Characteristics of high-frequency gravity waves generated by tropical deep convection: Case studies

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 114, Issue 18, 2009, Pages

  Dutta, Gopa ^a   Ajay Kumar, M C ^a   Vinay Kumar, P ^a   Venkat Ratnam, M ^b   Chandrashekar, M ^c   Shibagaki, Y ^d   Salauddin, M ^a   Basha, H A ^e  

^a OSMANIA UNIVERSITY   (India)

^b NATIONAL ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH LABORATORY   (India)

^c JNTUH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING   (India)

^d OSAKA ELECTRO COMMUNICATION UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^e MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL URDU UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GRAVITY WAVES; HYDRODYNAMICS; MOMENTUM; NATURAL CONVECTION; POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY; RESEARCH; SPECTROSCOPY; SULFUR COMPOUNDS; TROPICS; WAVELET TRANSFORMS; WAVES;

BACKGROUND WINDS; CONVECTIVE EVENTS; CONVECTIVELY GENERATED GRAVITY WAVES; DATA SETS; DEEP CONVECTION; DIFFERENT SCALE; DISCRETIZATIONS; FREQUENCY SPECTRA; GENERAL CIRCULATION; GRAVITY WAVE MOMENTUM; HIGH FREQUENCY HF; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; MECHANICAL OSCILLATORS; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; MOMENTUM FLUX; RADIAL VELOCITY; STEEPER SLOPES; TEMPERATURE INFORMATION; TEMPORAL VARIABILITY; VERTICAL WIND; VHF RADAR; WAVE PERIOD; WAVENUMBER SPECTRA; WIND FLUCTUATION;

GRAVITATIONAL EFFECTS;

ATMOSPHERIC CONVECTION; GPS; GRAVITY WAVE; MOMENTUM TRANSFER; RADIOSONDE; STRATOSPHERE; TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT; WAVELET ANALYSIS;

ASIA; EURASIA; GADANKI; INDIA; SOUTH ASIA; TAMIL NADU;

EID: 72049092966     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2008JD011332     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Alexander, M. J., J. R. Holton, and D. Durran (1995), The gravity wave response above deep convection in squall line simulation, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2212-2226, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052〈2212:TGWRAD〉2.0.CO;2.
2. Alexander, M. J., J. H. Beres, and L. Pfister (2000), Tropical stratospheric gravity wave activity and relationship to clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 22,299-22,309, doi:10.1029/2000JD900326.
3. Alexander,M. J., P. T. May, and J. H. Beres (2004), Gravity waves generated by convection in the Darwin area during the Darwin Area Wave Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D20S04, doi:10.1029/2004JD004729.
4. Beres, J. H. (2004), Gravity wave generation by a three-dimensional thermal forcing, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1805-1815, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2004) 061〈1805:GWGBAT〉2.0.CO;2.
5. Beres, J. H., M. J. Alexander, and J. R. Holton (2002), A method of specifying the gravity wave spectrum above convection based on latent heating properties and background wind, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 321-337.
6. Clark, T. L., T. Hauf, and J. P. Kuettner (1986), Convectively forced internal gravity waves: Results from two-dimensional numerical experiments, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 112, 899-925, doi:10.1002/qj.49711247402.
7. Dewan, E. M. (1979), Stratospheric wave spectra resembling turbulence, Science, 204, 832-835, doi:10.1126/science.204.4395.832.
8. Dhaka, S. K., P. K. Devrajan, Y. Shibagaki, R. K. Choudhary, and S. Fukao (2001), Indian MST radar observations of gravity wave activities associated with tropical convection, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 63, 1631-1642, doi:10.1016/S1364-6826(01)00040-2.
9. Dhaka, S. K., R. K. Choudhary, S. Malik, Y. Shibagaki, M. D. Yamanaka, and S. Fukao (2002), Observable signatures of a convectively generated wave field over the tropics using Indian MST radar at Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E), Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(18), 1872, doi:10.1029/2002GL014745.
10. Dunkerton, T. J. (1997), The role of gravity waves in the quasi-biennial oscillation, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26,053-26,076, doi:10.1029/96JD02999.
11. Dutta, G., B. Bapiraju, T. S. P. L. N. Prasad, P. Balasubrahmanyam, and H. Aleem Basha (2005),Vertical wave number spectra of wind fluctuations in the troposphere and lower stratosphere over Gadanki, a tropical station, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 67, 251-258, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2004.08.003.
12. Dutta, G., T. Tsuda, P. V. Kumar, M. C. A. Kumar, S. P. Alexander, and T. Kozu (2008), Seasonal variation of short-period (<2 h) gravity wave activity over Gadanki, India (13.5°N, 79.2°E), J. Geophys. Res., 113, D14103, doi:10.1029/2007JD009178.
13. Fovell, R., D. Durran, and J. R. Holton (1992), Numerical simulations of convectively generated stratospheric gravity waves, J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1427-1442, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1992)049〈1427:NSOCGS〉2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 23375486)
14. Fritts, D. C., D. Janches, D. M. Riggin, R. G. Stockwell, M. P. Sulzer, and S. Gonzalez (2006), Gravity waves and momentum fluxes in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere using 430 MHz dual-beam measurements at Arecibo: 2. Frequency spectra, momentum fluxes, and variability, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D18108, doi:10.1029/2005JD006883.
15. Gage, K. S. (1979), Evidence for K-5/3 power law inertial range in mesoscale two-dimensional turbulence, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1950-1954, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1979)036〈1950:EFALIR〉2.0.CO;2.
16. Gage, K. S., and G. D. Nastrom (1985), On the spectrum of atmospheric velocity fluctuations seen by MST/ST radar and their interpretation, Radio Sci., 20, 1339-1347, doi:10.1029/RS020i006p01339.
17. Hamilton, K., R. A. Vincent, and P. T. May (2004), Darwin Area Wave Experiment (DAWEX) field campaign to study gravity wave generation and propagation, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D20S01, doi:10.1029/2003JD004393.
18. Hansen, A. R., G. D. Nastrom, J. A. Otkin, and F. D. Eaton (2002), MST radar observations of gravity waves and turbulence near thunderstorms, J. Appl. Meteorol., 41, 298-305, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041〈0298:MROOGW〉2. 0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 34834387)
19. Holton, J. R., J. H. Beres, and X. Zhoul (2002), On the vertical scale of gravity waves excited by localized thermal forcing, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2019-2023, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059〈2019:OTVSOG〉2.0.CO;2.
20. Janches, D., D. C. Fritts, D. M. Riggin, M. P. Sulzer, and S. Gonzalez (2006), Gravity waves and momentum fluxes in the mesosphere and the lower thermosphere using 430 MHz dual-beam measurements at Arecibo: 1. Measurements, methods, and gravity waves, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D18107, doi:10.1029/ 2005JD006882.
21. Kumar, K. K. (2006), VHF radar observations of convectively generated gravity waves: Some new insights, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L01815, doi:10.1029/2005GL024109.
22. Kumar, K. K. (2007), VHF radar investigations on the role of mechanical oscillator effect in existing convectively generated gravity waves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L01803, doi:10.1029/2006GL027404.
23. Lane, T. P., M. J. Reeder, and T. L. Clark (2001), Numerical modeling of gravity wave generation by deep tropical convection, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1249-1274, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058〈1249:NMOGWG〉2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 32511816)
24. Lilly, D. K. (1983), Stratified turbulence and the mesoscale variability of the atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 749-761, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1983) 040〈0749:STATMV〉2.0.CO;2.
25. Lu, D., T. E. VanZandt, and W. L. Clark (1984), VHF Doppler radar observations of buoyancy waves associated with thunderstorms, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 272-282, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041〈0272:VDROOB〉2.0.CO;2.
26. McLandress, C., M. J. Alexander, and D. L. Wu (2000), Microwave Limb Sounder observations of gravity waves in the stratosphere: A climatology and interpretation, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 11,947-11,967, doi:10.1029/2000JD900097.
27. Medvedev, A. S., and G. P. Klaasen (2001), Realistic semiannual oscillation simulated in a middle atmosphere general circulation model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 733-736, doi:10.1029/2000GL011676.
28. Nakamura, T., T. Tsuda, M. Yamamoto, S. Fukao, and S. Kato (1993), Characteristics of gravity waves in the mesosphere observed with the middle and upper atmosphere radar: 1. Momentum flux, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8899-8910, doi:10.1029/92JD02978.
29. Nastrom, G. D., T. E. Van Zandt, and J. M. Warnock (1997), Vertical wavenumber spectra of wind and temperature from high-resolution balloon soundings over Illinois, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 6685-6701, doi:10.1029/ 96JD03784. (Pubitemid 28148051)
30. Nayar, S. R. P., and S. Sreelatha (2003), Momentum flux associated with gravity waves in the low latitude troposphere, Ann. Geophys., 21, 1183-1195.
31. Pandya, R. E., and M. J. Alexander (1999), Linear stratospheric gravity waves above convective thermal forcing, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2434-2446, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056〈2434:LSGWAC〉2.0.CO;2.
32. Pfister, L., S. Scott, M. Loewenstein, S. Bowen, and M. Legg (1993a), Mesoscale disturbances in the tropical stratosphere excited by convection: Observations and effects on the stratospheric momentum budget, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1058-1075, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050〈1058:MDITTS〉2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 24394022)
33. Pfister, L., K. R. Chan, T. P. Bui, S. Bowen, M. Legg, B. Gary, K. Kelly, M. Proffitt, and W. Starr (1993b), Gravity waves generated by a tropical cyclone during the STEP tropical field program: A case study, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8611-8638, doi:10.1029/92JD01679. (Pubitemid 23382982)
34. Piani, C., D. Durran, M. J. Alexander, and J. R. Holton (2000), A numerical study of three-dimensional gravity waves triggered by deep tropical convection and their role in the dynamics of the QBO, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 3689-3702, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057〈3689:ANSOTD〉2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 32122880)
35. Rao, P. B., A. R. Jain, P. Kishore, P. Balamuralidhar, S. H. Damle, and G. Vishwanathan (1995), Indian MST radar: 1. System description and sample vector wind measurements in ST mode, Radio Sci., 30, 1125-1138, doi:10.1029/95RS00787.
36. Rao, T. N., D. N. Rao, and S. Raghavan (1999), Tropical precipitating systems observed with Indian MST radar, Radio Sci., 34, 1125-1139, doi:10.1029/1999RS900054.
37. Röttger, J. (1980), Structure and dynamics of the stratosphere and mesosphere revealed by VHF radar investigation, Pure Appl. Geophys., 118, 494-527, doi:10.1007/BF01586465.
38. Röttger, J. (1991), MST radar and incoherent scatter radar contributions to studying the middle atmosphere, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 43, 563-596.
39. Röttger, J., M. L. Hsu, W. C. Tsai, C. J. Pan, and J. Wu (2003), Deep penetrative convection and generation of wave oscillation observed with the Chung-Li VHF radar, paper presented at 10th International Workshop on Technical and Scientific Aspects of MST Radar, Int. Union of Radio Sci., Piura, Peru.
40. Salby, M. L., and R. R. Garcia (1987), Transient response to localized episodic heating in the tropics. Part I: Excitation and short-time near-field behavior, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 458-498, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044〈0458: TRTLEH〉2.0.CO;2.
41. Sato, K., H. Hashiguchi, and S. Fukao (1995), Gravity waves and turbulence associated with cumulus convection observed with the UHF/VHF clear-air Doppler radars, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 7111-7119, doi:10.1029/ 95JD00198.
42. Song, I.-S., H.-Y. Chun, and T. P. Lane (2003), Generation mechanisms of convectively forced internal gravity waves and their propagation to the stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1960-1980, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2003) 060〈1960:GMOCFI〉2.0.CO;2.
43. Takayabu, Y. N. (2006), Rain-yield per flash calculated from TRMM PR and LIS data and its relationship to the contribution of tall convective rain, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L18705, doi:10.1029/2006GL027531.
44. Tsuda, T., S. Kato, T. Yokoi, T. Inoue, M. Yamamoto, T. E. VanZandt, S. Fukao, and T. Sato (1990), Gravity waves in the mesosphere observed with the middle and upper atmosphere radar, Radio Sci., 25, 1005-1018, doi:10.1029/RS025i005p01005.
45. VanZandt, T. E. (1982), A universal spectrum of buoyancy waves in the atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 9, 575-578, doi:10.1029/GL009i005p00575.
46. Venkat Ratnam, M., T. Tsuda, Y. Shibagaki, T. Kozu, and S. Mori (2006), Gravity wave characteristics over the equator observed during the CPEA campaign using simultaneous data from multiple stations, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 84A, 239-257, doi:10.2151/jmsj.84A.239.
47. Venkat Ratnam, M., A. Narendra Babu, V. V. M. Jagannadha Rao, S. Vijaya Baskar Rao, and D. Narayana Rao (2008), MST radar and radiosonde observations of inertia-gravity wave climatology over tropical stations: Source mechanisms, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D07109, doi:10.1029/2007JD008986.
48. Vincent, R. A., and I. M. Reid (1983), HF Doppler measurements of mesospheric momentum fluxes, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1321-1333, doi:10.1175/1520- 0469(1983)040〈1321:HDMOMG〉2.0.CO;2.
49. Vincent, R., A. MacKinnon, I. M. Reid, and M. J. Alexander (2004), VHF profiler observations of wind and waves in the troposphere during the Darwin Area Wave Experiment (DAWEX), J. Geophys. Res., 109, D20S02, doi:10.1029/2004JD004714.