Vacuum insulation panels for building applications: A review and beyond

Energy and Buildings

Volumn 42, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 147-172

  Baetens, Ruben ^a,b,c   Jelle, Bjørn Petter ^a,b   Thue, Jan Vincent ^b   Tenpierik, Martin J ^d   Grynning, Steinar ^a   Uvsløkk, Sivert ^a   Gustavsen, Arild ^b  

^a SINTEF   (Norway)

^b NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Norway)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^d DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Aerogel; Building insulation; Gas filled panel (GFP); Nano insulation material (NIM); Service life; Thermal bridge; Vacuum insulation material (VIM); Vacuum insulation panel (VIP)

Indexed keywords

INSULATION GAS; INSULATION MATERIALS; NANO INSULATION MATERIAL (NIM); THERMAL BRIDGE; VACUUM INSULATION; VACUUM INSULATION PANEL; VACUUM INSULATION PANEL (VIP);

AEROGELS; BUILDINGS; CERAMIC MATERIALS; DEGRADATION; ELECTRON EMISSION; ENERGY CONSERVATION; INSULATING MATERIALS; MIXED CONVECTION; PERMAFROST; POROUS MATERIALS; STRUCTURAL PANELS; VACUUM; VACUUM APPLICATIONS; VACUUM TECHNOLOGY;

THERMAL INSULATION;

EID: 71949114548     PISSN: 03787788     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2009.09.005     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Wang X., Walliman N., Ogden R., and Kendrick C. VIP and their applications in buildings: a review. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. Construction Materials 160 CM4 (2007) 145-153
2. H. Schwab, Vakuumisolationspaneele - Gas- und Feuchteeintrag sowie Feuchte- un Wärmetransport, PhD thesis, Bayerischen Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, 2004, 115 pp.
3. D. Rath, Wärmetransport in evakuierten Dämmsystemen, PhD, Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, 1989.
4. K.H. Brodt, Thermal Insulations: Cfc-alternatives and Vacuum Insulation, PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 1995.
5. Fricke J. From Dewars to VIPs - one century of progress in vacuum insulation technology. In: Zimmerman M. (Ed). Proceedings of the 7th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium. EMPA, Duebendorf, Switzerland, 28-29 September 2005 (2005) 5-14
6. M. Wutz, H. Adam, W. Walcher, Theorie und Praxis der Vakuumtechniek, ISBN 3-528-14884-5. Verlag Fried, Wiesbaden. Vieweg & Sohn, 2000.
7. Kennard E.H. Kinetic theory of Gases, with an Introduction to Statistical Mechanics (1938), Mc-Graw-Hill, New York
8. Caps R., Heinemann U., Ehrmanntraut M., and Fricke J. Evacuated insulation panels with pyrogenic silica powders: properties and applications. High Temperatures-High Pressures 33 (2001) 151-156
9. Kwon J.-S., Jang C.H., Jung H., and Song T.-H. Effective thermal conductivity of various filling materials for vacuum insulation panels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 52 (2009) 5525-5532
10. Morel B., Autissier D., and Autissier L. Modifications of pyrogenic silica exposed to moist air. In: Beck A., et al. (Ed). Proceedings of the 8th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium. ZAE Bayern/UniWue, Würzburg, September 18-19, 2007 (2007) 1-8
11. Schwab H., Heinemann U., Wachtel J., Ebert H.P., and Fricke J. Prediction for the increase in pressure and water content of vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) integrated into building constructions using model calculations. Journal of Thermal Envelope and Building Science 28 (2005) 327-345
12. Caps R., and Fricke J. Thermal conductivity of opacified powder filler materials for vacuum insulation. International Journal of Thermophysics 200 21 2 (2000) 445-452
13. Hostler S.R., Abramson A.R., Gawryla M.D., Bandi S.A., and Schiraldi D.A. Thermal conductivity of clay-based aerogel. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (2008) 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2008.07.002
14. Reim M., Körner W., Manara J., Korder S., Arduini-Schuster M., Ebert H.-P., and Fricke J. Silica aerogel granulate material for highly thermal insulation and daylighting. Solar Energy 79 (2005) 131-139
15. Fricke J., Schwab H., and Heinemann U. Vacuum insulation panels-exciting thermal properties and most challenging applications. International Journal of Thermophysics 27 4 (2006) 1123-1139
16. Hottel H.C., and Sarofilm A.I. Radiative Transfer (1967), McGraw-Hill
17. Heinemann U. Influence of water on the total heat transfer in 'evacuated' insulations. Proceedings of the 7th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium (2005) 23-34
18. Beck A., Oswald F., and Binder M. Influence of water content on the thermal conductivity of vacuum panels with fumed silica kernels. In: Beck A., et al. (Ed). Proceedings of the 8th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium. ZAE Bayern/UniWue, Würzburg, September 18-19, 2007 (2007) 1-9
19. Schwab H., Heinemann U., Beck A., Ebert H.P., and Fricke J. Dependence of thermal conductivity on water content in vacuum insulation panels with fumed silica kernels. Journal of Thermal Envelope and Building Science 28 (2005) 319-326
20. Heinemann U. Influence of water on the total heat transfer in 'evacuated' insulations. International Journal of Thermophysics 29 (2008) 735-749
21. Coquard R., and Quenard D. Modelling of heat transfer in nanoporous silica-influence of moisture. In: Beck A., et al. (Ed). Proceedings of the 8th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium. ZAE Bayern/UniWue, Würzburg, September 18-19, 2007 (2007) 1-13
22. Platzer W. Optimisation and testing of a VIP exterior thermal insulation composite system (ETICS). In: Beck A., et al. (Ed). Proceedings of the 8th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium. ZAE Bayern/UniWue, Würzburg, September 18-19, 2007 (2007) 1-8
23. Schwab H., Heinemann U., Beck A., Ebert H.P., and Fricke J. Permeation of different gases through foils used as envelopes for vacuum insulation panels. Journal of Thermal Envelope and Building Science 28 (2005) 293-318
24. Brunner S., Gasser Ph., Simmler H., and Ghazi K. Investigation of multilayered aluminium-coated polymer laminates by focused ion beam (FIB) etching. Surface & Coatings Technology 200 (2006) 5908-5914
25. Brunner S., Tharian P.J., Simmler H., and Ghazi K. Focused ion beam (FIB) etching to investigate aluminium-coated polymer laminates subjected to heat and moisture loads. Surface & Coatings Technology 202 (2008) 6054-6063
26. Caps R., Beyrichen H., Kraus D., and Weismann S. Quality control of vacuum insulation panels: methods of measuring gas pressure. Vacuum 82 (2008) 691-699
27. Schwab H., Stark C., Watchel J., Ebert H.P., and Fricke J. Thermal bridges in vacuum-insulated building facades. Journal of Thermal Envelope and Building Science 28 (2005) 345-355
28. Ghazi K., Bundi R., and Binder B. Effective thermal conductivity of vacuum insulation panels. Building Research and Information 32 4 (2004) 293-299
29. Tenpierik M.J., and Cauberg J.J.M. Analytical models for calculating thermal bridge effects caused by thin high barrier envelopes around vacuum insulation panels. Journal of Building Physics 30 (2007) 185-215
30. Tenpierik M.J., van der Spoel W., and Cauberg J.J.M. Analytical models for calculating thermal bridge effects in high performance building enclosure. Journal of Building Physics 31 (2008) 361-388
31. Willems M.K., Schild K., and Hellinger G. Numerical investigation on thermal bridge effects in vacuum insulating elements. In: Zimmerman M. (Ed). Proceedings of the 7th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium. EMPA, Duebendorf, Switzerland, 28-29 September 2005 (2005) 145-152
32. Quenard D., and Sallée H. From VIP's to building façades: three levels of thermal bridges. In: Zimmerman M. (Ed). Proceedings of the 7th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium. EMPA, Duebendorf, Switzerland, 28-29 September 2005 (2005) 113-120
33. Bundi R., Ghazi K., and Frank Th. Vacuum insulated panels in building applications. Int. Conference, CISBAT, EPFL. Lausanne (2003)
34. Ghazi K., Nussbaumer T., and Bundi R. Thermal performance of VIP assemblies in building constructions. In: Zimmerman M. (Ed). Proceedings of the 7th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium. EMPA, Duebendorf, Switzerland, 28-29 September 2005 (2005) 131-138
35. Fine H.A. Advanced evacuated thermal insulations: the state of the art. Journal of Building Physics 12 3 (1989) 183-208
36. Glicksman L.R. Two-dimensional heat transfer effects on vacuum and reflective insulations. Journal of Building Physics 14 4 (1991) 281-294
37. T.G. Kollie, D.L. McElroy, H.A. Fine, K.W. Childs, R.S. Graves, F.J. Weaver, A Review of Vacuum Insulation Research and Development in the Building Materials Group of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. ORNL/TM-11703, 1991.
38. Degen K.G., Rosetto S., Reichenauer T., and Fricke J. Investigations of heat transfer in evacuated foil-spacer multilayer insulations. Journal of Building Physics 16 2 (1992) 140-152
39. Griffith B.T., and Arasteh D. Advanced insulations for refrigerators/freezers-the potential for new shell designs incorporating polymer barrier construction. Energy and Buildings 22 3 (1995) 219-231
40. Mukhopadhyaya P., Kumaran M.K., Normandin N., van Reenen D., and Lackey J.C. High performance vacuum insulation panel: development of alternative core materials. Journal of Cold Regions Engineering 22 4 (2008) 103-123
41. L.R. Glicksman, M.S. Burke, US Patent 5,032,439-thermal insulations using vacuum panels, 1991.
42. K. van Went, Vacuüm Isolatie Panelen, Kwalificering en kwantificering van de thermische eigenschappen van vacuüm isolatie panelen en mogelijke toepassingen in de bouw, M.Sc. thesis, 2002.
43. Nussbaumer T., Ghazi K., and Tanner Ch. Experimental and numerical investigation of the thermal performance of a protected vacuum insulation system applied to a concrete wall. Applied Energy 83 8 (2006) 841-855
44. Thorsell T.I., and Källebrink I. Edge loss minimization in vacuum insulation panels. Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Building Physics in the Nordic Countries. 13-15 June 2005 (2005), The Icelandic Building Research Institute, Reykjavik 945-952
45. Nussbaumer T., Bundi R., Tanner Ch., and Muehlebach H. Thermal analysis of a wooden door system with integrated vacuum insulation panels. Energy and Buildings 37 (2005) 1107-1113
46. Cauberg J.J.M., and Tenpierik M.J. From VIP to building panel. In: Zimmerman M. (Ed). Proceedings of the 7th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium. EMPA, Duebendorf, Switzerland, 28-29 September 2005 (2005) 161-171
47. Lacasse, and Sjostrom. Recent advances in methods for service life prediction of building materials and components-an overview. Proceedings of the CIB World Building Congress. Toronto, Ontario, May 2, 2004 (2004) 1-10
48. Simmler H., and Brunner S. Ageing and service life of VIP in buildings. In: Zimmerman M. (Ed). Proceedings of the 7th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium. EMPA, Duebendorf, Switzerland, 28-29 September 2005 (2005) 15-22
49. Tenpierik M.J., van der Spoel W., and Cauberg J.J.M. Simplified analytical models for service life prediction of a vacuum insulation panel. In: Beck A., et al. (Ed). Proceedings of the 8th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium. ZAE BAyern/UniWue, Würzburg, September 18-19, 2007 (2007) 1-8
50. Tenpierik M.J., and Cauberg J.J.M. Vacuum insulation panels in building facades: moisture and temperature conditions during installation. Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Building Physics in the Nordic Countries. IBRI, Reykjavik, June 13-15, 2005 (2005) 937-944
51. Schwab H., Heinemann U., Beck A., Ebert H.P., and Fricke J. Prediction of service life for vacuum insulation panels with fumed silica kernel and foil cover. Journal of Thermal Envelope and Building Science 28 (2005) 357-375
52. Simmler H., and Brunner S. Vacuum insulation panels for buildings-basic properties, ageing mechanisms and service life. Energy and Buildings 37 (2005) 1122-1131
53. Brunner S., and Simmler H. In situ performance assessment of vacuum insulation panels in a flat roof construction. Vacuum 82 (2008) 700-707
54. Caps R. Monitoring gas pressure in vacuum insulation panels. In: Zimmerman M. (Ed). Proceedings of the 7th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium. EMPA, Duebendorf, Switzerland, September 28-29 (2005) 57-66
55. A.Z. Uzzo, Tire Conditioning Monitor System, United States Patent 4 609 905 (1986).
56. B.P. Wilson, R.J. Trew, R.W. Koch, Combination monitoring device and patch for a pneumatic tire and method of installing the same with a coupled antenna, United States Patent 6 208 244 (2001).
57. Jelle B.P., Nilsen T.-N., Hovde P.J., and Gustavsen A. Accelerated climate ageing of building materials and application of the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) radiation experimental method. In: Rode C. (Ed). Proceedings of the 8th Symposium on Building Physics in the Nordic Countries, vol. 2. Copenhagen, Denmark, June 16-18 (2008) 951-958
58. T.I. Thorsell, Vacuum Insulation in Buildings-Means to Prolong the Service Life, Licentiate thesis, KTH-The Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 2006.
59. Jelle B.P., Gustavsen A., Nilsen T.N., and Jacobsen T. Solar material protection factor (SMPF) and solar skin protection factor (SSPF) for window panes and other glass structures in buildings. Solar Energy materials and Solar Cells 91 (2007) 342-352
60. Lenz K., Leistner Phl., Sedlbauer K., and König N. Vakuumisolationspaneele aus hygrothermische und akustischer Sicht. In: VIP-Bau (Ed). Proceedings of the 2nd Fachtagung "Erfahrungen aus der Praxis". Wismar, Germany, 16-17 June, 2005, E1-E13 (2005)
61. Cauberg J.J.M., and Tenpierik M.J. Sound reduction of vacuum insulation based sandwich panels. In: Beck A., et al. (Ed). Proceedings of the 8th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium. ZAE Bayern/UniWue, Würzburg, September 18-19, 2007 (2007) 1-8
62. Maysenholder W. Sound Transmission Loss of Vacuum Insulation Panels (2008), Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics, Stuttgart, Germany
63. J. Cremers, Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Vakuum-Dämmsystemen im Bereich der Gebäudehülle, PhD thesis, Technische Universität München, München, 2006, 248 pp.
64. H. Schwab, J. Wachtel, H. Scheuerpflug, C. Stark, U. Heinemann, H.P. Ebert, J. Fricke, Entwicklung und Anwendung von evakuierten höcheffizienten Dämmungen für Gebäude (Vakuumdämmung für Gebäude), Bayerische Zentrum für Angewandte Energieforschung E.V., Bayern, 2003.
65. Willems W.M., and Schild K. Vacuum insulated constructions in detail. Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Building Physics in the Nordic Countries. IBRI, Reykjavik, June 13-15, 2005 (2005) 928-936
66. Winkler H., and Mainka G.-W. Development and first experiences of a prefabricated VIP-sandwich element for fast and secure application on building surfaces. In: Zimmerman M. (Ed). Proceedings of the 7th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium. EMPA, Duebendorf, Switzerland, 28-29 September 2005 (2005) 121-130
67. Zwerger M., and Klein H. Integration of VIP's into external wall insulation systems. In: Zimmerman M. (Ed). Proceedings of the 7th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium. EMPA, Duebendorf, Switzerland, 28-29 September 2005 (2005) 173-179
68. Z.A.E. Bayern, Abschlussbericht VIP - Demoobjekte, Bayerische Zentrum für Angewandte Energie-forschung E.V., Bayern, 2008, Retrieved October 9, 2008, from www.zae-beyern.de.
69. Binz A., and Steinke G. Applications of vacuum insulation in the building sector. In: Zimmerman M. (Ed). Proceedings of the 7th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium. EMPA, Duebendorf, Switzerland, 28-29 September 2005 (2005) 43-48
70. Ogden R., and Kendrick C. VIP cladding panels for buildings: applications and conceptual solutions. In: Zimmerman M. (Ed). Proceedings of the 7th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium. EMPA, Duebendorf, Switzerland, 28-29 September 2005 (2005) 153-160
71. Tenpierik M.J., and Cauberg J.J.M. VIP integrated façade designs: the advantage of combining high thermal performance with limited construction thickness. In: Tan B.K., and Wittkopf S.K. (Eds). Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture. PLEA/NUS, Singapore, September 22-24, 2007 (2007) 303-310
72. Cauberg J.J.M., and Tenpierik M.J. A 4.1 Vacuümisolatiepanelen en andere noviteiten. In: Dicke D.W., and Haas E.M. (Eds). Praktijkhandboek Duurzaam Bouwen (2005), Weka Publishers, Amsterdam, Netherlands 4.1 VAC 1-20
73. Brunner S., and Simmler H. In situ performance assessment and service life of vacuum insulation panels (VIP) in buildings. In: Beck A., et al. (Ed). Proceedings of the 8th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium. ZAE Bayern/UniWue, Würzburg, September 18-19, 2007 (2007) 1-8
74. M. Jordi, Development of a Low Energy House with Vacuum Insulation, Renggli AG Suree and Schötz, Switzerland, 2008, Retrieved November 19, 2008 from http://www.vip-bau.ch/.
75. Kerspe J.H., and Zwarts K. Newly designed vacuum insulation for big pipes and pipelines. In: Beck A., et al. (Ed). Proceedings of the 8th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium. ZAE Bayern/UniWue, Würzburg, September 18-19, 2007 (2007) 1-13
76. Omer S.A., Riffat S.B., and Qiu G. Technical note: thermal insulation for hot water cylinders: a review and a conceptual evaluation. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 28 3 (2007) 275-293
77. Cauberg-Huygen Raadgevende Ingenieurs B.V., Toepassingsmogelijkheden van Vacuüm Isolatie Panelen bij LTV vloer- en wandverwarmingssystemen in woningen, 2004, Retrieved October 3, 2008, from Tenpierik, J.M.
78. Cauberg-Huygen Raadgevende Ingenieurs B.V., Toepassingsmogelijkheden van Vacuümisolatie-panelen in gebouwinstallaties, 2006, Retrieved October 3, 2008, from Tenpierik, J.M.
79. Griffith B.T., and Arashteh D. Gas-filled panels: a thermally improved building insulation. Thermal performance of the exterior envelopes of buildings V. Proceedings of the ASHRAE/DOE/BTECC Conference. Clear Water Beach, Florida, 7-10 December 1992 (1992) 1-13
80. Griffith B.T., Arashteh D., and Türler D. Gas-filled panels: an update on applications in the building thermal envelope. Superinsulations and the Building Envelope, Proceedings of the BETEC Fall Symposium. Washington, District of Columbia, 14 November 1995 (1995) 1-13
81. Zeng S.Q., Hunt A.J., Cao W., and GReif R. Pore size distribution and apparent thermal conductivity of silica aerogel. Journal of Heat Transfer 116 (1994) 756-759
82. van Bommel M.J., den Engelsen C.W., and van Miltenburg J.C. A thermoporometry study of fumed silica/aerogel composites. Journal of Porous Materials 4 (1997) 143-150
83. I. Smirnova, Synthesis of Silica Aerogels and their Applications as a Drug Delivery System, PhD thesis, Technischen Universitait berlin, Germany, 2002, 154 pp.
84. Richter K., Norris P.M., and Chang C.-L. Aerogels: applications, structure and heat transfer phenomena. In: Prasad V., Jaluria Y., and Chen G. (Eds). Annual Review on Heat Transfer, vol. 6 (1995) 61-114
85. Hüsing N., and Schubert U. Aerogele-luftige Materialien: Chemie, Struktur und Eigenschaften (Aerogels-airy materials: chemistry, structure and properties). Angewandte Chemie 110 (1998) 22-47. http://gfp.lbl.gov/ http://gfp.lbl.gov/, Retrieved 2008
86. Smith D.M., Maskara A., and Boes U. Section 7. Properties. A. Thermal-aerogel-based thermal insulation. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 225 (1997) 254-259
87. K. Ramakrishnan, A. Krishnan, V. Shankar, I. Srivastava, A. Singh, R. Radha, Modern Aerogels, 2007, Retrieved September 27, 2008, from www.dstuns.iitm.ac.in.
88. Pei L., Kurumada K.-I., Tanigaki M., Hiro M., and Susa K. Closed-porosity mesoporous silica produced by high temperature rapid drying. Journal of Materials Science 39 (2004) 663-665
89. Pei L., Kurumada K.-I., Tanigaki M., Hiro M., and Susa K. Effect of drying on the mesoporous structure of sol-gel derived silica with PPO-PEO-PPO template block copolymer. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 284 (2005) 222-227
90. Beck J.S., Vartuli J.C., Roth W.J., Leonowicz M.E., Kresge C.T., Schmitt K.D., Chu C.T.W., Olsen D.H., Sheppard E.W., McCullen S.B., Higgins J.B., and Schlenker J.L. A new family of mesoporous molecular sieves prepared with liquid crystal templates. Journal of the American Chemical Society 144 27 (1992) 10834-10843
91. Zhao D., Huo Q., Feng J., Chmelka B.F., and Stucky G.D. Nonionic triblock and star diblock copolymer and oligomeric surfactant syntheses of highly ordered, hydrothermally stable, mesoporous silica structures. Journal of the American Chemical Society 120 24 (1998) 6024-6036
92. Giraldo L.F., López L., Pérez L., Urrego S., Sierra L., and Mesa M. Mesoporous silica applications. Macromolecular Symposia 258 (2007) 129-141
93. Jelle B.P., and Hagen G. Performance of an electrochromic window based on polyaniline, prussian blue and tungsten oxide. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 58 (1999) 277-286
94. B.P. Jelle, Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Studies of Electrochromic Materials, PhD thesis, Norges Tekniske Høgskole, Trondheim, Norway, 1993.
95. Cohen M., and Heijnis J. The future envelope, towards a more reactive façade. Proceedings of the Future Envelope. Conference on Climate-oriented Building Envelopes. Delft, The Netherlands, June 15, 2008 (2007) 1-5
96. R. Baetens, Properties, Requirements and Possibilities for Highly Thermal Insulating Materials and Solutions in Buildings-State-of-The-Art and Beyond, M.Sc. thesis, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium-SINTEF Building and Infrastructure, Trondheim, Norway-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, 2009.
97. A. Binz, M. Erb, Hp. Eicher, H. Simmler, W.K. Ghazi, Vakuum-Dämmung im baubereich vip-bau.ch, 2005, Retrieved November 19, 2008 from http://www.empa.ch/.
98. U. Heineman, H. Schwab, H. Simmler, S. Brunner, K. Ghazi, R. Bundi, K. Kumaran, Ph. Mukhopadhyaya, D. Quénard, H. Sallée, K. Noller, E. Kücükpinar-Niarchos, C. Stramm, M.J. Tenpierik, J.J.M. Cauberg, A. Binz, G. Steinke, A. Moosmann, M. Erb, Vacuum Insulation. Panel Properties and Building Applications (Summary), Final Report for the IEA/ECBCS Annex 39 HiPTI-project (High Performance Thermal Insulation for Buildings and Building Systems), 2005.
99. H. Simmler, S. Brunner, U. Heinemann, H. Schwab, K. Kumaran, Ph. Mukhopadhyaya, D. Quénard, H. Sallée, K. Noller, E. Kücükpinar-Niarchos, C. Stramm, M.J. Tenpierik, J.J.M. Cauberg, M. Erb, Vacuum Insulation Panels. Study on VIP-components and Panels for Service Life Prediction in Building Applications (Subtask A), Final Report for the IEA/ECBCS Annex 39 HiPTI-project (High Performance Thermal Insulation for Buildings and Building Systems), 2005a.
100. A. Binz, A. Moosmann, G. Steinke, U. Schonhardt, F. Fregnan, H. Simmler, S. Brunner, K. Ghazi, R. Bundi, U. Heinemann, H. Schwab, J.J.M. Cauberg, M.J. Tenpierik, G. Johannesson, T. Thorsell, M. Erb, B. Nussbaumer, Vacuum Insulation in the Building Sector. Systems and Applications (Subtask B), Final Report for the IEA/ECBCS Annex 39 HiPTI-project (High Performance Thermal Insulation for Buildings and Building Systems), 2005b.
101. International Standard ISO 15686-2: 2001. (E). Buildings and Constructed Assets-Service Life Planning-Part 2: Service Life Prediction Procedures.
102. Jensen K.I., and Schultz J.M. Transparent Aerogel Windows-results from an EU FP5 project. In: Beck A., et al. (Ed). Proceedings of the 8th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium. ZAE Bayern/UniWue, Würzburg, September 18-19, 2007 (2007) 1-8
103. R. Caps, J. Hetfleisch, F. Jochen. Offenlegungsschrift DE 196 47 567 A 1. German Patent (1998).
104. Cremers J. Typology of applications for opaque and translucent VIP in the building envelope and their potential for temporary thermal insulation. Presentation for the 7th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium. EMPA, Duebendorf, Switzerland, September 28-29 (2005) 57-66
105. Willems W.M., and Schild K. The use of Vacuum Insulated Sandwiches (VIS) in building envelopes. Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Energy Performance & Indoor Climate in Buildings. Portland, Lyon, France (2006) 1-6
106. Bundi R. Faschung und Entwicklung im Fassadenbau, Vakuumisolierte Paneele. Fassade 3 (2003) 19-22
107. Tenpierik M.J., Cauberg J.J.M., and Thorsell T.I. Integrating vacuum insulation panels in building constructions: an integral perspective. Construction Innovation 7 1 (2007) 38-53
108. Griffith B.T., Türler D., and Arashteh D. Optimizing the effective conductivity and cost of gas-filled panel thermal insulations. Proceedings of the 22nd International Thermal Conductivity Conference. Arizona State University, 7-10 November 1993 (1993) 1-12
109. Kuroda K. Silica-Based Mesoporous Molecular Sieves Derived from a Layered Polysilicate Kanemte - A Review. Journal of Porous Materials 3 (1996) 107-114