메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 408, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 740-753

Quantitative risk assessment of Cryptosporidium in tap water in Ireland

Author keywords

Cryptosporidium; Risk assessment; Water

Indexed keywords

CONTAMINATION LEVELS; CONTAMINATION LOADS; CONVENTIONAL TREATMENTS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; GOVERNMENT AGENCIES; HUMAN RISKS; INPUT DATAS; IRELAND; LOCAL AUTHORITIES; MONTE CARLO SIMULATION; ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE; PARASITE-; POTENTIAL RISKS; PRIVATE WELLS; PROCESS STAGES; PROTOZOAN PARASITES; PUBLIC HEALTH; PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY; QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT; RAW WATER; SOURCE WATERS; TAP WATER; TREATMENT PROCESS; WATERSHED PROTECTION;

EID: 71849114322     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.008     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (54)

References (115)
  • 1
    • 0007417517 scopus 로고
    • Cryptosporidiosis in domestic animals and humans
    • Angus K.W. Cryptosporidiosis in domestic animals and humans. In Pract 9 2 (1987) 47-49
    • (1987) In Pract , vol.9 , Issue.2 , pp. 47-49
    • Angus, K.W.1
  • 2
    • 71849084824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • http://www.developmentgoals.org/. Accessed 16/01/09
    • Anon. Millennium development goals: building a better world (2009). http://www.developmentgoals.org/ http://www.developmentgoals.org/. Accessed 16/01/09
    • (2009) Millennium development goals: building a better world
  • 3
    • 71849102393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment and optimization of clarification process for Cryptosporidium removal
    • 0898679796 WQTC, San Diego
    • Baudin I., and Laine J.M. Assessment and optimization of clarification process for Cryptosporidium removal. Proc. Annual conference. AWWA (1998). 0898679796 WQTC, San Diego
    • (1998) Proc. Annual conference. AWWA
    • Baudin, I.1    Laine, J.M.2
  • 4
    • 9644264010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drinking water treatment processes for removal of Cryptosporidium and gardia
    • Betancourt W.Q., and Rose J.B. Drinking water treatment processes for removal of Cryptosporidium and gardia. Vet Parsitol 126 (2004) 219-234
    • (2004) Vet Parsitol , vol.126 , pp. 219-234
    • Betancourt, W.Q.1    Rose, J.B.2
  • 6
    • 0034581639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An integrated risk model of a drinking-water-borne Cryptosporidiosis outbreak
    • Casman E.A., Fischhoff B., Small M.J., Palmgren C., and Wu F. An integrated risk model of a drinking-water-borne Cryptosporidiosis outbreak. Risk Anal 20 4 (2000) 493-509
    • (2000) Risk Anal , vol.20 , Issue.4 , pp. 493-509
    • Casman, E.A.1    Fischhoff, B.2    Small, M.J.3    Palmgren, C.4    Wu, F.5
  • 7
    • 0032902683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy adults with pre-existing anti-C. parvum serum immunoglobulin G
    • Chappell C., Okhuysen P., Sterling C., Wang C., Jakubowski W., and DuPont H. Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy adults with pre-existing anti-C. parvum serum immunoglobulin G. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 1 (1999) 157-164
    • (1999) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.60 , Issue.1 , pp. 157-164
    • Chappell, C.1    Okhuysen, P.2    Sterling, C.3    Wang, C.4    Jakubowski, W.5    DuPont, H.6
  • 8
    • 0032163726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UV light inactivation of Cryptosporidium oocysts
    • Clancy J.L., Hargy T.M., Marshall M.M., and Dyksen J.E. UV light inactivation of Cryptosporidium oocysts. J AWWA 90 9 (1998) 92-102
    • (1998) J AWWA , vol.90 , Issue.9 , pp. 92-102
    • Clancy, J.L.1    Hargy, T.M.2    Marshall, M.M.3    Dyksen, J.E.4
  • 10
    • 1942471869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Susceptibility of five strains of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts to ultraviolet light disinfection
    • Clancy J.L., Marshall M.M., Hargy T.M., and Korich D.G. Susceptibility of five strains of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts to ultraviolet light disinfection. J AWWA 96 3 (2004) 84-93
    • (2004) J AWWA , vol.96 , Issue.3 , pp. 84-93
    • Clancy, J.L.1    Marshall, M.M.2    Hargy, T.M.3    Korich, D.G.4
  • 12
    • 70349966203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a pathogen transport model for Irish catchments using SWAT
    • Coffey R., Cummins E., Bhreathnach N., O'Flaherty V., and Cormican M. Development of a pathogen transport model for Irish catchments using SWAT. Agr Water Man 97 1 (2010) 101-111
    • (2010) Agr Water Man , vol.97 , Issue.1 , pp. 101-111
    • Coffey, R.1    Cummins, E.2    Bhreathnach, N.3    O'Flaherty, V.4    Cormican, M.5
  • 13
    • 0036756147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with ozone and free chlorine
    • Corona-Vaszuez B., Samuelson A., Rennecker J.L., and Marinas B.J. Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with ozone and free chlorine. Water Res 36 (2002) 4053-4063
    • (2002) Water Res , vol.36 , pp. 4053-4063
    • Corona-Vaszuez, B.1    Samuelson, A.2    Rennecker, J.L.3    Marinas, B.J.4
  • 14
    • 0034672853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inactivation of Giardia muris cysts using medium-pressure ultraviolet radiation in filtered drinking water
    • Craik S.A., Finch G.R., Bolton J.R., and Belosevic M. Inactivation of Giardia muris cysts using medium-pressure ultraviolet radiation in filtered drinking water. Water Res 34 (2000) 4325-4332
    • (2000) Water Res , vol.34 , pp. 4325-4332
    • Craik, S.A.1    Finch, G.R.2    Bolton, J.R.3    Belosevic, M.4
  • 15
    • 0035102220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts using medium and low pressure ultraviolet radiation
    • Craik S.A., Weldon D., Finch G.R., Bolton J.R., and Belosevic M. Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts using medium and low pressure ultraviolet radiation. Water Sci Res 35 (2001) 1387-1398
    • (2001) Water Sci Res , vol.35 , pp. 1387-1398
    • Craik, S.A.1    Weldon, D.2    Finch, G.R.3    Bolton, J.R.4    Belosevic, M.5
  • 17
    • 71849089245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central Statistic Office, Ireland
    • http://www.cso.ie/ Accessed 06/02/09
    • CSO. Central Statistic Office, Ireland. Population statistics (2006). http://www.cso.ie/ http://www.cso.ie/ Accessed 06/02/09
    • (2006) Population statistics
    • CSO1
  • 18
    • 0030766215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Removal of Cryptosporidium from river water by crossflow microfiltration: a pilot-scale study
    • Drozd C., and Schwartzbrod J. Removal of Cryptosporidium from river water by crossflow microfiltration: a pilot-scale study. Water Sci Technol 35 11-12 (1997) 391-395
    • (1997) Water Sci Technol , vol.35 , Issue.11-12 , pp. 391-395
    • Drozd, C.1    Schwartzbrod, J.2
  • 19
    • 0038229849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Controlling Cryptosporidium oocysts using conventional treatment
    • Dugan N.R., Fox K.R., Owens J.H., and Miltner R.J. Controlling Cryptosporidium oocysts using conventional treatment. J AWWA 93 12 (2001) 64-76
    • (2001) J AWWA , vol.93 , Issue.12 , pp. 64-76
    • Dugan, N.R.1    Fox, K.R.2    Owens, J.H.3    Miltner, R.J.4
  • 21
    • 0031948587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Control of Cryptosporidium: from reservoirs to clarifiers to filters
    • Edzwald J.K., and Kelley M.B. Control of Cryptosporidium: from reservoirs to clarifiers to filters. Water Sci Technol 37 2 (1998) 1-8
    • (1998) Water Sci Technol , vol.37 , Issue.2 , pp. 1-8
    • Edzwald, J.K.1    Kelley, M.B.2
  • 23
    • 71849084234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environment and Heritage Service, guidance for the monitoring of Cryptosporidium in treated water supplies in Northern Ireland
    • www.dwi.gov.uk/regs/crypto/mainindex.htm. Accessed 06/02/09
    • EHS. Environment and Heritage Service, guidance for the monitoring of Cryptosporidium in treated water supplies in Northern Ireland. Available from Drinking Water Inspectorate for England and Wales (2003). http://www.dwi.gov.uk/regs/crypto/mainindex.htm www.dwi.gov.uk/regs/crypto/mainindex.htm. Accessed 06/02/09
    • (2003) Available from Drinking Water Inspectorate for England and Wales
    • EHS1
  • 24
    • 0037954286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Removal of viable and inactivated Cryptosporidium by dual- and tri-media filtration
    • Emelko M.B. Removal of viable and inactivated Cryptosporidium by dual- and tri-media filtration. Water Res 37 12 (2003) 2998-3008
    • (2003) Water Res , vol.37 , Issue.12 , pp. 2998-3008
    • Emelko, M.B.1
  • 26
    • 71849113209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental Protection Agency, the quality of drinking water
    • 1-84095-213-X
    • EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, the quality of drinking water. A report for the year 2005 (2006). 1-84095-213-X
    • (2006) A report for the year 2005
    • EPA1
  • 29
    • 9644309423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Water quality in source water, treatment, and distribution systems
    • Waterborne Pathogens, Denver, CO
    • Fox K.R., and Reasoner D.J. Water quality in source water, treatment, and distribution systems. Manual of water supply and practices, AWWA (1999) Waterborne Pathogens, Denver, CO
    • (1999) Manual of water supply and practices, AWWA
    • Fox, K.R.1    Reasoner, D.J.2
  • 30
    • 0034333716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlating Cryptosporidium removal using dissolved air flotation in water treatment
    • French K., Guest R.K., Finch G.R., and Haas C.N. Correlating Cryptosporidium removal using dissolved air flotation in water treatment. Water Res 34 (2000) 4116-4119
    • (2000) Water Res , vol.34 , pp. 4116-4119
    • French, K.1    Guest, R.K.2    Finch, G.R.3    Haas, C.N.4
  • 31
    • 0032423470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulating Cryptosporidium exposures in drinking water during an outbreak
    • Gale P. Simulating Cryptosporidium exposures in drinking water during an outbreak. Water Sci Technol 38 12 (1998) 7-13
    • (1998) Water Sci Technol , vol.38 , Issue.12 , pp. 7-13
    • Gale, P.1
  • 32
    • 0034925979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developments in microbial risk assessment for drinking water
    • Gale P. Developments in microbial risk assessment for drinking water. J Appl Microbiol 91 (2001) 191-205
    • (2001) J Appl Microbiol , vol.91 , pp. 191-205
    • Gale, P.1
  • 33
    • 0034273508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryptosporidium during a simulated outbreak
    • Gale P., and Stanfield G. Cryptosporidium during a simulated outbreak. J AWWA 92 9 (2000) 105-116
    • (2000) J AWWA , vol.92 , Issue.9 , pp. 105-116
    • Gale, P.1    Stanfield, G.2
  • 34
    • 0036024392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of aluminum silicate polymer composite as a coagulant for water treatment
    • Gao B.Y., Hahn H.H., and Hoffman E. Evaluation of aluminum silicate polymer composite as a coagulant for water treatment. Water Res 36 (2002) 3573-3581
    • (2002) Water Res , vol.36 , pp. 3573-3581
    • Gao, B.Y.1    Hahn, H.H.2    Hoffman, E.3
  • 35
    • 71849110027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of Cryptosporidiosis in Ireland
    • Middle Gardiner Street, Dublin 1
    • Garvey P., and McKeown P. Epidemiology of Cryptosporidiosis in Ireland. Health Protection Surveillance Centre (2004) Middle Gardiner Street, Dublin 1
    • (2004) Health Protection Surveillance Centre
    • Garvey, P.1    McKeown, P.2
  • 38
    • 33947359887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human enteropathogen load in activated sewage sludge and corresponding sewage sludge end products
    • Graczyk T., Lucy F.E., Tamang L., and Miraflor A. Human enteropathogen load in activated sewage sludge and corresponding sewage sludge end products. Appl Environ Microbiol 73 (2007) 2013-2015
    • (2007) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.73 , pp. 2013-2015
    • Graczyk, T.1    Lucy, F.E.2    Tamang, L.3    Miraflor, A.4
  • 39
    • 0037616296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of initial microbial density on inactivation of Giardia muris by ozone
    • Haas C.N., and Kaymak B. Effect of initial microbial density on inactivation of Giardia muris by ozone. Water Res 37 (2003) 2980-2988
    • (2003) Water Res , vol.37 , pp. 2980-2988
    • Haas, C.N.1    Kaymak, B.2
  • 40
    • 0003153905 scopus 로고
    • Reconciliation of microbial risk models and outbreak epidemiology: the case of the Milwaukee outbreak
    • AWWA, New York
    • Haas C., and Rose J. Reconciliation of microbial risk models and outbreak epidemiology: the case of the Milwaukee outbreak. Proceedings of the 1994 annual conference of the AWWA (AWWA) (1994), AWWA, New York
    • (1994) Proceedings of the 1994 annual conference of the AWWA (AWWA)
    • Haas, C.1    Rose, J.2
  • 44
    • 0028997585 scopus 로고
    • Cryptosporidium removal during water treatment using dissolved air flotation
    • Hall T., Pressdee J., Gregory R., and Murray K. Cryptosporidium removal during water treatment using dissolved air flotation. Water Sci Technol 31 3-4 (1995) 125-135
    • (1995) Water Sci Technol , vol.31 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 125-135
    • Hall, T.1    Pressdee, J.2    Gregory, R.3    Murray, K.4
  • 45
    • 40849108093 scopus 로고
    • Guide to selection of water treatment processes
    • Pontius F. (Ed), McGraw-Hill, New York
    • Hamann Jr. C.L., McEwen J.B., and Myers A.G. Guide to selection of water treatment processes. In: Pontius F. (Ed). Water Quality and Treatment (1990), McGraw-Hill, New York
    • (1990) Water Quality and Treatment
    • Hamann Jr., C.L.1    McEwen, J.B.2    Myers, A.G.3
  • 47
    • 0036131815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in the drinking water supply in Japan
    • Hashimoto A., Kunikane S., and Hirata T. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in the drinking water supply in Japan. Water Res 36 3 (2002) 519-526
    • (2002) Water Res , vol.36 , Issue.3 , pp. 519-526
    • Hashimoto, A.1    Kunikane, S.2    Hirata, T.3
  • 50
  • 51
    • 34247126608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Removal and fate of Cryptosporidium parvum, Clostridium perfringens and small-sized centric diatoms (Stephanodiscus hantzschii) in slow sand filters
    • Hijnen W.A., Dullemont Y.J., Schijven J.F., Hanzens-Brouwer A.J., Rosielle M., and Medema G. Removal and fate of Cryptosporidium parvum, Clostridium perfringens and small-sized centric diatoms (Stephanodiscus hantzschii) in slow sand filters. Water Res 41 10 (2007) 2151-2162
    • (2007) Water Res , vol.41 , Issue.10 , pp. 2151-2162
    • Hijnen, W.A.1    Dullemont, Y.J.2    Schijven, J.F.3    Hanzens-Brouwer, A.J.4    Rosielle, M.5    Medema, G.6
  • 52
    • 71849086678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A quantitative risk assessment on Cryptosporidium in food and water
    • http://www.teagasc.ie/publications/2003/conferences/cryptosporidiumparvum/paper05.asp. Accessed 06/02/09
    • Hoornstra E., and Hartog B. A quantitative risk assessment on Cryptosporidium in food and water. TNO Nutrition and Food Research, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ, Zeist, The Netherlands (2003). http://www.teagasc.ie/publications/2003/conferences/cryptosporidiumparvum/paper05.asp http://www.teagasc.ie/publications/2003/conferences/cryptosporidiumparvum/paper05.asp. Accessed 06/02/09
    • (2003) TNO Nutrition and Food Research, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ, Zeist, The Netherlands
    • Hoornstra, E.1    Hartog, B.2
  • 54
    • 71849084037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryptosporidiosis outbreak in the South East
    • HSE. Cryptosporidiosis outbreak in the South East. EPI-insight 8 1 (2007) 1-4
    • (2007) EPI-insight , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-4
    • HSE1
  • 56
    • 0034145698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advice on the response from public and environmental health to the detection of cryptosporidial oocysts in treated drinking water
    • Hunter P.R. Advice on the response from public and environmental health to the detection of cryptosporidial oocysts in treated drinking water. Commun Dis Public Health 3 (2000) 24-27
    • (2000) Commun Dis Public Health , vol.3 , pp. 24-27
    • Hunter, P.R.1
  • 57
    • 0036141514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology and clinical features of Cryptosporidium infection in immunocompromised patients
    • Hunter P.R., and Nicholos G. Epidemiology and clinical features of Cryptosporidium infection in immunocompromised patients. Clin Microbiol Rev 15 1 (2002) 145-154
    • (2002) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.15 , Issue.1 , pp. 145-154
    • Hunter, P.R.1    Nicholos, G.2
  • 59
  • 60
    • 0001034105 scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and MS2 virus removal by MF and UF
    • Jacangelo J.G., Adham S.S., and Laine J.M. Mechanism of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and MS2 virus removal by MF and UF. J AWWA 87 (1995) 107-121
    • (1995) J AWWA , vol.87 , pp. 107-121
    • Jacangelo, J.G.1    Adham, S.S.2    Laine, J.M.3
  • 61
    • 0031278103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of membrane technology in drinking water treatment in the United States
    • Jacangelo J.G., Rhodes Trussell R., and Watson M. Role of membrane technology in drinking water treatment in the United States. Desalination 113 (1997) 119-127
    • (1997) Desalination , vol.113 , pp. 119-127
    • Jacangelo, J.G.1    Rhodes Trussell, R.2    Watson, M.3
  • 62
    • 2942521943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update on the control of Giardia in water supplies
    • Olson B.E., Olson M.E., and Wallis P.M. (Eds), CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK
    • Jakubowski W., and Craun G.F. Update on the control of Giardia in water supplies. In: Olson B.E., Olson M.E., and Wallis P.M. (Eds). Giardia, the cosmopolitan parasite (2002), CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK 217-238
    • (2002) Giardia, the cosmopolitan parasite , pp. 217-238
    • Jakubowski, W.1    Craun, G.F.2
  • 63
    • 33748951468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryptosporidiosis outbreak in Ireland linked to public water supply
    • Jennings P., and Rhatigan A. Cryptosporidiosis outbreak in Ireland linked to public water supply. Eurosurveillance 6 22 (2002) 2089
    • (2002) Eurosurveillance , vol.6 , Issue.22 , pp. 2089
    • Jennings, P.1    Rhatigan, A.2
  • 64
    • 35848961074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryptosporidiosis outbreak
    • Jennings P., and Rhatigan A. Cryptosporidiosis outbreak. Epi-Insight 3 4 (2002) 1
    • (2002) Epi-Insight , vol.3 , Issue.4 , pp. 1
    • Jennings, P.1    Rhatigan, A.2
  • 65
    • 40849105195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of water treatment processes on Cryptosporidium infectivity
    • Keegan A., Daminato D., Saint C.P., and Monis P. Effect of water treatment processes on Cryptosporidium infectivity. Water Res 42 (2008) 1805-1811
    • (2008) Water Res , vol.42 , pp. 1805-1811
    • Keegan, A.1    Daminato, D.2    Saint, C.P.3    Monis, P.4
  • 66
    • 40849092169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental temperature controls metabolic rate and associated retention of infectivity by Cryptosporidium oocysts
    • King B.J., Keegan A.R., Monis P.T., and Saint C.P. Environmental temperature controls metabolic rate and associated retention of infectivity by Cryptosporidium oocysts. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 (2005) 6479-6488
    • (2005) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.71 , pp. 6479-6488
    • King, B.J.1    Keegan, A.R.2    Monis, P.T.3    Saint, C.P.4
  • 67
    • 0002948739 scopus 로고
    • Jar-test evaluations of enhanced coagulation
    • Krasner S.W., and Amy G.L. Jar-test evaluations of enhanced coagulation. J AWWA 87 10 (1995) 93-107
    • (1995) J AWWA , vol.87 , Issue.10 , pp. 93-107
    • Krasner, S.W.1    Amy, G.L.2
  • 68
    • 0036211220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of pH and magnetic material on immunomagnetic separation of Cryptosporidium oocysts from concentrated water samples
    • Kuhn R.C., Rock C.M., and Oshima K.H. Effects of pH and magnetic material on immunomagnetic separation of Cryptosporidium oocysts from concentrated water samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 68 (2002) 2066-2070
    • (2002) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.68 , pp. 2066-2070
    • Kuhn, R.C.1    Rock, C.M.2    Oshima, K.H.3
  • 69
    • 0026981840 scopus 로고
    • Examining relationships between particle counts and Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and turbidity
    • Lechevallier M.W., and Norton W.D. Examining relationships between particle counts and Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and turbidity. J AWWA 84 12 (1992) 54
    • (1992) J AWWA , vol.84 , Issue.12 , pp. 54
    • Lechevallier, M.W.1    Norton, W.D.2
  • 70
    • 0025809736 scopus 로고
    • Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. in filtered drinking water supplies
    • LeChevallier M.W., Norton M.W., and Lee R.G. Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. in filtered drinking water supplies. Appl Environ Microbiol 57 (1991) 2617-2621
    • (1991) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.57 , pp. 2617-2621
    • LeChevallier, M.W.1    Norton, M.W.2    Lee, R.G.3
  • 71
    • 40449092243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction of Cryptosporidium and Giardia by sewage treatment processes
    • Lim Y.A., Wan Hafiz W.I., and Nissapatorn V. Reduction of Cryptosporidium and Giardia by sewage treatment processes. Trop Biomed 24 1 (2007) 95-104
    • (2007) Trop Biomed , vol.24 , Issue.1 , pp. 95-104
    • Lim, Y.A.1    Wan Hafiz, W.I.2    Nissapatorn, V.3
  • 73
    • 71849120262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Giardia/Crytposporidium pilot spiking investigations: removals achieved and risks for breakthrough
    • McTigue N.E. Giardia/Crytposporidium pilot spiking investigations: removals achieved and risks for breakthrough. AWWA Research Foundation and AWWA, Denver, CO (1998)
    • (1998) AWWA Research Foundation and AWWA, Denver, CO
    • McTigue, N.E.1
  • 75
    • 0343512174 scopus 로고
    • Removing Giardia and Cryptosporidium cysts through direct filtration and conventional treatment
    • Nieminski E.C. Removing Giardia and Cryptosporidium cysts through direct filtration and conventional treatment. Proc. 1994 AWWA Ann. Conf., New York (1994)
    • (1994) Proc. 1994 AWWA Ann. Conf., New York
    • Nieminski, E.C.1
  • 76
    • 0031882515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Susceptibility and serologic response of healthy adults to reinfection with Cryptosporidium parvum
    • Okhuysen P., Chappell C., Sterling C., Jakubowski W., and DuPont H. Susceptibility and serologic response of healthy adults to reinfection with Cryptosporidium parvum. Infect Immun 66 2 (1998) 441-443
    • (1998) Infect Immun , vol.66 , Issue.2 , pp. 441-443
    • Okhuysen, P.1    Chappell, C.2    Sterling, C.3    Jakubowski, W.4    DuPont, H.5
  • 77
    • 0033394114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virulence of three distinct Cryptosporidium parvum isolates for healthy adults
    • Okhuysen P.C., Chappell C.L., Crabb J.H., Sterling C.R., and DuPont H.L. Virulence of three distinct Cryptosporidium parvum isolates for healthy adults. J Infect Dis 180 4 (1999) 1275-1281
    • (1999) J Infect Dis , vol.180 , Issue.4 , pp. 1275-1281
    • Okhuysen, P.C.1    Chappell, C.L.2    Crabb, J.H.3    Sterling, C.R.4    DuPont, H.L.5
  • 78
    • 1842852672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing of diatomaceous earth filtration for removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts
    • Ongerth J.E., and Hutton P.E. Testing of diatomaceous earth filtration for removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts. J AWWA 93 (2001) 54-63
    • (2001) J AWWA , vol.93 , pp. 54-63
    • Ongerth, J.E.1    Hutton, P.E.2
  • 79
    • 0029545588 scopus 로고
    • Removing Cryptosporidium using multimedia filters
    • Ongerth J.E., and Percora J.P. Removing Cryptosporidium using multimedia filters. J AWWA 87 12 (1995) 83-89
    • (1995) J AWWA , vol.87 , Issue.12 , pp. 83-89
    • Ongerth, J.E.1    Percora, J.P.2
  • 80
    • 71849101300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryptosporidium Outbreak in a Continuously Tested Public Water Supply
    • O'Toole C.E., Jennings P., Meagher G., and Kelly I. Cryptosporidium Outbreak in a Continuously Tested Public Water Supply. EPI-Insight 5 10 (2004) 1
    • (2004) EPI-Insight , vol.5 , Issue.10 , pp. 1
    • O'Toole, C.E.1    Jennings, P.2    Meagher, G.3    Kelly, I.4
  • 82
    • 0030967190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective epidemiological study of gastrointestinal health effects due to the consumption of drinking water
    • Payment P., Siemiatychi J., Richardson L., Renaud G., Franco E., and Prevost M. A prospective epidemiological study of gastrointestinal health effects due to the consumption of drinking water. Int J Environ Health Res 7 (1997) 5-31
    • (1997) Int J Environ Health Res , vol.7 , pp. 5-31
    • Payment, P.1    Siemiatychi, J.2    Richardson, L.3    Renaud, G.4    Franco, E.5    Prevost, M.6
  • 85
    • 71849101502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • http://www.igame.ie/index.php?pgtype=faqs. Accessed 06/02/09
    • PIAI. Primary Immunodeficiency Association of Ireland (2009). http://www.igame.ie/index.php?pgtype=faqs http://www.igame.ie/index.php?pgtype=faqs. Accessed 06/02/09
    • (2009) Primary Immunodeficiency Association of Ireland
    • PIAI1
  • 86
    • 0001792483 scopus 로고
    • Removing Cryptosporidium by dissolved-air flotation
    • Plummer J.D., Edzwald J.K., and Kelley M.B. Removing Cryptosporidium by dissolved-air flotation. J AWWA 87 9 (1995) 85-95
    • (1995) J AWWA , vol.87 , Issue.9 , pp. 85-95
    • Plummer, J.D.1    Edzwald, J.K.2    Kelley, M.B.3
  • 87
    • 38049027740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryptosporidiosis and filtration of water from Loch Lomond, Scotland
    • Pollock K.G., Young D., Smith H.V., and Ramsay C.N. Cryptosporidiosis and filtration of water from Loch Lomond, Scotland. Emerg Infect Dis 14 1 (2008) 115-120
    • (2008) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.14 , Issue.1 , pp. 115-120
    • Pollock, K.G.1    Young, D.2    Smith, H.V.3    Ramsay, C.N.4
  • 88
    • 1442354805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A quantitative risk assessment of waterborne cryptosporidiosis in France using second-order Monte Carlo simulation
    • Pouillot R., Beaudeau P., Denis J.B., and Derouin F. A quantitative risk assessment of waterborne cryptosporidiosis in France using second-order Monte Carlo simulation. Risk Anal 24 1 (2004) 1-17
    • (2004) Risk Anal , vol.24 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-17
    • Pouillot, R.1    Beaudeau, P.2    Denis, J.B.3    Derouin, F.4
  • 89
    • 0026254843 scopus 로고
    • Modelling the risk from Giardia and viruses in drinking water
    • Regli S., Rose J.B., Haas C.N., and Gerba C.P. Modelling the risk from Giardia and viruses in drinking water. J AWWA 83 11 (1991) 76-84
    • (1991) J AWWA , vol.83 , Issue.11 , pp. 76-84
    • Regli, S.1    Rose, J.B.2    Haas, C.N.3    Gerba, C.P.4
  • 91
    • 67650312620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of Cryptosporidium in wastewater reuse for drinking water purposes: a case study for the city of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    • Rietveld L.C., Meijer L., Smeets P.W.M.H., and van der Hoek J.P. Assessment of Cryptosporidium in wastewater reuse for drinking water purposes: a case study for the city of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Water SA 35 2 (2008) 211-215
    • (2008) Water SA , vol.35 , Issue.2 , pp. 211-215
    • Rietveld, L.C.1    Meijer, L.2    Smeets, P.W.M.H.3    van der Hoek, J.P.4
  • 92
    • 0030297925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Removal of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms by a full-scale water reclamation facility
    • Rose J.B., Dickson L.J., Farrah S.R., and Carnahan R.P. Removal of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms by a full-scale water reclamation facility. Water Res 30 11 (1996) 2785-2797
    • (1996) Water Res , vol.30 , Issue.11 , pp. 2785-2797
    • Rose, J.B.1    Dickson, L.J.2    Farrah, S.R.3    Carnahan, R.P.4
  • 93
    • 0026521832 scopus 로고
    • Lognormal distributions for water intake by children and adults
    • Roseberry A.M., and Burmaster D.E. Lognormal distributions for water intake by children and adults. Risk Anal 12 1 (1992) 99-104
    • (1992) Risk Anal , vol.12 , Issue.1 , pp. 99-104
    • Roseberry, A.M.1    Burmaster, D.E.2
  • 94
    • 71849088829 scopus 로고
    • Slow sand filtration of cysts and other particulates
    • AWWA; Water Quality for the New Decade
    • Schuler P.F., and Ghosh M.M. Slow sand filtration of cysts and other particulates. Annual conference proceedings (1991) AWWA; Water Quality for the New Decade
    • (1991) Annual conference proceedings
    • Schuler, P.F.1    Ghosh, M.M.2
  • 95
    • 0035408422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-pressure UV inactivation and DNA repair potential of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts
    • Shin G.A., Linden K.G., Arrowood M.J., and Sobsey M.D. Low-pressure UV inactivation and DNA repair potential of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Appl Environ Microbiol 67 7 (2001) 3029-3032
    • (2001) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.67 , Issue.7 , pp. 3029-3032
    • Shin, G.A.1    Linden, K.G.2    Arrowood, M.J.3    Sobsey, M.D.4
  • 97
    • 33747195557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in Northern Ireland
    • Smyth B. Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in Northern Ireland. Euro Surveill 5 18 (2001) 1759
    • (2001) Euro Surveill , vol.5 , Issue.18 , pp. 1759
    • Smyth, B.1
  • 100
    • 0036864568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced coagulation and removal of Cryptosporidium
    • States S.M., Tomko R., Scheuring M., and Casson L. Enhanced coagulation and removal of Cryptosporidium. J AWWA 94 11 (2002) 67
    • (2002) J AWWA , vol.94 , Issue.11 , pp. 67
    • States, S.M.1    Tomko, R.2    Scheuring, M.3    Casson, L.4
  • 101
    • 0031048349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protozoal agents: what are the dangers for the public water supply?
    • Steiner T.S., Thielman N.M., and Guerrant R.L. Protozoal agents: what are the dangers for the public water supply?. Annu Rev Med 48 (1997) 329-340
    • (1997) Annu Rev Med , vol.48 , pp. 329-340
    • Steiner, T.S.1    Thielman, N.M.2    Guerrant, R.L.3
  • 104
    • 33644499507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancement of Cryptosporidium oocyst removal by coagulation and sedimentation with ploy-silicate iron
    • Tetsuji O., Phengxay D., Wataru N., Takao H., and Mitsumasa O. Enhancement of Cryptosporidium oocyst removal by coagulation and sedimentation with ploy-silicate iron. J Chem Eng Jpn 39 2 (2006) 137-143
    • (2006) J Chem Eng Jpn , vol.39 , Issue.2 , pp. 137-143
    • Tetsuji, O.1    Phengxay, D.2    Wataru, N.3    Takao, H.4    Mitsumasa, O.5
  • 105
    • 0003928743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryptosporidium in drinking water: evaluation of the ILSI/RSI quantitative risk assessment framework
    • Teunis P.F.M., and Havelaar A.H. Cryptosporidium in drinking water: evaluation of the ILSI/RSI quantitative risk assessment framework. RIVM report no. 284 550 006 (1999)
    • (1999) RIVM report no. 284 550 006
    • Teunis, P.F.M.1    Havelaar, A.H.2
  • 106
    • 0030615884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of the risk of infection by Cryptosporidium or Giardia in drinking water from a surface water source
    • Teunis P.F.M., Medema G.J., Kruidenier L., and Havelaar A.H. Assessment of the risk of infection by Cryptosporidium or Giardia in drinking water from a surface water source. Water Res 31 (1997) 1333-1346
    • (1997) Water Res , vol.31 , pp. 1333-1346
    • Teunis, P.F.M.1    Medema, G.J.2    Kruidenier, L.3    Havelaar, A.H.4
  • 107
    • 0029065138 scopus 로고
    • Removal of Cryptosporidium by slow sand filtration
    • Timms S., Slade J.S., and Fricker C.R. Removal of Cryptosporidium by slow sand filtration. Water Sci Technol 31 5 (1995) 81-84
    • (1995) Water Sci Technol , vol.31 , Issue.5 , pp. 81-84
    • Timms, S.1    Slade, J.S.2    Fricker, C.R.3
  • 108
    • 0037623446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of pressure-driven membrane processes in wastewater treatment and drinking water production
    • Van der Bruggen B., Vandecasteele C., Gestel T.V., Doyen W., and Leysen R. A review of pressure-driven membrane processes in wastewater treatment and drinking water production. Environ Prog 22 (2003) 46-56
    • (2003) Environ Prog , vol.22 , pp. 46-56
    • Van der Bruggen, B.1    Vandecasteele, C.2    Gestel, T.V.3    Doyen, W.4    Leysen, R.5
  • 110
    • 0038575708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A theoretical approach to assess microbial risks due to failures in drinking water systems
    • Westrell T., Bergstedt O., Stenström T.A., and Ashbolt N.J. A theoretical approach to assess microbial risks due to failures in drinking water systems. Int J Environ Health Res 13 (2003) 181-197
    • (2003) Int J Environ Health Res , vol.13 , pp. 181-197
    • Westrell, T.1    Bergstedt, O.2    Stenström, T.A.3    Ashbolt, N.J.4
  • 113
    • 0033842990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infection of immunosuppressed C57BL/6N adult mice with a single oocyst of a Cryptosporidium parvum
    • Yang S., Benson S.K., Du C., and Healey M.C. Infection of immunosuppressed C57BL/6N adult mice with a single oocyst of a Cryptosporidium parvum. J Parasitol 86 (2000) 884-887
    • (2000) J Parasitol , vol.86 , pp. 884-887
    • Yang, S.1    Benson, S.K.2    Du, C.3    Healey, M.C.4
  • 115
    • 0038049769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inactivation and potential repair of Cryptosporidium parvum following low- and medium-pressure ultraviolet irradiation
    • Zimmer J.L., Slawson R.M., and Huck P.M. Inactivation and potential repair of Cryptosporidium parvum following low- and medium-pressure ultraviolet irradiation. Water Res 37 14 (2003) 3517-3523
    • (2003) Water Res , vol.37 , Issue.14 , pp. 3517-3523
    • Zimmer, J.L.1    Slawson, R.M.2    Huck, P.M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.