Inflammatory bowel disease

New England Journal of Medicine

Volumn 334, Issue 13, 1996, Pages 841-848

  Hanauer, Stephen B ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AZATHIOPRINE; BECLOMETASONE DIPROPIONATE; BUDESONIDE; CORTICOTROPIN; CYCLOSPORIN; HYDROCORTISONE; MERCAPTOPURINE; MESALAZINE; METHOTREXATE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; METRONIDAZOLE; OLSALAZINE; PREDNISONE; SALAZOSULFAPYRIDINE; TIXOCORTOL PIVALATE; TOBRAMYCIN;

ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ARTHRALGIA; BONE NECROSIS; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; CROHN DISEASE; DRUG EFFICACY; GROWTH RETARDATION; HUMAN; IMMUNOMODULATION; INTESTINE PERFORATION; LIVER TOXICITY; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUTROPENIA; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TREATMENT PLANNING; ULCERATIVE COLITIS;

ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; AMINOSALICYLIC ACIDS; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; COLITIS, ULCERATIVE; CROHN DISEASE; HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; STEROIDS;

EID: 0030000599     PISSN: 00284793     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199603283341307     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Pullan RD, Rhodes J, Ganesh S, et al. Transdermal nicotine for acutive ulcerative colitis N Engl J Med 1994;330:811-5
2. Lichtiger S, Present DH, Kornbluth A, et al. Cyctosporine in severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroid therapy. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1841-5.
3. Feagan BG, McDonald JWD, Rochon J, et al Low-dose cyclosporine for the treatment of Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1846-51.
4. Feagan BG, Rochon J, Fedorak RN, et al. Methotrexate for the treatment of Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 1995;332:292-7.
5. Greenberg GR, Feagan BG, Martin F, et al. Oral budesonide for active Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 1994;331:836-41.
6. Rutgeerts P, Löfberg R, Malchow H, et al. A comparison of budesonide with prednisolone for active Crohn's disease N Engl J Med 1994;331:842-5.
7. Podolsky DK. Inflammatory bowel disease. N Engl J Med 1991;325:928-37, 1008-16.
8. Schumacher G, Sandstedt B, Kollberg B A prospective study of first attacks of inflammatory bowel disease and infectious colitis: clinical findings and early diagnosis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994;29:265-74
9. Dwarakanath AD, Nash J, Rhodes JM "Conversion" from ulcerative colitis to Crohn's disease associated with corticosteroid treatment Gut 1994; 35:1141-4.
10. Hodgson HJF, Mazlam MZ. Assessment of drug therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1991;5.555-84.
11. Hanauer SB. Measurements of disease activity. In: Targan SR, Shanahan F, eds. Inflammatory bowel disease: from bench to bedside. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1994:429-44.
12. Truelove SC, Witts LJ. Cortisone in ulcerative colitis: final report on a therapeutic trial BMJ 1955;2:1041-8.
13. Riley SAS, Mani V, Goodman MJ, Dutt S, Herd ME. Microscopic activity in ulcerative colitis: what does it mean? Gut 1991;32:174-8.
14. Kjeldsen J, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB. Assessment of disease severity and activity in inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1993;28:1-9.
15. Gomes P, du Boulay C, Smith CL, Holdstock G. Relationship between disease activity indices and colonoscopic findings in patients with colonie inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1986;27:92-5.
16. Bayless TM, Harris ML. Inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. Med Clin North Am 1990;74:21-8.
17. Hanauer SB. Guidelines for the clinical evaluation of drugs for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Fed Regist 1991;56:27, 519.
18. Present DH, Korelitz BI, Wisch N, Glass JL, Sachar DB, Pasternack BS. Treatment of Crohn's disease with 6-mercaptopurine: a long-term, randomized, double-blind study. N Engl J Med 1981;302:981-7.
19. Best WR. Becktel JM, Singleton JW, Kern F Jr. Development of a Crohn's disease activity index: National Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study. Gastroenterology 1976;70.439-44.
20. Hyams JS, Ferry GD, Mandel FS, et al. Development and validation of a pediatric Crohn's disease activity index. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1991;12:439-47
21. Beck IT. Laboratory assessment of inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 1987;32:Suppl 12:26S-41S.
22. Brignola C, Campien M, Bazzocchi G, Farruggia P, Tragnone A, Lanfranchi GA. A laboratory index for predicting relapse in asymptomatic patients with Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 1986;91:1490-4.
23. Mary JY, Modigliani R. Development and validation of an endoscopic index of the severity for Crohn's disease: a prospective multicentre study. Gut 1989;30:983-9.
24. Irvine EJ. Usual therapy improves perianal Crohn's disease as measured by a new disease activity index. J Clin Gastroenterol 1995;20:27-32.
25. Irvine EJ, Feagan B, Rochon J, et al. Quality of life: a valid and reliable measure of therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1994;106:287-96.
26. Modigliani R, Mary JY, Simon JF, et al Clinical, biological, and endoscopic picture of attacks of Crohn's disease, evolution on prednisolone. Gastroenterology 1990,98:811-8.
27. Margolin ML, Krumholz MP, Fochios SE, Korelitz BI. Clinical trials in ulcerative colitis. II Historical review. Am J Gastroenterol 1988;83.227-43
28. Hanauer SB, Meyers S, Sachar DB. The pharmacology of anti-inflammatory drugs in inflammatory bowel disease. In: Kirsner JB, Shorter RG, eds. Inflammatory bowel disease. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995: 643-63.
29. Boumpas DT, Chrousos GP, Wilder RL, Cupps TR, Balow JE. Glucocorticoid therapy for immune-mediated diseases: basic and clinical correlates Ann Intern Med 1993;119:1198-208.
30. Hawthorne AB, Hawkey CJ. Immunosuppressive drugs in inflammatory bowel disease: a review of their mechanisms of efficacy and place in therapy Drugs 1989;38:267-88.
31. Hanauer SB, Stathopoulos G. Risk-benefit assessment of drugs used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease Drug Saf 1991;6:192-219.
32. MacDermott RP. Alterations in the mucosal immune system in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Med Clin North Am 1994;78:1207-31.
33. Sternberg EM, Chrousos GP, Wilder RL, Gold PW. The stress response and the regulation of inflammatory disease Ann Intern Med 1992;117: 854-66.
34. Salomon P, Kornbluth A, Aisenberg J, Janowitz HD. How effective are current drugs for Crohn's disease? A meta-analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol 1992;14:211-5
35. Kornbluth AA, Salomon P, Sacks HS, Mitty R, Janowitz HD. Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of current drug therapy of ulcerative colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 1993;16:215-8.
36. Lofberg R. New steroids for inflammatory bowel disease Inflammatory Bowel Dis 1995;1:135-41.
37. Sachar DB. Budesonide for inflammatory bowel disease: is it a magic bullet? N Engl J Med 1994;331:873-4.
38. Lennard-Jones JE. Toward optimal use of corticosteroids in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Gut 1983;24:177-81.
39. Baron JH, Connell AM, Kanaghirus TG, Lennard-Jones JE, Jones FA. Out-patient treatment of ulcerative colitis: comparison between three doses of oral prednisone BMJ 1962;2:441-3.
40. Meyers S, Janowitz HD. Systemic corticosteroid therapy of ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1985,89:1189-91.
41. Mulder CJ, Tytgat GN. Topical corticosteroids in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1993;7.125-30.
42. Danielsson A, Lofberg R, Persson T, et al. A steroid enema, budesonide, lacking systemic effects for the treatment of distal ulcerative colitis or procritis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1992;27.9-12.
43. Malchow H, Ewe K, Brandes JW, et al. European Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study (ECCDS): results of drug treatment. Gastroenterology 1984;86:249-66.
44. Felder JB, Adler DJ, Korelitz BI. The safety of corticosteroid therapy in Crohn's disease with an abdominal mass Am J Gastroenterol 1991;86: 1450-5.
45. Freeman HJ, Kwan WCP. Non-corticosteroid-associated osteonecrosis of the femoral heads in two patients with inflammatory bowel disease. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1314-6.
46. Pigot F, Roux C, Chaussade S, et al. Low bone mineral density in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 1992;37.1396-403.
47. Kirschner BS Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in children: diagnosis and management. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1995,24:99-117.
48. Hanan IM. Inflammatory bowel disease in the pregnant woman. Compr Ther 1993;19:91-5.
49. Munkholm P, Langholz E, Davidsen M, Binder V. Frequency of glucocorticoid resistance and dependency in Crohn's disease. Gut 1994,35:360-2.
50. Sachar DB. Maintenance therapy in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 1995;20:117-22.
51. Hanauer SB. Medical therapy of ulcerative colins. Lancet 1993;342:412-7.
52. Idem. Medical therapy in ulcerative colitis In: Kirsner JB, Shorter RG, eds. Inflammatory bowel disease. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995 664-94.
53. Meyers S, Sachar DB. Medical therapy of Crohn's disease. In: Kirsner JB, Shorter RG, eds. Inflammatory bowel disease. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995:695-714.
54. Sutherland LR, May GR, Shaffer EA Sulfasalazine revisited, a meta-analysis of 5-aminosalicylic acid in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:540-9.
55. Svartz N Sulfasalazine. II. Some notes on the discovery and development of salazopyrin Am J Gastroenterol 1988;83:497-503.
56. Summers RW, Switz DM, Sessions JT Jr, et al National Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study results of drug treatment. Gastroenterology 1979; 77:847-69.
57. Gaginella TS, Walsh RE. Sulfasalazine: multiplicity of action. Dig Dis Sci 1992;37:801-12.
58. Greenfield SM, Punchard NA, Teare JP, Thompson RPII. The mode of action of the aminosalicylates in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1993;7:369-83.
59. Azad Khan AK, Piris J, Truelove SC. An experiment to determine the active therapeutic moiety of sulphasalazine. Lancet 1977;2:892-5.
60. Klotz U, Maier K, Fischer C, Heinkel K. Therapeutic efficacy of sulfasalazine and its metabolites in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 1980;303:1499-502.
61. Allgayer H. Sulfasalazine and 5-ASA compounds. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1992;21:643-58.
62. Rijk MCM, van Schaik A, van Tongeren JHM. Disposition of mesaiazine from mesalazine-delivering drugs in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, with and without diarrhoea. Scand J Gastroenterol 1992;27:863-8,
63. Wadworth AN, Fitton A. Olsalazine: a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential in inflammatory bowel disease. Drugs 1991;41:647-64.
64. Sutherland LR. Topical treatment of ulcerative colitis. Med Clin North Am 1990;74:119-31.
65. Marshall JK, Irvine EJ. Rectal aminosalicylate therapy for distal ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1995;9:293-300.
66. Singleton JW, Hanauer SB, Gitnick GL, et al. Mesalamine capsules for the treatment of active Crohn's disease: results of a 16-week trial. Gastroenterology 1993;104:1293-1301.
67. Lauritsen K, Laursen S, Bukhave K, Rask-Madsen J. Inflammatory intermediaries in inflammatory bowel disease Int J Colorectal Dis 1989,4:75-90.
68. Eliakim R, Rachmilewitz D Potential mediators in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Int 1992;5:48-56
69. Grisham MB. Oxidants and free radicals in inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet 1994;344:859-61
70. Choi PM, Targan SR. Immunomodulator therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 1994,39:1885-92.
71. Pearson DC, May GR, Fick GH, Sutherland LR. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in Crohn's disease: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1995; 123:132-42.
72. Cohen RD, Hanauer SB. Immunomodulatory agents and other medical therapies in inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 1995, 11:321-30.
73. Ewe K, Press AG, Singe CC, et al. Azathioprine combined with prednisolone or monotherapy with prednisolone in active Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 1993;105:367-72.
74. Hawthorne AB, Logan RFA, Hawkey CJ, et al. Randomised controlled trial of azathioprine withdrawal in ulcerative colitis BMJ 1992;305:20-2.
75. Present DH, Meltzer SJ, Krumholz MP, Wolke A, Korelitz BI 6-Mercaptopurine in the management of inflammatory bowel disease: short- and long-term toxicity. Ann Intern Med 1989;111:641-9
76. Haber CJ, Meltzer SJ, Present DH, Korelitz BI. Nature and course of pancreatitis caused by 6-mercaptopurine in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1986,91 982-6.
77. Connell WR, Kamm MA, Ritchie JK, Lennard-Jones JE. Bone marrow toxicity caused by azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease 27 years of experience. Gut 1993,34:1081-5
78. Bernstein CN, Artinian L, Anton PA, Shanahan F. Low-dose 6-mercaptopurine in inflammatory bowel disease is associated with minimal hematologic toxicity Dig Dis Sci 1994;39:1638-41.
79. Connell WR, Kamm MA, Dickson M, Balkwill AM, Ritchie JK, LennardJones JE. Long-term neoplasia risk after azathioprine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet 1994;343:1249-52.
80. Alstead EM, Ritchie JK, Lennard-Jones JE, Farthing MJG, Clark ML. Safety of azathioprine in pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1990;99:443-6.
81. Sandborn WJ A critical review of cyclosporine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory Bowel Dis 1995;1.48-63.
82. Actis GC, Ottobrelli A, Fera A, et al. Continuously infused cyclosporine at low dose is sufficient to avoid emergency colectomy m acute attacks of ulcerative colitis without the need for high-dose steroids J Clin Gastroenterol 1993;17:10-3
83. Hanauer SB, Smith MB. Rapid closure of Crohn's disease fistulas with continuous intravenous cyclosporin A. Am J Gastroenterol 1993;88:646-9.
84. Present DH, Lichtiger S. Efficacy of cyclosporine in treatment of fistula of Crohn's disease Dig Dis Sci 1994;39:374-80.
85. Brynskov J, Freund L, Rasmussen SN, et al. A placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized trial of cyclosporine therapy in active chronic Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 1989;321:845-50.
86. Weinblatt BE. Methotrexate for chronic diseases in adults N Engl J Med 1995,332:330-1.
87. Morgan SL, Baggott JE, Vaughn WH, et al Supplementation with folic acid during methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:833-41.
88. Sartor RB. Microbial factors in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and experimental intestinal inflammation. In: Kirsner JB, Shorter RG, eds. Inflammatory bowel disease. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995:96-124.
89. Chapman RW, Selby WS, Jewell DP. Controlled trial of intravenous metronidazole as an adjunct to corticosteroids in severe ulcerative colitis. Gut 1986;27:1210-2.
90. Peppercorn MA. Are antibiotics useful in the management of nontoxic severe ulcerative colitis? J Clin Gastroenterol 1993;17:14-7.
91. Jarnerot G, Rolny P, Sandberg-Gertzen H. Intensive intravenous treatment of ulcerative colitis Gastroenterology 1985,89:1005-13.
92. Sandborn WJ. Pouchitis following ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. definition, pathogenesis. and treatment Gastroenterology 1994;107:1856-60.
93. Brandt LJ, Bernstein LH, Boley SJ, Frank MS. Metronidazole therapy for perineal Crohn's disease: a follow-up study. Gastroenterology 1982;83 383-7.
94. Ursing B, Aim T, Barany F, et al A comparative study of metronidazole and sulfasalazine for active Crohn's disease: the Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study in Sweden. H. Result Gastroenterology 1982;83:550-62.
95. Sutherland L, Singleton J, Sessions J, et al Double blind, placebo-controlled trial of metronidazole in Crohn's disease. Gut 1991;32:1071-5.
96. Rutgeerts P, Hiele M, Geboes K, et al Controlled trial of metronidazole treatment for prevention of Crohn's recurrence after ileal resection. Gastroenterology 1995;108:1617-21.
97. Spirt MJ. Antibiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: new choices for an old disease Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:974-8.
98. Peppercorn MA. Is there a role for antibiotics as primary therapy in Crohn's ileitis? J Clin Gastroenterol 1993;17:235-7.
99. Lewis JD, Fisher RL Nutrition support in inflammatory bowel disease. Med Clin North Am 1994,78:1443-56
100. Jeejeebhoy KN. Nutritional aspects of inflammatory bowel disease. In: Kirsner JB, Shorter RG, eds. Inflammatory bowel disease. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.734-49.
101. Scheppach W, Sommer H, Kirchner T, et al. Effect of butyrate enemas on the colonic inucosa in distal ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1992;103 51-6
102. Stenson WF, Cort D, Rodgers J, et al. Dietary supplementation with fish oil in ulcerative colitis. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:609-14.
103. Hawthorne AB, Daneshmend TK, Hawkey CJ, et al. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with fish oil supplementation: a prospective 12 month randomised controlled trial. Gut 1992;33:922-8.
104. Griffiths AM, Ohlsson A, Sherman PM, Sutherland LR Meta-analysis of enteral nutrition as a primary treatment of active Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 1995;108.1056-67.
105. Kaplan MA, Korelitz BI Narcotic dependence in inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 1988;10:275-8.
106. Bjarnason I, Hayllar J, MacPherson A, Russell AS. Side effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the small and large intestine in humans Gastroenterology 1993;104.1832-47
107. Ramchandani D, Schindler B, Katz J. Evolving concepts of psychopathology in inflammatory bowel disease implications for treatment Med Clin North Am 1994,78:1321-30.
108. Lerebours E, Bussel A, Modigliani R, et al. Treatment of Crohn's disease by lymphocyte apheresis: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 1994;107:357-61.
109. Emmrich J, Seyfarth M, Fleig WE, Emmrich F. Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody. Lancet 1991,1 570-1.
110. Derkx B, Taminiau J, Raderna S, et al. Tumor-necrosis-factor antibody treatment in Crohn's disease. Lancet 1993,342:173-4.
111. Hanauer SB, Schulman MI New therapeutic approaches Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1995;24:523-40