Inflammatory bowel disease

Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontology

Volumn 108, Issue 5, 2009, Pages

  Fatahzadeh, Mahnaz ^a  

^a RUTGERS SCHOOL OF DENTAL MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; GASTROINTESTINAL AGENT; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT;

DENTAL CARE; ENTERITIS; GLOSSITIS; HUMAN; MOUTH DISEASE; MOUTH ULCER; MUCOSA INFLAMMATION; PATHOLOGY; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; STOMATITIS;

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; DENTAL CARE FOR CHRONICALLY ILL; GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS; GLOSSITIS; HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES; MOUTH DISEASES; MUCOSITIS; ORAL ULCER; QUALITY OF LIFE; STOMATITIS;

EID: 72049096903     PISSN: 10792104     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.07.035     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Gismera C.S., and Aladren B.S. Inflammatory bowel diseases: A disease(s) of modern times? Is incidence still increasing?. World J Gastroenterol 14 (2008) 5491-5498
2. Friedman S., and Blumberg R. Inflammatory bowel disease. In: Fauci A.S., Braunwald E., Kasper D.L., Hauser S.L., Longo D.L., Jameson J.L., et al. (Eds). Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 17th ed. (2008), McGraw Hill 1777-1789
3. Karlinger K., Gyorke T., Mako E., Mester A., and Tarjan Z. The epidemiology and the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Radiol 35 (2000) 154-167
4. Fix O.K., Soto J.A., Andrews C.W., and Farraye F.A. Gastroduodenal Crohn's disease. Gastrointestinal Endosc 60 (2004) 985
5. Ruthruff B. Clinical review of Crohn's disease. J Am Acad Nurse Pract 19 (2007) 8 392-7
6. Akobeng A. Crohn's disease: current treatment options. Arch Dis Child 93 (2008) 787-792
7. Orholm M., Binder V., Sørensen T.I., Rasmussen L.P., and Kyvik K.O. Concordance of inflammatory bowel disease among Danish twins. Results of a nation-wide study. Scand J Gastroenterol 35 (2000) 1075-1081
8. Tysk C., Lindberg E., Jarnerot G., and Floderus-Myrhed B. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in an unselected population of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. A study of heritability and the influence of smoking. Gut 29 (1988) 990-996
9. Hyams J.S. Crohn's disease in children. Pediatr Clin North Am 43 (1996) 255-273
10. Stenson W.F. Inflammatory bowel disease. In: Yamada T. (Ed). Textbook of gastroenterology. 3rd ed. (1999), Lippincott Williams, Philadelphia 1775-1839
11. Podolsky D.K. Inflammatory bowel disease. N Engl J Med 347 (2002) 417-429
12. Shivananda S., Lennard-Jones J., Logan R., Fear N., Price A., Carpenter L., et al. Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease across Europe: is there a difference between north and south?. Results of the European Collaborative Study on Inflammatory Bowel Disease (EC-IBD). Gut 39 (1996) 690-697
13. Bernstein C., Waida A., Svenson M.S., MacKenzie A., Koehoorn M., Jackson M., et al. The epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Canada: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol 101 (2006) 1559-1568
14. Vind I., Riis L., Jess T., Knudsen E., Pedersen N., Elkjaer M., et al. Increasing incidences of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and decreasing surgery rates in Copenhagen city and Country, 2003-2005: a population-based study from the Danish Crohn's Colitis database. Am J Gastroenterol 101 (2006) 1274-1282
15. Loftus E.V. Clinical epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: incidence, prevalence and environmental influences. Gastroenterology 126 (2004) 1504-1517
16. Scaldaferri F., and Fiocchi C. Inflammatory bowel disease: progress and current concepts of etiopathogenesis. J Dig Dis 8 (2007) 171-178
17. Sands B.E. Fulminant colitis. J Gastrointestinal Surg 12 (2008) 2157-2159
18. Hanauer S.B. Inflammatory bowel disease. N Eng J Med 334 (1996) 841-848
19. Loftus Jr. E.V., and Sandborn W.J. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 31 (2002) 1-20
20. Bernstein C.N., Blanchard J.F., Rawsthorne P., and Yu N. The prevalence of extraintestinal diseases in inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol 96 (2001) 1116-1122
21. Kornbluth A., and Sacher D.B. Ulcerative colitis practice guidelines in adults. Am J Gastroenterol 99 (2004) 1371-1385
22. Reddy D., Siegel C.A., Sands B.E., and Kane S. Possible association between isotretinoin and inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 101 (2006) 1569-1573
23. Broome U., and Bergquist A. Primary sclerosing cholangitis, inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. Semin Liver Dis 26 (2006) 31-41
24. Levine J., Ellis C.J., Furne J.K., Springfield J., and Levitt M.D. Fecal hydrogen sulfide production in ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 93 (1998) 83-87
25. Calkins B.M. A meta-analysis of the role of smoking in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 34 (1989) 1841-1854
26. Guslandi M. Nicotine treatment for ulcerative colitis. Br J Pharmacol 48 (1999) 481-484
27. Hanauer S.B., and Sandborn W. Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Management of Crohn's disease in adults. Am J Gastroenterol 96 (2001) 635-643
28. Jacobsen B.A., Fallingborg J., Rasmussen H.H., Nielsen K.R., Drewes A.M., Puho E., et al. Increase in incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in northern Denmark: a population-based study, 1978-2002. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 18 (2006) 601-606
29. Cachia E., Calleja N., Aakeroy R., Degaetano J., and Vassallo M. Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in Malta between 1993 and 2005: a retrospective study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 14 (2008) 550-553
30. Gasche C., Scholmerich J., Brynskov J., D'Haens G., Hanauer S., Irvine E., et al. A simple classification of Crohn's disease: report of the Working Party for the World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Vienna 1998. Inflamm Bowel Dis 6 (2000) 8-15
31. Dubinsky M.C., and Fleshner P.P. Treatment of Crohn's disease of inflammatory, stenotic and fistulizing phenotypes. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 6 (2003) 183-200
32. Cobrin G.M., and Abreu M.T. Defects in mucosal immunity leading to Crohn's disease. Immunol Rev 206 (2005) 277-295
33. Yamamoto-Furusho J.K., and Korzenik J.R. Crohn's disease: innate immunodeficiency?. World J Gastroenterol 12 (2006) 6751-6755
34. Reniers D.E., and Howard J.M. Isotretinoin-induced inflammatory bowel disease in an adolescent. Ann Pharmacother 35 (2001) 1214-1216
35. Cosnes J. Tobacco and IBD: relevance in the understanding of disease mechanisms and clinical practice. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 18 (2004) 481-496
36. Johnson G.J., Cosnes J., and Mansfield J.C. Review article: smoking cessation as a primary therapy to modify the course of Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 21 (2005) 921-931
37. Sands B.E. From symptom to diagnosis: clinical distinctions among various forms of intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology 126 (2004) 1518-1532
38. Ricci C., Lanzarotto F., and Lanzini A. The multidisciplinary team for management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Dig Liver Dis 40 Suppl 2 (2008) S285-S288
39. Chamouard P., Richert Z., Meyer N., Rahmi G., and Baumann R. Diagnostic value of C-reactive protein for predicting activity level of Crohn's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 4 (2006) 882-887
40. Goh J., and O'Morain C.A. Review article: nutrition and adult inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 17 (2003) 307-320
41. Israeli E., Grotto I., Gilburd B., Balicer R.D., Goldin E., Wiik A., and Shoenfeld Y. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies as predictors of inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 54 (2005) 1232-1236
42. Jenkins D., Balsitis M., Gallivan S., Dixon M.F., Gilmour H.M., Shepherd N.A., et al. Guidelines for the initial biopsy diagnosis of suspected chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. The British Society of Gastroenterology Initiative. J Clin Pathol 50 (1997) 93-105
43. Cook M.G. The size and histological appearance of mesenteric lymph nodes in Crohn's disease. Gut 13 (1972) 970-972
44. Triester S.L., Leighton J.A., Leontiadis G.I., Gurudu S.R., Fleischer D.E., Hara A.K., et al. A meta-analysis of the yield of capsule endoscopy compared to other diagnostic modalities in patients with non-stricturing small bowel Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol 101 (2006) 954-964
45. Carucci L.R., and Levine M.S. Radiographic imaging of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 31 (2002) 93-117
46. Hara A.K., Leighton J.A., Heigh R.I., Sharma V.K., Silva A.C., De Petris G., et al. Crohn disease of the small bowel: preliminary comparison among CT enterography, capsule endoscopy, small-bowel follow-through, and ileoscopy. Radiology 238 (2006) 128-134
47. MacKalski B.A., and Bernstein C.N. New diagnostic imaging tools for inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 55 (2006) 733-741
48. Maconi G., Sampietro G.M., Parente F., Pompili G., Russo A., Cristaldi M., et al. Contrast radiology, computed tomography and ultrasonography in detecting internal fistulas and intra-abdominal abscesses in Crohn's disease: a prospective comparative study. Am J Gastroenterol 98 (2003) 1545-1555
49. Eaden J.A., Mayberry J.F., British Society for Gastroenterology, and Association of Coloproctology for Great Britain and Ireland. Guidelines for screening and surveillance of asymptomatic colorectal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 51 Suppl 5 (2002) V10-V12
50. Ullman T., Crooq V., Harpaz N., Sachar D., and Itzkowitz S. Progression of flat low grade dysplasia to advanced neoplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 125 (2003) 1311-1319
51. Canavan C., Abrams K.R., and Mayberry J. Meta-analysis: colorectal and small bowel cancer risk in patients with Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacother 23 (2006) 1097-1104
52. Akobeng A.K. Crohn's disease: current treatment options. Arch Dis Child 93 (2008) 787-792
53. Katz J.A. Management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults. J Dig Dis 8 (2007) 65-71
54. Rufo P.A., and Bousvaros A. Current therapy of inflammatory bowel disease in children. Paediatr Drugs 8 (2006) 5 279-302
55. Buning C., and Lochs H. Conventional therapy for Crohn's disease. World J Gastroenterol 12 (2006) 4794-4806
56. Wolf J.M., and Lashner B.A. Inflammatory bowel disease: sorting out treatment options. Cleveland Clin J Med 69 (2002) 621-631
57. Kozuch P.L., and Hanauer S.B. Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a review of medical therapy. World J Gastroenterol 14 (2008) 354-377
58. Kane S.V., Schoenfeld P., Sandborn W.J., Tremaine W., Hofer T., and Feagan B.G. The effectiveness of budesonide therapy for Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 16 (2002) 1509-1517
59. Pearson D.C., May G.R., Fick G.H., and Sutherland L.R. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in Crohn's disease. A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 123 (1995) 132-142
60. Present D.H., Korelitz B.I., Wisch N., Glass J.L., Sachar D.B., and Pasternack B.S. Treatment of Crohn's disease with 6-mercaptopurine: a long-term, randomized, double-blind study. N Engl J Med 302 (1980) 981-987
61. Fraser A.G., Orchard T.R., and Jewell D.P. The efficacy of azathioprine for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a 30 year review. Gut 50 (2002) 485-489
62. Lichtiger S., Present D.H., Kornbluth A., Gelernt I., Bauer J., Galler, et al. Cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroid therapy. N Engl J Med 330 (1994) 1841-1845
63. Kozarek R.A., Patterson D.J., Gelfand M.D., Botoman V.A., Ball T.J., and Wilske K.R. Methotrexate induces clinical and histologic remission in patients with refractory inflammatory bowel disease. Ann Intern Med 110 (1989) 353-356
64. Feagan B.G., Rochon J., Fedorak R.N., Irvine E.J., Wild G., Sutherland L., et al. Methotrexate for the treatment of Crohn's disease. The North American Crohn's Study Group Investigators. N Engl J Med 332 (1995) 292-297
65. Feagan B.G., Fedorak R.N., Irvine E.J., Wild G., Sutherland L., Steinhart A.H., et al. A comparison of methotrexate with placebo for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. North American Crohn's Study Group Investigators. N Engl J Med 342 (2000) 1627-1632
66. Pallone F., and Monteleone G. Mechanism of tissue damage in inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 17 (2001) 307-312
67. Targan S.R., Hanauer S.B., Van Deventer S.C.H., Mayer L., Present D.H., Brackman T., et al. A short-term study of chimeric monoclonal antibody cA2 to tumor necrosis factor-alpha for Crohn's disease. Crohn's Disease cA2 Study Group. N Engl J Med 337 (1997) 1029-1035
68. Present D.H., Rutgeerts P., Targan S., Hanauer S.B., Mayer L., van Hogezand R.A., et al. Infliximab for the treatment of fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 340 (1999) 1398-1405
69. Wilhelm S.M., McKenney K.A., Rivait K.N., and Kale-Pradhan P.B. A review of infliximab use in ulcerative colitis. Clin Ther 30 (2008) 223-230
70. Ginsburg P.M., Dassopoulos T., and Ehrenpreis E.D. Thalidomide for refractory Crohn's disease: a review of the history, pharmacological mechanisms and clinical literature. Ann Med 33 (2001) 516-525
71. Staines K.S., Green R., and Felix D.H. The management of fistulizing oral Crohn's disease with infliximab. J Oral Pathol Med 36 (2007) 444-446
72. Hegarty A., Hodgson T., and Porter S. Thalidomide for the treatment of recalcitrant oral Crohn's disease and orofacial granulomatosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 95 (2003) 576-585
73. Calabrese L., and Fleischer A.B. Thalidomide: current and potential clinical applications. Am J Med 108 (2000) 487-495
74. Hanauer S.B., Feagan B.G., Lichtenstein G.R., Mayer L.F., Schreiber S., Colombel J.F., et al. Maintenance infliximab for Crohn's disease: the ACCENT I randomized trial. Lancet 359 (2002) 1541-1549
75. Pastorelli L., Saibeni S., Spina L., Singorelli C., Celasco G., de Franchis R., et al. Oral, colonic-release low-molecular-weight heparin: an initial open study of Parnaparin-MMX for the treatment of mild-to-moderate left-sided ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 28 (2008) 581-588
76. Folwaczny C., Wiebecke B., and Loeschke K. Unfractioned heparin in the therapy of patients with highly active inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 94 (1999) 1551-1555
77. Evans R.C., Wong V.S., Morris A.I., and Rhodes J.M. Treatment of corticosteroid-resistant ulcerative colitis with heparin-a report of 16 cases. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 11 (1997) 1037-1040
78. Lashner B.A., Hanauer S.B., and Silverstein M.D. Testing nicotine gum for ulcerative colitis patients: experience with single patient trials. Dig Dis Sci 35 (1990) 827-832
79. Pullan R.D., Rhodes J., Ganesh S., Manni V., Morris J.S., Williams G.T., et al. Transdermal nicotine for active ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med 330 (1994) 811-815
80. Tietjen K., Behrens R., and Weimann E. Growth failure in children and adolescents with Crohn's disease. Turk J Gastroenterol 20 (2009) 13-19
81. Buller H.A. Problems in diagnosis of IBD in children. Netherland J Med 50 (1997) S8-S11
82. Carlson G.L. Surgical management of intestinal failure. Proc Nutr Soc 62 (2003) 711-718
83. Duro D., Kamin D., and Duggan C. Overview of pediatric short bowel syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 47 Suppl 1 (2008) 533-536
84. Danese S., Semeraro S., Papa A., Roberto I., Scaldaferri F., Fedeli G., et al. Extra-intestinal manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 11 (2005) 7227-7236
85. Ricart E., Panaccione R., Loftus Jr. E.V., Tremaine W.J., Harmsen W.S., Zinsmeister A.R., et al. Autoimmune disorders and extraintestinal manifestations in first-degree familial and sporadic inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 10 (2004) 207-214
86. Bernstein C.N., Wajda A., and Blanchard J.F. The clustering of other chronic inflammatory diseases in inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. Gastroenterology 129 (2005) 827-836
87. Mendoza J.L., Lana R., Taxonera C., Alba C., Izquierdo S., and Diaz-Rubio M. Extraintestinal manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease: differences between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Med Clin (Barc) 125 (2005) 297-300
88. Rothfuss K.S., Stange E.F., and Herrlinger K.R. Extraintestinal manifestations and complications in inflammatory bowel diseases. World J Gastroenterol 12 (2006) 4819-4831
89. Areias E., and Garcia e Silva L. Cutaneous manifestations of ulcerative colitis. Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am 15 (1987) 185-197
90. Farhi D., Cosnes J., Zizi N., Chosidow O., Seksik P., Beaugerie L., et al. significance of erythema nodosum and pyoderma gangrenosum in inflammatory bowel diseases: a cohort study of 2402 patients. Medicine 87 (2008) 381-393
91. Boh E.E., and al-Smadi R.M. Cutaneous manifestations of gastrointestinal diseases. Dermatol Clin 20 (2002) 533-546
92. Basu M.K., and Asquith P. Oral manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol 9 (1980) 307-321
93. Timani S., and Mutasim D.F. Skin manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Dermatol 26 (2008) 265-273
94. Storwick G.S., Prihoda M.B., Fulton R.J., and Wood W.S. Pyodermatitis-pyostomatitis vegetans: a specific marker for inflammatory bowel disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 31 2 Pt 2 (1994) 336-341
95. Chan S.W., Scully C., Prime S.S., and Eveson J. Pyostomatitis vegetans: oral manifestation of ulcerative colitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 72 (1991) 689-692
96. Hansen L.S., Silverman Jr. S., and Daniels T.E. The differential diagnosis of pyostomatitis vegetans and its relation to bowel disease. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 55 (1983) 363-373
97. Palamaras I., El-Jabbour J., Pietropaolo N., Thompson P., Mann S., Robles W., et al. Metastatic Crohn's disease: a review. JEADV 22 (2008) 1033-1043
98. Harty S., Fleming P., Rowland M., Crushell E., McDermott M., Drumm B., et al. A prospective study of the oral manifestations of Crohn's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 3 (2005) 886-891
99. Greenstein A.J., Janowitz H.D., and Sachar D.B. The extra-intestinal complications of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: a study of 700 patients. Medicine 55 (1976) 401-412
100. Pittock S., Drumm B., Fleming P., McDermott M., Imrie C., Flint S., et al. The oral cavity in Crohn's disease. J Pediatr 138 (2001) 767-771
101. Berstein M.L., and McDonald J.S. Oral lesions in Crohn's disease: report of two cases and update of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 46 (1978) 234-245
102. Scheper H.J., and Brand H.S. Oral aspects of Crohn's disease. Int Dent J 52 (2002) 163-172
103. Plauth M., Jenss H., and Meyle J. Oral manifestations of Crohn's disease. An analysis of cases. J Clin Gastroenterol 13 (1991) 29-37
104. Barnard K.M., and Walker-Smith J.A. The prevalence of oral manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease in a paediatric population. [abstract]. J Dent Res 73 (1994) A388
105. Gabioud F., Carrel J.P., and Samson J. Stomatological manifestations of Crohn's disease. Rev Prat 49 (1999) 1258-1260
106. Ayangco L., Rogers III R.S., and Sheridan P.J. Pyostomatitis vegetans as an early sign of reactivation of Crohn's disease: a case report. J Periodontol 73 (2002) 1512-1516
107. Bogenrieder T., Rogler G., Vogt T., Landthaler M., and Stolz W. Orofacial granulomatosis as the initial presentation of Crohn's disease in an adolescent. Dermatology 206 (2003) 273-278
108. Galbraith S.S., Drolet B.A., Kugathasan S., Paller A.S., and Esterly N.B. Asymptomatic inflammatory bowel disease presenting with mucocutaneous findings. Pediatrics 116 (2005) 439-444
109. Dupuy A., Cosnes J., Revuz J., Delchier J.C., Gendre J.P., and Cosnes A. Oral Crohn's disease: clinical characteristics and long-term follow-up of 9 cases. Arch Dermatol 135 (1999) 439-442
110. Halme L., Meurman J.H., Laine P., von Smitten K., Syrjanen S., Lindqvist C., et al. Oral findings in patients with active or inactive Crohn's disease. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 76 (1993) 175-181
111. Burgdorf W. Cutaneous manifestations of Crohn's disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 5 (1981) 689-695
112. Sangueza OP, Davis LS, Gourdin FW. Metastatic Crohn's disease. South Med J 997;90:897-900.
113. Graham D.B., Jager D.L., and Borum M.L. Metastatic Crohn's disease of the face. Dig Dis Sci 51 (2006) 2062-2063
114. Lebwohl M., Fleischmajer R., Janowitz H., Present D., and Prioleau P. Metastatic Crohn's disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 10 (1984) 33-38
115. Biancone L., Geoboes K., Spagnoli L.G., Del Vecchio Blanco G., Monteleone I., Vavassori P., et al. Metastatic Crohn's disease of the forehead. Inflamm Bowel Dis 8 (2002) 101-105
116. Ruocco E., Cuomo A., Salerno R., Ruocco V., Romano M., and Baroni A. Crohn's disease and its mucocutaneous involvement [review]. Skin Med 694 (2007) 179-185
117. Quezada S., Turner P.L., Alexiev B., Daly B., and Cross R. Severe refractory orofacial Crohn's disease: report of a case. Dig Dis Sci (2008) Dec10 (EPub ahead of print)
118. Mills C.C., Amin M., and Monisali M. Salivary duct fistula and recurrent buccal space infection: a complication of Crohn's disease. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 61 (2003) 1485-1487
119. Vaz A., Kramer K., and Kalish R.A. Sweet's syndrome in association with Crohn's disease. Postgrad Med J 76 (2000) 713-714
120. Oshitani N., Watanabe K., Nakamura S., Higuchi K., and Arakawa T. Extraintestinal complications in patients with ulcerative colitis. Nippon Rinsho 63 (2005) 874-878
121. Pironi L., Cornia G.L., Ursitti M.A., Dallasta M.A., Miniero R., Fasano F., et al. Evaluation of oral administration of folic and folinic acid to prevent folate deficiency in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with salicylazo-sulfapyridine. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 8 (1988) 143-148
122. Jarrett P., Duffill M., Oakley A., and Smith A. Pellagra, azathioprine and inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Dermatol 22 (1997) 44-45
123. Oliva M.M., and Lake A.M. Nutritional considerations and management of the child with inflammatory bowel disease. Nutrition 12 (1996) 151-158
124. Beattie R.M., Croft N.M., Fell J.M., Afzal N.A., and Heuschkel R.B. Inflammatory bowel disease. Arch Dise Child 91 (2006) 426-432
125. O'Keefe S.J. Nutrition and gastrointestinal disease. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 220 (1996) 52-59
126. Eisen D., and Lynch D.P. Selecting topical and systemic agents for recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Cutis 68 (2001) 201-206
127. Brinkmeier T., and Frosch P.J. Pyodermatitis-pyostomatitis vegetans: a clinical course of two decades with response to cyclosporine and low dose prednisolone. Acta Derm Venereol 81 (2001) 134-136
128. VanHale H.M., Rogers III R.S., Zone J.J., and Greipp P.R. Pyostomatitis vegetans. A reactive mucosal marker for inflammatory disease of the gut. Arch Dermatol 12 (1985) 94-98
129. Werchniak A.E., Storm C.A., Plunkett R.W., Beutner E.H., and Dinulos J.G. Treatment of pyostomatitis vegetans with topical tacrolimus. J Am Acad Dermatol 52 (2005) 722-723
130. Estrin H.M., and Hughes Jr. R.W. Oral manifestations in Crohn's disease: report of a case. Am J Gastroenterol 80 (1985) 352-354
131. Ganesh R., Suresh N., Ezhilarasi S., Rajajee S., and Sathiyasekaran M. Crohn's disease presenting as palatal ulcer. Indian J Pediatr 73 (2006) 229-231
132. Brunner B., Hirschi C., Weimann R., and Seibold F. Treatment-resistant lingual Crohn's disease disappears after infliximab. Scand J Gastroenterol 40 (2005) 1255-1259
133. Hegarty A., Hodgson T., and Porter S. Thalidomide for the treatment of recalcitrant oral Crohn's disease and orofacial granulomatosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 95 (2003) 576-585
134. Weinstein T.A., Sciubba J.J., and Levine J. Thalidomide for the treatment of oral aphthous ulcers in Crohn's disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 28 (1999) 214-216
135. Casson D.H., Eltumi M., Tomlin S., Walker-Smith J.A., and Murch S.H. Topical tacrolimus may be effective in the treatment of oral and perineal Crohn's disease. Gut 47 (2000) 436-440
136. Mignogna M.D., Fortuna G., Leuci S., and Massimo A. Oral Crohn's disease: a favorable clinical response with delayed-release triamcinolone acetonide intralesional injections. Am J Gastroenterol 103 (2008) 2954-2955
137. Frankel D.H., Mostofi R.S., and Lorincz A.L. Oral Crohn's disease: report of two cases in brothers with metallic dysgeusia and a review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 12 (1985) 260-268
138. Field E.A., and Allan R.B. Review article: oral ulceration-aetiopathogenesis, clinical diagnosis and management in the gastrointestinal clinic. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 18 (2003) 949-962