaker L.B., Agee J.K. Spatial controls of historical fire regimes: a multiscale example from the Interior West, U.S.A. Ecology 2001, 82:660-678.
71. Hirsch K.G., Flannigan M.D. Meteorological and fire behavior characteristics of the 1989 fire season in Manitoba, Canada. International Conference on Forest Fire Research 1990, B.06. Coimbra, Portugal.
72. Hoffman W.A. Post-burn reproduction of woody plants in a neotropical savanna: the relative importance of sexual and vegetative reproduction. J Appl Ecol 1998, 35:422-433.
73. Holman J.P. Heat Transfer 1997, New York, McGraw-Hill.
74. Horn H.S., Nathan R., Kaplan S.R. Long-distance dispersal of tree seeds by wind. Ecol Res 2001, 16:877-885.
75. Incropera F.P., DeWitt D.P. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer 2002, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
76. Jenkins M.A. An examination of the sensitivity of numerically simulated wildfires to low-level atmospheric stability and moisture, and the consequences for the Haines inde. Int J Wildland Fire 2002, 11:1-20.
77. Jenkins M.A., Clark T., Coen J. Coupling atmospheric and fire models. Forest Fires: Behavior and Ecological Effects 2001, 257-302. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. E.A. Johnson,, K. Miyanishi, (Eds.).
78. Johnson E.A. Disturbance: the process and the response. An epilogue. Can J Forest Res 1985, 15:292-293.
79. Johnson E.A., Fryer G.I. Population dynamics in lodgepole pine-Engelmann spruce forests. Ecology 1989, 70:1335-1345.
80. Johnson E.A., Gutsell S.L. Heat budget and fire behavior associated with the opening of serotinous cones in two Pinus species. J Veg Sci 1993, 4:745-750.
81. Johnson E.A., Gutsell S.L. Fire frequency models, methods, and interpretations. Adv Ecol Res 1994, 25:239-287.
82. Johnson E.A., Miyanishi K., Kleb H. The hazards of interpretation of static age structures as shown by stand reconstructions in a Pinus contorta-Picea Engelmannii for-est. J Ecol 1994, 82:923-931.
83. Johnson E.A., Miyanishi K. Strengthening fire ecology's roots. Forest Fires: Behavior and Ecological Effects 2001, 1-11. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. E.A. Johnson,, K. Miyanishi, (Eds.).
84. Johnson E.A., Miyanishi K., Weir J.M.H. Wildfires in the western Canadian boreal forest: landscape patterns and ecosystem management. J Veg Sci 1998, 9:603-610.
85. Johnson E.A., Morin H., Miyanishi K., Gagnon R., Greene D.F. A pro- cess approach to understanding disturbance and forest dynamics for sustainable forestry. Towards Sustainable Management of the Boreal Forest 2003, 261-306. NRC Research Press, Ottawa. P.J. Burton,, C. Messier,, D.W. Smith,, W.L. Adamowicz, (Eds.).
86. Johnson E.A., Wowchuk D.R. Wildfires in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains and their relationship to mid-tropospheric anomalies. Can J Forest Res 1993, 23:1213-1222.
87. Johnstone J.F., Chapin III F.S., Foote J., Kemmett S., Price K., Viereck L. Decadel observations of tree regeneration following fire in boreal forests. Can J Forest Res 2004, 34:267-273.
88. Jones J.C., Goh T.P.T., Dijanosic M.J. Smoldering and flaming combustion in packed beds of Casuarina needles. J Fire Sci 1994, 12:442-451.
89. Jones J.L., Webb B.W., Jimenez D., Reardon J., Butler B. Development of an advanced one-dimensional stem heating model for application in surface fires. Can J Forest Res 2004, 34:20-30.
90. Katul G.G., Porporato A., Nathan R., Siqueira M., Soons M.B., Poggi D., Horn H.S., Levin S.A. Mechanistic analytical models for long-distance seed dispersal by wind. Am Nat 2005, 166:368-381.
91. Kauffman J.B. Survival by sprouting following fire in tropical forests of the eastern Amazon. Biotropica 1991, 23:219-224.
92. Keeley J.E., Keeley M.B., Bond W.J. Stem demography and post-fire recruit-ment of a resprouting serotinous conifer. J Veg Sci 1998, 10:69-76.
93. Kolb P.F., Robberecht R. Pinus ponderosa seedling establishment and the influence of competition with the bunchgrass. Agropyron spicatum. Int J Plant Sci 1996, 157:509-515.
94. Kot M., Lewis M.A., van den Driessche P. Dispersal data and the spread of invading organisms. Ecology 1996, 77:2027-2042.
95. Lavoie L., Sirois L. Vegetation changes caused by recent fires in the northern boreal forest of eastern Canada. J Veg Sci 1998, 9:483-492.
96. Levin S.A., Muller-Landau H.C., Nathan R., Chave J. The ecology and evolu-tion of seed dispersal: a theoretical perspective. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 2003, 34:575-604.
97. Liñán A., Williams F.A. Fundamental Aspects of Combustion. Oxford Engineering Science Series 34 1993, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
98. Maini J.S., Horton K.W. Vegetative propagation of Populus species. I. Influence of temperature and formation on initial growth of aspen suckers. Can J Bot 1966, 44:1183-1189.
99. Malamud B.D., Morein G., Turcotte D.L. Forest fires: an example of self-organized critical behavior. Science 1998, 281:1840-1841.
100. Martin R.E. Thermal properties of bark. Forest Prod J 1963, 13:419-426.
101. Mason C.F. Decomposition 1976, Edward Arnold (Publishers, London.
102. Mast J.N., Veblen T.T., Linhart Y.B. Disturbance and climatic influences on age-structure of ponderosa pine at the pine-grassland ecotone, Colorado Front Range. J Biogeogr 1998, 25:743-755.
103. Masters A.M. Change in forest fire frequency in Kootenay National Park, Canadian Rockies. Can J Bot 68 1990, 1763-1767.
104. McHugh C.W., Kolb T.E. Ponderosa pine mortality following fire in northern Arizona. Int J Wildland Fire 2003, 12:7-22.
105. McRae D.J., Stocks B.J., Ogilvie C.J. Fire acceleration on large-scale convec- tion burns. Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology 1989, 101-107. Forestry Canada, Ottawa. D.C. MacIver,, H. Auld,, R. Whitewood, (Eds.).
106. Mercer G.N., Weber R.O. Modeling heating effects. Plant Disturbance Ecology: The Process and the Response 2007, 371-395. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. E.A. Johnson,, K. Miyanishi, (Eds.).
107. Michaletz S.T. Biophysical Processes of Tree Mortality in Surface Fires. M.Sc. thesis 2005, University of Calgary, Calgary.
108. Michaletz S.T., Johnson E.A. A heat transfer model of crown scorch in forest fires. Can J Forest Res 2006, 36:2839-2851.
109. Miyanishi K. Duff consumption. Forest Fires: Behavior and Ecological Effects 2001, 437-476. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. E.A. Johnson,, K. Miyanishi, (Eds.).
110. Miyanishi K., Johnson E.A. Process and pattern in duff consumption in the mixedwood boreal forest. Can J Forest Res 2002, 32:1285-1295.
111. Miyanishi K., Kellman M. The role of root nutrient reserves in regrowth of two savanna shrubs. Can J Bot 1986, 64:1244-1248.
112. Moravec J. Regeneration of N.W. African Pinus halepensis forests following fire. Vegetatio 1990, 87:29-36.
113. Nathan R., Katul G.G., Horn H.S., Thomas S.M., Oren R., Avissar R., Pacala S.W., Levin S.A. Mechanisms of long-distance dispersal of seeds by wind. Nature 2002, 418:409-413.
114. Nathan R., Safriel U.N., Noy-Meir I. Field validation and sensitivity analysis of a mechanistic model for tree seed dispersal by wind. Ecology 2001, 82:374-388.
115. Ne'eman G. Regeneration of natural pine forest-review of the work done after the 1989 fire in Mount Carmel, Israel. Int J Wildland Fire 1997, 7:295-306.
116. Nelson R.M.Jr. Water relations in forest fuels. Forest Fires: Behavior and Ecological Effects 2001, 79-150. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. E.A. Johnson,, K. Miyanishi, (Eds.).
117. Newnham R.M. Variable-form taper functions for four Alberta tree species. Can J Forest Res 1991, 22:210-233.
118. Niklas K.J., Spatz H.C. Growth and hydraulic (not mechanical) constraints govern the scaling of tree height and mass. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, 101:15661-15663.
119. Nimchuk N. Wildfire Behaviour Associated with Upper Ridge Breakdown. ENR Report No. T/50 1983, Alberta Energy and Natural Resources, Forestry Service, Edmonton, AB.
120. Odion D.C., Frost E.J., Strittholt J.R., Jiang H., Dellasala D.A., Moritz M.A. Patterns of fire severity and forest conditions in the western Klamath Mountains, California. Conserv Biol 2004, 18:927-936.
121. Ohlemiller T.J. Modeling of smoldering combustion propagation. Prog Energ Combust 1985, 11:277-310.
122. Ohlemiller T.J. Smoldering combustion propagation through a permeable horizontal fuel layer. Combust Flame 1990, 81:341-353.
123. Okuba A, Levin S.A. A theoretical framework for data analysis of wind disper-sal of seeds and pollen. Ecology 1989, 70:329-338.
124. Oliveira L.A., Viegas D.X., Raimundo A.M. Numerical predictions on the soil thermal effect under surface fire conditions. Int J Wildland Fire 1997, 7:51-63.
125. Ordóñez J.L., Retana J. Early reduction of post-fire recruitment of Pinus nigra by post-dispersal seed predation in different time-since-fire habitats. Ecography 2004, 27:449-458.
126. Palmer K.N. Smoldering combustion in dusts and fibrous materials. Combust Flame 1957, 1:129-154.
127. Pearson G.A. Herbaceous vegetation a factor in natural regeneration of ponderosa pine in the Southwest. Ecol Monogr 1942, 12:315-338.
128. Peters V.S., MacDonald S.E., Dale M.R.T. The interaction between masting and fire is key to white spruce regeneration. Ecology 2005, 86:1744-1750.
129. Peterson D.L., Ryan K.C. Modeling postfire conifer mortality for long-range planning. Environ Manage 1986, 10:797-808.
130. Piñol J., Terradas J., Lloret F. Climate warming, wildfire hazard, and wildfire occurrence in coastal eastern España. Climatic Change 1998, 38:345-357.
131. Pollet J., Omi P.N. Effect of thinning and prescribed burning on crown fire severity in ponderosa pine forests. Int J Wildland Fire 2002, 11:1-10.
132. Quintilio D., Fahnestock G.R., Dubé D.E. Fire behavior in upland jack pine: the Darwin Lake project. Information Report NOR-X-174 1977, Environment Canada, Canadian Forestry Service, Edmonton, AB.
133. Reed W.J. Determining changes in historical forest fire frequency from a time-since-fire map. J Agr Biol Envir St 1998, 3:430-450.
134. Reed W.J. Reconstructing forest fire history-identifying hazard rate change points using the Bayes' information criterion. Can J Stat 2000, 28:352-365.
135. Reed W.J., Johnson E.A. Statistical methods for estimating historical fire fre-quency from multiple fire-scar data. Can J Forest Res 2004, 34:2306-2313.
136. Reed W.J., McKelvey K.S. Power-law behaviour and parametric models for the size-distribution of forest fires. Ecol Model 2002, 150:239-254.
137. Ryan K.C., Frandsen W.H. Basal injury from smoldering fires in mature Pinus ponderosa Laws. Int J Wildland Fire 1991, 1:107-118.
138. Ryan K.C., Peterson D.L., Reinhardt E.D. Modeling long-term fire-caused mortality of Douglas-fir. Forest Sci 1988, 34:190-199.
139. Saito K. Flames. Forest Fires: Behavior and Ecological Effects 2001, 12-54. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. E.A. Johnson,, K. Miyanishi, (Eds.).
140. Schier G.A. Physiological and environmental factors controlling vegetative regenera- tion of aspen. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service General Technical Report RM-29 1976, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO.
141. Schimmel J., Granström A. Fire severity and vegetation response in the boreal Swedish forest. Ecology 1996, 77:1436-1450.
142. Sedgley M., Griffin A.R. Sexual Reproduction of Tree Crops 1989, Academic Press, New York.
143. Selby M.J. Hillslope Materials and Processes 1982, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
144. Sharma S., Rikhari H.C. Forest fire in the central Himalaya: climate and recov-ery of trees. Int J Biometeorol 1997, 40:63-70.
145. Shinozaki K., Yoda K., Hozumi K., Kira T. A quantitative analysis of plant form: pipe model theory. I. Basic analysis. Jpn J Ecology 1964, 14:97-105.
146. Simmons R.F. Fire chemistry. Combustion Fundamentals of Fire 1995, 408-473. Academic Press, London. G. Cox, (Ed.).
147. Sivapalan M., Wood E.F., Beven K.J. On hydrological similarity. 2. A scaled model of storm runoff production. Water Resour Res 1987, 23:2266-2278.
148. Skinner W.R., Flannigan M.D., Stocks B.J., Martell D.L., Wotton B.M., Todd J.B., Mason J.A., Logan K.A., Bosch E.M. A 500 hPa synoptic wildland fire cli-matology for large Canadian forest fires, 1959-1996. Theor Appl Climatol 2002, 71:157-169.
149. Skinner W.R., Stocks B.J., Martell D.L., Bonsal B., Shabbar A. The associa-tion between circulation anomalies in the mid-troposphere and area burned by wildland fire in Canada. Theor Appl Climatol 1999, 63:89-105.
150. Spanos I.A., Daskalakou E.N., Thanos C.A. Post-fire, natural regeneration of Pinus brutia forests in Thasos Island, Greece. Acta Ecol 2000, 21:13-20.
151. Steneker G.A. Factors affecting the suckering of trembling aspen. Forest Chron 1974, 50:32-34.
152. St.Pierre H., Gagnon R., Bellefleur P. Régénération après feu de l'épinette noire (Picea mariana)et du pin gris (Pinus banksiana)dans la forêt boréale, Québec. Can J Forest Res 1992, 22:474-481.
153. Strauss D., Bednar L., Mees R. Do one percent of forest fires cause ninety-nine percent of the damage?. Forest Sci. 1989, 35:319-328.
154. Swezy D.M., Agee J.K. Prescribed fire effects on fine-root and tree mortality in old-growth ponderosa pine. Can J Forest Res 1991, 21:626-634.
155. Taylor K., Aarssen L. Neighbor effects in mast year seedlings of Acer. saccharum. Am J Bot 1989, 76:546-554.
156. Thanos C.A., Daskalakou E.N., Nikolaidou S. Early post-fire regeneration of a Pinus halepensis forest on Mount Parnis, Greece. J Veg Sci 1996, 7:273-280.
157. Thanos C.A., Marcou S., Christodoulakis D., Yannitsaros A. Early post-fire regeneration in Pinus brutia forest ecosystems of Samos Island (Greece). Acta Ecol 1989, 10:79-94.
158. Thanos C.A., Marcou S. Post-fire regeneration in Pinus brutia forest ecosystems of Samos Island (Greece): 6 years after. Acta Ecol 1991, 12:633-642.
159. Thomas P.H. Rates of spread of some wind-driven fires. Forestry 1971, 44:155-175.
160. Turner M.G., Romme H.W., Gardner R.H., Hargrove W.W. Effects of fire size and pattern on early succession in Yellowstone National Park. Ecol Monogr 1997, 67:411-433.
161. Vander Wall S.B. The role of animals in dispersing a "wind-dispersed" pine. Ecology 1992, 73:614-621.
162. Van Wagner C.E. Conditions for the start and spread of a crown fire. Can J Forest Res 1977, 7:23-34.
163. Van Wagner C.E. Fire behavior in northern conifer forests and shrublands. The Role of Fire in Northern Circumpolar Ecosystems 1983, 65-80. John Wiley and Sons, New York. R.W. Wein,, D.A. MacLean, (Eds.).
164. Van Wagner C.E. Development and structure of the Canadian forest fire weather index system. Forestry Technical Report No. 35 1987, Canadian Forestry Service, Ottawa.
165. Veblen T.T., Kitzberger T., Donnegan J. Climatic and human influences on fire regimes in ponderosa pine forests in the Colorado Front Range. Ecol Appl 2000, 10:1178-1195.
166. Waring R.H. Characteristics of trees predisposed to die. BioScience 1987, 37:569-574.
167. Weber M.G. Response of immature aspen ecosystems to burning and cutting in rela-tion to vernal leaf-flush. Forest Ecol Manag 1990, 31:15-33.
168. Weir J.M.H., Johnson E.A., Miyanishi K. Fire frequency and the spatial age mosaic of the mixedwood boreal forest in western Canada. Ecol Appl 2000, 10:1162-1177.
169. West G.B., Brown J.H., Enquist B.J. A general model for the structure and allometry of plant vascular systems. Nature 1999, 400:664-667.
170. Williams C.E., Lipscomb M.V., Johnson W.C., Nilsen E.T. Influence of leaf litter and soil moisture regime on early establishment of. Pinus pungens. Am Midl Nat 1990, 124:145-152.
171. Willson M.R. Dispersal mode, seed shadows, and colonization patterns. Vegetatio 1993, 107/108:261-280.
172. Yarie J. Forest fire cycles and life tables: a case study from interior Alaska. Can J Forest Res 1998, 11:554-562.
173. Zasada J.C., Sharik T.L., Nygren M. The reproductive process in boreal forest trees. A Systems Analysis of the Global Boreal Forest 1992, 85-125. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. H.H. Shugart,, R. Leemans,, G. Bonan, (Eds.).