Erratum (DOI:10.1016/j.ccm.2009.08.012);Screening and Preventive Therapy for Tuberculosis

Clinics in Chest Medicine

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 827-846

  Marais, Ben J ^a   Ayles, Helen ^b,c   Graham, Stephen M ^d,e   Godfrey Faussett, Peter ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF STELLENBOSCH   (South Africa)

^b LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA   (Zambia)

^d MURDOCH CHILDREN'S RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Australia)

^e INTERNATIONAL UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE   (France)

Author keywords

Latent infection; Preventive therapy; Prophylaxis; Screening; Tuberculosis

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; BCG VACCINE; CAPREOMYCIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; ISONIAZID; ISONIAZID PLUS RIFAMPICIN; KANAMYCIN; PLACEBO; PYRAZINAMIDE; PYRIDOXINE; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; RIFAMPICIN; RIFATER; STEROID; TUBERCULOSTATIC AGENT;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; BACTERIAL TRANSMISSION; BACTERIUM CULTURE; BCG VACCINATION; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; COST OF ILLNESS; DELAYED DIAGNOSIS; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG TOLERABILITY; EARLY INTERVENTION; ENDEMIC DISEASE; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INCIDENCE; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFECTION RISK; JAUNDICE; LIVER TOXICITY; LUNG TUBERCULOSIS; MIXED INFECTION; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; MONOTHERAPY; MORTALITY; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; NONHUMAN; POSTPRIMARY TUBERCULOSIS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SEROCONVERSION; SPUTUM SMEAR; SYMPTOM; TREATMENT DURATION; TUBERCULIN TEST; TUBERCULOSIS; TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS;

EID: 71949116594     PISSN: 02725231     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2010.01.001     Document Type: Erratum

References (159)

1. WHO Report. Global tuberculosis control. Epidemiology, strategy, financing (2009), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
2. Nunn P., Reid A., and De Cock K.M. Tuberculosis and HIV infection: the global setting. J Infect Dis 196 (2007) S5-14
3. Centres for disease Control and Prevention. Reported tuberculosis in the United States, 2006. Atlanta (GA). Available at:. http://www.cdc.gov/tb/surv/surv2006/pdf/FullReport.pdf Accessed June, 2009
4. Van Rie A., Warren R., Richardson M., et al. Exogenous reinfection as a cause of recurrent tuberculosis after curative treatment. N Engl J Med 341 (1999) 1174-1179
5. Charalambous S., Grant A.D., Moloi V., et al. Contribution of reinfection to recurrent tuberculosis in South African gold miners. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 12 (2008) 942-948
6. Verver S., Warren R.M., Beyers N., et al. Rate of reinfection tuberculosis after successful treatment is higher than rate of new tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171 (2005) 1430-1435
7. Comstock G.W., Ferebee S.H., and Hammes L.M. A controlled trial of community-wide isoniazid prophylaxis in Alaska. Am Rev Respir Dis 95 (1967) 935-943
8. Mack U., Migliori G.B., Sester M., et al. LTBI: latent tuberculosis infection or lasting immune responses to M. tuberculosis? A TBNET consensus statement. Eur Respir J 33 (2009) 956-973
9. Ehlers S. Lazy, dynamic or minimally recrudescent? On the elusive nature and location of the mycobacterium responsible for latent tuberculosis. Infection 37 (2009) 87-95
10. Newton S.M., Brent A.J., Anderson S., et al. Paediatric tuberculosis. Lancet Infect Dis 8 (2008) 499-510
11. Marais B.J., Hesseling A.C., Gie R.P., et al. The burden of childhood tuberculosis and the accuracy of routine surveillance data in a high-burden setting. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 10 (2006) 259-263
12. Chintu C., Mudenda V., Lucas S., et al. Lung diseases at necropsy in African children dying from respiratory illnesses: a descriptive necropsy study. Lancet 360 (2002) 985-990
13. Lawn S.D., Bekker L.G., Middelkoop K., et al. Impact of HIV infection on the epidemiology of tuberculosis in a peri-urban community in South Africa: the need for age-specific interventions. Clin Infect Dis 42 (2006) 1040-1047
14. Marais B.J., Cotton M., Graham S., et al. Diagnosis and management challenges of childhood TB in the era of HIV. J Infect Dis 196 (2007) S76-S85
15. Cotton M.F., Schaaf H.S., Lottering G., et al. Tuberculosis exposure in HIV-exposed infants in a high-prevalence setting. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 12 (2008) 225-227
16. Grzybowski S., Barnett G.D., and Styblo K. Contacts of cases of active pulmonary tuberculosis. Bull Int Union Tuberc 50 (1975) 90-106
17. Marks S.M., Taylor Z., Qualls N.L., et al. Outcomes of contact investigations of infectious tuberculosis patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162 (2000) 2033-2038
18. Kenyon T.A., Creek T., Laserson K., et al. Risk factors for transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from HIV-infected tuberculosis patients, Botswana. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 6 (2002) 843-850
19. Lienhardt C., Sillah J., Fielding K., et al. Risk factors for tuberculosis infection in children in contact with infectious tuberculosis cases in The Gambia, West Africa. Pediatrics 111 (2003) e608-e614
20. Sinfield R.L., Nyirenda M., Haves S., et al. Risk factors for TB infection and disease in young childhood contacts in Malawi. Ann Trop Paediatr 26 (2006) 205-213
21. Marais B.J., Obihara C.C., Warren R.W., et al. The burden of childhood tuberculosis: a public health perspective. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 9 (2005) 1305-1313
22. Gopi P.G., Subramani R., and Narayanan P.R. Trend in the prevalence of TB infection and ARTI after implementation of a DOTS programme in south India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 10 (2006) 346-348
23. Salaniponi F.M., Kwanjana J., Veen J., et al. Risk of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Malawi: national tuberculin survey 1994. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 8 (2004) 718-723
24. Bachtiar A., Miko T.Y., Machmud R., et al. Annual risk of tuberculosis infection in West Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 12 (2008) 255-261
25. Middelkoop K., Myer L., Mark D., et al. Rates of tuberculosis transmission to children and adolescents in a community with a high prevalence of HIV infection among adults. Clin Infect Dis 47 (2008) 349-355
26. Kritzinger F.E., den Boon S., Verver S., et al. No decrease in annual risk of tuberculosis infection in endemic area in Cape Town, South Africa. Trop Med Int Health 14 (2009) 136-142
27. Marais B.J., Hesseling A.C., Schaaf H.S., et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission is not related to household genotype in a setting of high endemicity. J Clin Microbiol 47 (2009) 338-343
28. Schaaf H.S., Michaelis I.A., Richardson M., et al. Adult-to-child transmission of tuberculosis: household or community contact?. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 7 (2003) 426-431
29. Verver S., Warren R.M., Munch Z., et al. Proportion of tuberculosis transmission that takes place in households in a high-incidence area. Lancet 363 (2004) 212-214
30. Hauck F.R., Neese B.H., Panchal A.S., et al. Identification and management of latent tuberculosis infection. Am Fam Physician 79 (2009) 879-886
31. Pillay T., Khan M., Moodley J., et al. Perinatal tuberculosis and HIV-1: considerations for resource-limited settings. Lancet Infect Dis 4 (2004) 155-165
32. Heyns L., Gie R.P., Goussard P., et al. Nosocomial transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in kangaroo mother care units: a risk in tuberculosis-endemic areas. Acta Paediatr 95 (2006) 535-539
33. Marais B.J., Gie R.P., Schaaf H.S., et al. The natural history of childhood intra-thoracic tuberculosis: a critical review of literature from the pre-chemotherapy era. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 8 (2004) 392-402
34. Trunz B.B., Fine P., and Dye C. Effect of BCG vaccination on childhood tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis worldwide: a meta-analysis and assessment of cost-effectiveness. Lancet 367 (2006) 1173-1180
35. Marais B.J., Gie R.P., Schaaf H.S., et al. Childhood pulmonary tuberculosis - old wisdom and new challenges. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173 (2006) 1078-1090
36. Hesseling A.C., Cotton M.F., Jennings T., et al. High incidence of tuberculosis among HIV-infected infants: evidence from a South African population-based study highlights the need for improved tuberculosis control strategies. Clin Infect Dis 48 (2009) 108-114
37. Madhi S.A., Petersen K., Madhi A., et al. Increased disease burden and antibiotic resistance of bacteria causing severe community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children. Clin Infect Dis 31 (2000) 170-176
38. Harries A.D., Hargreaves N.J., Graham S.M., et al. Childhood tuberculosis in Malawi: nationwide case-finding and treatment outcomes. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 6 (2002) 424-431
39. World Health Organization. Guidance for national tuberculosis programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children. Stop TB Partnership Childhood TB Subgroup (2006), World Health Organization, Geneva WHO/HTM/TB/2006.371
40. Rieder H.L. Interventions for tuberculosis control and elimination (2002), International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris
41. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for the investigation of contacts of persons with infectious tuberculosis. MMWR Recomm Rep 54 RR-15 (2005) 16-18
42. Nyirenda M., Sinfield R., Haves S., et al. Poor attendance at a child TB contact clinic in Malawi. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 10 (2006) 585-587
43. Marais B.J., Gie R.P., Starke J.R., et al. A proposed radiological classification of childhood intra-thoracic tuberculosis. Pediatr Radiol 33 (2004) 886-894
44. The United States Public Health Service Tuberculosis Prophylaxis Trial collaborators. Prophylactic effects of isoniazid on primary tuberculosis in children. Am Rev Tuberc 76 (1957) 942-963
45. Kruk A., Gie R.P., Schaaf H.S., et al. Symptom-based screening of child tuberculosis contacts: improved feasibility in resource-limited settings. Pediatrics 121 (2008) e1646-e1652
46. Davies M.A., Connell T., Johannisen C., et al. Detection of tuberculosis in HIV-infected children using an enzyme-linked immunospot assay. AIDS 23 (2009) 961-969
47. Hesseling A.C., Mandalakas A.M., Kirchner L.H., et al. Highly discordant T-cell responses in individuals with recent household tuberculosis exposure. Thorax (2008) [Epub ahead of print]
48. Marais B.J., and Pai M. New approaches and emerging technologies in the diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis. Paediatr Respir Rev 8 (2007) 124-133
49. Smieja M.J., Marchetti C.A., Cook D.J., et al. Isoniazid for preventing tuberculosis in non-HIV infected persons. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2 (2000) CD001363
50. Hsu K.H. Isoniazid in the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis. A 20-year study of the effectiveness in children. JAMA 229 (1974) 528-533
51. Hsu K.H.K. Thirty years after isoniazid: its impact on tuberculosis in children and adolescents. JAMA 251 (1984) 1283-1285
52. Claessens N.J., Gausi F.F., Meijnen S., et al. Screening childhood contacts of patients with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in Malawi. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 6 (2002) 362-364
53. Reichler M.R., Reves R., Bur S., et al. Evaluation of investigations conducted to detect and prevent transmission of tuberculosis. JAMA 287 (2002) 991-995
54. Zar H.J., Cotton M.F., Strauss S., et al. Effect of isoniazid prophylaxis on mortality and incidence of tuberculosis in children with HIV: randomised controlled trial. Br Med J 334 (2007) 136
55. Mitchison D.A. Role of individual drugs in the chemotherapy of tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 4 (2000) 796-806
56. Donald P.R., and Schaaf H.S. Old and new drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis in children. Paediatr Respir Rev 8 (2007) 134-141
57. Spyridis N.P., Spyridis P.G., Gelesme A., et al. The effectiveness of a 9-month regimen of isoniazid alone versus 3- and 4-month regimens of isoniazid plus rifampin for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in children: results of an 11-year randomized study. Clin Infect Dis 45 (2007) 715-722
58. Ena J., and Valls V. Short course therapy with rifampicin plus isoniazid, compared with standard therapy with isoniazid, for latent tuberculosis: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 40 (2005) 670-676
59. Gao X.F., Wang L., Liu G.J., et al. Rifampicin plus pyrazinamide versus isoniazid for treating latent tuberculosis infection: a meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 10 (2006) 1080-1090
60. Tuberculosis preventive therapy in HIV-infected individuals. A joint statement of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (IUATLD) and the Global Programme on AIDS and the Tuberculosis Programme of the World Health Organization (WHO). Tuber Lung Dis 75 (1994) 96-98
61. Chan Y.C., and Yosipovitch G. Suggested guidelines for screening and management of tuberculosis in patients taking oral glucocorticoids - an important but often neglected issue. J Am Acad Dermatol 49 (2003) 91-95
62. European Best Practice Guidelines for Renal Transplantation. European best practice guidelines for renal transplantation. Section IV: long-term management of the transplant recipient. IV.7.2. Late infections. Tuberculosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17 Suppl 4 (2002) S39-S43
63. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and and TB Prevention. Prevention and control of tuberculosis in correctional and detention facilities: recommendations from CDC. Endorsed by the Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis, the National Commission on Correctional Health Care, and the American Correctional Association. MMWR Recomm Rep 55 RR-9 (2006) 1-44
64. National Tuberculosis Controllers Association, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Guidelines for the investigation of contacts of persons with infectious tuberculosis. Recommendations from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association and CDC. MMWR Recomm Rep 54 RR-15 (2005) 1-47
65. Jensen P.A., Lambert L.A., Iademarco M.F., et al. Guidelines for preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in health-care settings. 2005. MMWR Recomm Rep 54 (2005) 1-141
66. Recommendations for prevention and control of tuberculosis among foreign-born persons. Report of the Working Group on Tuberculosis among Foreign-Born Persons. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Recomm Rep 47 RR-16 (1998) 1-29
67. Glynn J.R., Murray J., Bester A., et al. Effects of duration of HIV infection and secondary tuberculosis transmission on tuberculosis incidence in the South African gold mines. AIDS 22 (2008) 1859-1867
68. Brinkhof M.W., Egger M., Boulle A., et al. Tuberculosis after initiation of antiretroviral therapy in low-income and high-income countries. Clin Infect Dis 45 (2007) 1518-1521
69. Lawn S.D., Myer L., Bekker L.G., et al. Burden of tuberculosis in an antiretroviral treatment programme in sub-Saharan Africa: impact on treatment outcomes and implications for tuberculosis control. AIDS 20 (2006) 1605-1612
70. Lawn S.D., Myer L., Edwards D., et al. Short-term and long-term risk of tuberculosis associated with CD4 cell recovery during antiretroviral therapy in SA. AIDS (2009) [Epub ahead of print]
71. Falagas M.E., Voidonikola P.T., and Angelousi A.G. Tuberculosis in patients with systemic rheumatic or pulmonary diseases treated with glucocorticosteroids and the preventive role of isoniazid: a review of the available evidence. Int J Antimicrob Agents 30 (2007) 477-486
72. Joshi R., Reingold A.L., Menzies D., et al. Tuberculosis among health-care workers in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. PLoS Med 3 (2006) e494
73. Menzies D., Joshi R., and Pai M. Risk of tuberculosis infection and disease associated with work in health care settings. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 11 (2007) 593-605
74. Bjartveit K. Olaf Scheel, Johannes Heimbeck: their contribution to understanding the pathogenesis and prevention of tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 7 (2003) 306-311
75. Woldehanna S., and Volmink J. Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in HIV infected persons. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1 (2004) CD000171
76. Pape J.W., Jean S.S., Ho J.L., et al. Effect of isoniazid prophylaxis on incidence of active tuberculosis and progression of HIV infection. Lancet 342 (1993) 268-272
77. Hawken M.P., Meme H.K., Elliott L.C., et al. Isoniazid preventive therapy for tuberculosis in HIV-1-infected adults: results of a randomized controlled trial. AIDS 11 (1997) 875-882
78. Whalen C.C., Johnson J.L., Okwera A., et al. A trial of three regimens to prevent tuberculosis in Ugandan adults infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Uganda-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration. N Engl J Med 337 (1997) 801-808
79. Gordin F.M., Matts J.P., Miller C., et al. A controlled trial of isoniazid in persons with anergy and human immunodeficiency virus infection who are at high risk for tuberculosis. Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS. N Engl J Med 337 (1997) 315-320
80. Mwinga A., Hosp M., Godfrey Faussett P., et al. Twice weekly tuberculosis preventive therapy in HIV infection in Zambia. AIDS 12 (1998) 2447-2457
81. Halsey N.A., Coberly J.S., Desormeaux J., et al. Randomised trial of isoniazid versus rifampicin and pyrazinamide for prevention of tuberculosis in HIV-1 infection. Lancet 351 (1998) 786-792
82. Gordin F., Chaisson R.E., Matts J.P., et al. Rifampin and pyrazinamide vs isoniazid for prevention of tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons: an international randomized trial. Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS, the Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group, the Pan American Health Organization, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Study Group. JAMA 283 (2000) 1445-1450
83. Fitzgerald D.W., Severe P., Joseph P., et al. No effect of isoniazid prophylaxis for purified protein derivative-negative HIV-infected adults living in a country with endemic tuberculosis: results of a randomized trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 28 (2001) 305-307
84. Rivero A., Lopez-Cortes L., Castillo R., et al. [Randomized trial of three regimens to prevent tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients with anergy]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 21 (2003) 287-292
85. Mohammed A., Myer L., Ehrlich R., et al. Randomised controlled trial of isoniazid preventive therapy in South African adults with advanced HIV disease. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 11 (2007) 1114-1120
86. Fitzgerald D.W., Morse M.M., Pape J.W., et al. Active tuberculosis in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus after isoniazid prophylaxis. Clin Infect Dis 31 (2000) 1495-1497
87. Quigley M.A., Mwinga A., Hosp M., et al. Long-term effect of preventive therapy for tuberculosis in a cohort of HIV-infected Zambian adults. AIDS 15 (2001) 215-222
88. Johnson J.L., Okwera A., Hom D.L., et al. Duration of efficacy of treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in HIV-infected adults. AIDS 15 (2001) 2137-2147
89. Martinson N, Barnes G, Msandiwa R, et al. Novel regimens for treating latent TB in HIV-infected adults in South Africa: a randomized clinical trial. In: 16th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. 2009: Montreal.
90. Gaitonde S., Pathan E., Sule A., et al. Efficacy of isoniazid prophylaxis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus receiving long term steroid treatment. Ann Rheum Dis 61 (2002) 251-253
91. Hernandez-Cruz B., Ponce-de-Leon-Rosales S., Sifuentes-Osornio J., et al. Tuberculosis prophylaxis in patients with steroid treatment and systemic rheumatic diseases. A case-control study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 17 (1999) 81-87
92. Mok M.Y., Lo Y., Chan T.M., et al. Tuberculosis in systemic lupus erythematosus in an endemic area and the role of isoniazid prophylaxis during corticosteroid therapy. J Rheumatol 32 4 (2005) 609-615
93. Kobashi Y., and Matsushima T. Clinical analysis of pulmonary tuberculosis in association with corticosteroid therapy. Intern Med 41 (2002) 1103-1110
94. Naqvi R., Akhtar S., Noor H., et al. Efficacy of isoniazid prophylaxis in renal allograft recipients. Transplant Proc 38 (2006) 2057-2058
95. Efficacy of various durations of isoniazid preventive therapy for tuberculosis: five years of follow-up in the IUAT trial. International Union Against Tuberculosis Committee on Prophylaxis. Bull World Health Organ 60 (1982) 555-564
96. Comstock G.W., Baum C., and Snider Jr. D.E. Isoniazid prophylaxis among Alaskan Eskimos: a final report of the bethel isoniazid studies. Am Rev Respir Dis 119 (1979) 827-830
97. Ferebee S.H., and Mount F.W. Tuberculosis morbidity in a controlled trial of the prophylactic use of isoniazid among household contacts. Am Rev Respir Dis 85 (1962) 490-510
98. Hawken M., Nganga L., Meme H., et al. Is cough alone adequate to screen HIV-positive persons for tuberculosis preventive therapy in developing countries?. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 3 (1999) 540-541
99. Day J.H., Charalambous S., Fielding K.L., et al. Screening for tuberculosis prior to isoniazid preventive therapy among HIV-infected gold miners in South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 10 (2006) 523-529
100. Churchyard G.J., Scano F., Grant A.D., et al. Tuberculosis preventive therapy in the era of HIV infection: overview and research priorities. J Infect Dis 196 (2007) S52-S62
101. Mosimaneotsile B., Talbot E.A., Moeti T.L., et al. Value of chest radiography in a tuberculosis prevention programme for HIV-infected people, Botswana. Lancet 362 (2003) 1551-1552
102. Ayles H., Schaap A., Nota A., et al. Prevalence of tuberculosis, HIV and respiratory symptoms in two Zambian communities - implications for tuberculosis control in the era of HIV. PLoS One 4 (2009) e5602
103. Pai M., Zwerling A., and Menzies D. Systematic review: T-cell-based assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: an update. Ann Intern Med 149 (2008) 177-184
104. Lugada E.S., Watera C., Nakiyingi J., et al. Operational assessment of isoniazid prophylaxis in a community AIDS service organisation in Uganda. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 6 (2002) 326-331
105. Munseri P.J., Talbot E.A., Mtei L., et al. Completion of isoniazid preventive therapy among HIV-infected patients in Tanzania. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 12 (2008) 1037-1041
106. Szakacs T.A., Wilson D., Cameron D.W., et al. Adherence with isoniazid for prevention of tuberculosis among HIV-infected adults in South Africa. BMC Infect Dis 6 (2006) 97
107. Tulsky J.P., Pilote L., Hahn J.A., et al. Adherence to isoniazid prophylaxis in the homeless: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 160 (2000) 697-702
108. Lavigne M., Rocher I., Steensma C., et al. The impact of smoking on adherence to treatment for latent tuberculosis infection. BMC Public Health 6 (2006) 66
109. Ngamvithayapong J., Uthaivoravit W., Yanai H., et al. Adherence to tuberculosis preventive therapy among HIV-infected persons in Chiang Rai, Thailand. AIDS 11 (1997) 107-112
110. Tulsky J.P., Hahn J.A., Long H.L., et al. Can the poor adhere? Incentives for adherence to TB prevention in homeless adults. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 8 (2004) 83-91
111. Lardizabal A., Passannante M., Kojakali F., et al. Enhancement of treatment completion for latent tuberculosis infection with 4 months of rifampin. Chest 130 (2006) 1712-1717
112. MacIntyre C.R., Ansari M.Z., Carnie J., et al. No evidence for multiple-drug prophylaxis for tuberculosis compared with isoniazid alone in Southeast Asian refugees and migrants: completion and compliance are major determinants of effectiveness. Prev Med 30 (2000) 425-432
113. Schraufnagel D.E., Stoner R., Whiting E., et al. Testing for isoniazid. An evaluation of the Arkansas method. Chest 98 (1990) 314-316
114. Mangura B.T., Passannante M.R., and Reichman L.B. An incentive in tuberculosis preventive therapy for an inner city population. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1 (1997) 576-578
115. Hirsch-Moverman Y., Tsiouris S., Salazar-Schicchi J., et al. Physician attitudes regarding latent tuberculosis infection: international vs. U.S. medical graduates. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 10 (2006) 1178-1180
116. Marais B.J., van Zyl S., Schaaf H.S., et al. Adherence to isoniazid preventive chemotherapy in children: a prospective community-based study. Arch Dis Child 91 (2006) 762-765
117. van Zyl S., Marais B.J., Hesseling A.C., et al. Adherence to anti-tuberculosis chemoprophylaxis and treatment in children. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 10 (2006) 13-18
118. Cook P.P., Maldonado R.A., Yarnell C.T., et al. Safety and completion rate of short-course therapy for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. Clin Infect Dis 43 (2006) 271-275
119. McElroy P.D., Ijaz K., Lambert L.A., et al. National survey to measure rates of liver injury, hospitalization, and death associated with rifampin and pyrazinamide for latent tuberculosis infection. Clin Infect Dis 41 (2005) 1125-1133
120. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and American Thoracic Society. Update: adverse event data and revised American Thoracic Society/CDC recommendations against the use of rifampin and pyrazinamide for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection-United States, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 31 (2003) 735-739
121. Frydenberg A, Graham SM. A review of toxicity of first-line drugs for treatment of tuberculosis in children. Trop Med Int Health, in press.
122. McIlleron H., Willemse M., Werely C.J., et al. Isoniazid plasma concentrations in a cohort of South African children with tuberculosis: implications for international pediatric dosing guidelines. Clin Infect Dis 48 (2009) 1547-1553
123. Schaaf H.S., Willemse M., Cilliers K., et al. Rifampin pharmacokinetics in children, with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection, hospitalized for the management of severe forms of tuberculosis. BMC Med 7 (2009) 19
124. Graham S.M., Bell D.J., Nyirongo S., et al. Low levels of pyrazinamide and ethambutol in children with tuberculosis and impact of age, nutritional status, and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50 (2006) 407-413
125. Lobato M.N., Jereb J.A., and Starke J.R. Unintended consequences: mandatory tuberculin skin testing and severe isoniazid hepatotoxicity. Pediatrics 121 (2008) e1732-e1733
126. Wu S.S., Chao C.S., Vargas J.H., et al. Isoniazid-related hepatic failure in children: a survey of liver transplantation centers. Transplantation 84 (2007) 173-179
127. Dash L.A., Comstock G.W., and Flynn J.P. Isoniazid preventive therapy: retrospect and prospect. Am Rev Respir Dis 121 (1980) 1039-1044
128. Nakajo M.M., Rao M., and Steiner P. Incidence of hepatotoxicity in children receiving isoniazid chemoprophylaxis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 8 (1989) 649-650
129. Palusci V.J., O'Hare D., and Lawrence R.M. Hepatotoxicity and transaminase measurement during isoniazid chemoprophylaxis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 14 (1985) 144-148
130. Beaudry P.H., Brickman H.F., Wise M.B., et al. Liver enzyme disturbances during isoniazid chemoprophylaxis in children. Am Rev Respir Dis 110 (1974) 581-584
131. Rapp R.S., Campbell R.W., Howell J.C., et al. Isoniazid hepatotoxicity in children. Am Rev Respir Dis 118 (1978) 794-796
132. Litt I.F., Cohen M.I., and McNamara H. Isoniazid hepatitis in adolescents. J Pediatr 89 (1976) 133-135
133. Ormerod L.P. Reduced incidence of tuberculosis by prophylactic chemotherapy in subjects showing strong reactions to tuberculin testing. Arch Dis Child 82 (1987) 1005-1008
134. Ormerod L.P. Rifampicin and isoniazid prophylactic chemotherapy for tuberculosis. Arch Dis Child 78 (1998) 169-171
135. Magdorf K., Arizzi-Rusche A.F., Geiter L.J., et al. Compliance and tolerance of new antitubercular short-term chemopreventive regimens in childhood-a pilot project. Pneumologie 48 (1994) 761-764
136. Priest D.H., Vossel Jr. L.F., Sherfy E.A., et al. Use of intermittent rifampin and pyrazinamide therapy for latent tuberculosis infection in a targeted tuberculin testing program. Clin Infect Dis 39 (2004) 1764-1771
137. Balcells M.E., Thomas S.L., Godfrey-Faussett P., et al. Isoniazid preventive therapy and risk for resistant tuberculosis. Emerg Infect Dis 12 (2006) 744-751
138. LoBue P.A., and Moser K.S. Isoniazid and rifampin-resistant tuberculosis in San Diego County, California, United States, 1993-2002. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 9 (2005) 501-506
139. Fraser A., Paul M., Attamna A., et al. Treatment of latent tuberculosis in persons at risk for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: systematic review. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 10 (2006) 19-23
140. Kritski A.L., Marques M.J., Rabahi M.F., et al. Transmission of tuberculosis to close contacts of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153 (1996) 331-335
141. Schaaf H.S., Gie R.P., and Beyers N. Primary drug-resistant tuberculosis in children. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 12 (2000) 1149-1155
142. Schaaf H.S., Marais B.J., Hesseling A.C., et al. Childhood drug-resistant tuberculosis in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Acta Paediatr 95 (2006) 523-528
143. Schaaf H.S., Marais B.J., Hesseling A.C., et al. Surveillance of antituberculosis drug resistance among children from the Western Cape Province of South Africa-an upward trend. Am J Public Health (2009) ;99:1486-90
144. Marais B.J., Victor T.C., Hesseling A.C., et al. Beijing and Haarlem genotypes are overrepresented among children with drug-resistant tuberculosis in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. J Clin Microbiol 44 (2006) 3539-3543
145. Schaaf H.S. Drug-resistant tuberculosis in children. S Afr Med J 97 Pt 2 (2007) 995-997
146. Schaaf H.S., Gie R.P., Kennedy M., et al. Evaluation of young children in contact with adult multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis: a 30-month follow-up. Pediatrics 109 (2002) 765-771
147. Diel R., Nienhaus A., and Schaberg T. Cost-effectiveness of isoniazid chemoprevention in close contacts. Eur Respir J 26 (2005) 465-473
148. Bell J.C., Rose D.N., and Sacks H.S. Tuberculosis preventive therapy for HIV-infected people in sub-Saharan Africa is cost-effective. AIDS 13 (1999) 1549-1556
149. Macintyre C.R., Plant A.J., and Hendrie D. The cost-effectiveness of evidence-based guidelines and practice for screening and prevention of tuberculosis. Health Econ 9 (2000) 411-421
150. Fitzgerald D.W., Desvarieux M., Severe P., et al. Effect of post-treatment isoniazid on prevention of recurrent tuberculosis in HIV-1-infected individuals: a randomised trial. Lancet 356 (2000) 1470-1474
151. Churchyard G.J., Fielding K., Charalambous S., et al. Efficacy of secondary isoniazid preventive therapy among HIV-infected Southern Africans: time to change policy?. AIDS 17 (2003) 2063-2070
152. Sonnenberg P., Murray J., Glynn J.R., et al. HIV-1 and recurrence, relapse, and reinfection of tuberculosis after cure: a cohort study in South African mineworkers. Lancet 358 (2001) 1687-1693
153. Schaaf H.S., Krook S., Hollemans D.W., et al. Recurrent culture-confirmed tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 24 (2005) 685-691
154. Badri M., Wilson D., and Wood R. Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on incidence of tuberculosis in South Africa: a cohort study. Lancet 359 (2002) 2059-2064
155. Santoro-Lopes G., de Pinho A.M., Harrison L.H., et al. Reduced risk of tuberculosis among Brazilian patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 34 (2002) 543-546
156. Golub J.E., Saraceni V., Cavalcante S.C., et al. The impact of antiretroviral therapy and isoniazid preventive therapy on tuberculosis incidence in HIV-infected patients in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. AIDS 21 (2007) 1441-1448
157. Golub J.E., Pronyk P., Mohapi L., et al. Isoniazid preventive therapy, HAART and tuberculosis risk in HIV-infected adults in South Africa: a prospective cohort. AIDS 23 (2009) 631-636
158. Walters E., Cotton M.F., Rabie H., et al. Clinical presentation and outcome of tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus infected children on anti-retroviral therapy. BMC Pediatr 8 (2008) 1
159. Violari A., Cotton M.F., Gibb D.M., et al. CHER Study Team. Early antiretroviral therapy and mortality among HIV-infected infants. N Engl J Med 359 (2008) 2233-2244