A genetic analysis of the sakishima islanders reveals no relationship with taiwan aborigines but shared ancestry with ainu and main-island Japanese

American Journal of Physical Anthropology

Volumn 142, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 211-223

  Matsukusa, Hirotaka ^a   Oota, Hiroki ^a   Haneji, Kuniaki ^b   Toma, Takashi ^c   Kawamura, Shoji ^a   Ishida, Hajime ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

^b Medical Corporation Hayama Group   (Japan)

^c Adventist Medical Center   (Japan)

^d UNIVERSITY OF THE RYUKYUS   (Japan)

Author keywords

Autosomal STR; Dual structure model; mtDNA; Population genetics; Y STR; YAP+

Indexed keywords

MITOCHONDRIAL DNA;

ABORIGINE; ARTICLE; DEMOGRAPHY; GENE LOCUS; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HUMAN; JAPANESE; PHYLOGENY; PLESIOMORPHY; SHORT TANDEM REPEAT; TAIWAN; TOOTH CROWN; Y CHROMOSOME;

ALU ELEMENTS; ASIAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, Y; COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY; DNA, MITOCHONDRIAL; FEMALE; GENETIC VARIATION; GENETICS, POPULATION; HAPLOTYPES; HUMANS; JAPAN; MALE; PHYLOGENY; TAIWAN;

EID: 71749101686     PISSN: 00029483     EISSN: 10968644     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21212     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. Anderson S, Bankier AT, Barrell BG, de Bruijn MH, Coulson AR, Drouin J, Eperon IC, Nierlich DP, Roe BA, Sanger F, Schreier PH, Smith AJ, Staden R, Young IG. 1981. Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. Nature 290:457-465. (Pubitemid 11159074)
2. Andrews RM, Kubacka I, Chinnery PF, Lightowlers RN, Turnbull DM, Howell N. 1999. Reanalysis and revision of the Cambridge reference sequence for human mitochondrial DNA. Nat Genet 23:147. (Pubitemid 29455385)
3. Asato S. 2003. Prehistory and proto-history in the Ryukyu island chain (in Japanese). History of Okinawa 2: archaeology. Naha: Okinawa Prefecture.
4. Bandelt HJ, Forster P, Rohl A. 1999. Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies. Mol Biol Evol 16:37-48. (Pubitemid 29024937)
5. Bandelt HJ, Forster P, Sykes BC, Richards MB. 1995. Mitochondrial portraits of human populations using median networks. Genetics 141:743-753.
6. Bellwood P. 1985. Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian archipelago, 1st ed. Sydney: Academy Press.
7. Bellwood P. 1997. Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian archipelago, revised edition. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
8. Brace CL, Brace ML, Leonard WR. 1989. Reflections on the face of Japan: a multivariate craniofacial and odontometric perspective. Am J Phys Anthropol 78:93-113.
9. Brace CL, Hunt KD. 1990. A nonracial craniofacial perspective on human variation: A(ustralia) to Z(uni). Am J Phys Anthropol 82:341-360.
10. Chen YS, Torroni A, Excoffier L, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Wallace DC. 1995. Analysis of mtDNA variation in African populations reveals the most ancient of all human continent-specific haplogroups. Am J Hum Genet 57:133-149.
11. Comas D, Calafell F, Mateu E, Perez-Lezaun A, Bosch E, Martinez-Arias R, Clarimon J, Facchini F, Fiori G, Luiselli D, et al. 1998. Trading genes along the silk road: mtDNA sequences and the origin of central Asian populations. Am J Hum Genet 63:1824-1838. (Pubitemid 30415745)
12. Cox MP, Redd AJ, Karafet TM, Ponder CA, Lansing S, Sudoyo H, Hammer MF. 2007. A Polynesian motif on the Y chromosome: population structure in remote Oceania. Hum Biol 79:525-535. (Pubitemid 351587381)
13. Destro-Bisol G, Donati F, Coia V, Boschi I, Verginelli F, Caglia A, Tofanelli S, Spedini G, Capelli C. 2004. Variation of female and male lineages in sub-Saharan populations: the importance of sociocultural factors. Mol Biol Evol 21:1673-1682. (Pubitemid 39096883)
14. Diamond JM. 2000. Taiwan's gift to the world. Nature 403:709-710.
15. Dobashi Y, Kido A, Fujitani N, Hara M, Susukida R, Oya M. 2005a. STR data for the AmpFLSTR Identifiler loci in Bangladeshi and Indonesian populations. Leg Med (Tokyo) 7:222-226. (Pubitemid 40828860)
16. Dobashi Y, Kido A, Fujitani N, Susukida R, Hara M, Oya M. 2005b. Y-chromosome STR haplotypes in a Bangladeshi population. Leg Med (Tokyo) 7:122-126. (Pubitemid 40228875)
17. Dodo Y, Doi N, Kondo O. 1998. Ainu and Ryukyuan cranial non-metric variation: evidence which disputes the Ainu-Ryukyu common origin theory. Anthropol Sci 106:99-120. (Pubitemid 128156325)
18. Dodo Y, Ishida H. 1990. Population history of Japan as reviewed from cranial nonmetric variation. J Anthropol Soc Nippon 98:269-287.
19. Dodo Y, Kawakubo Y. 2002. Cranial affinities of the Epi-Jomon inhabitants in Hokkaido, Japan. Anthropol Sci 110:1-32.
20. Dupanloup I, Pereira L, Bertorelle G, Calafell F, Prata MJ, Amorim A, Barbujani G. 2003. A recent shift from polygyny to monogamy in humans is suggested by the analysis of worldwide Y-chromosome diversity. J Mol Evol 57:85-97. (Pubitemid 36920453)
21. Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S. 2005. Arlequin (version 3.0): An integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evol Bioinform Online 47-50.
22. Fukumine T, Hanihara T, Nishime A, Ishida H. 2006. Nonmetric cranial variation of early modem human skeletal remains from Kumejima. Okinawa and the peopling of the Ryukyu Islands. Anthropol Sci 114:141-151.
23. Fung WK, Ye J, Hu L, Zhao X, Liu B, Wong DM, Law MY. 2001. Allele frequencies for nine STR loci in Beijing Chinese. Forensic Sci Int 121:207-209.
24. Gusmao L, Prata MJ, Sanchez-Diz P, Lareu MV, Carracedo A, Alves C, Martins N, Amorim A. 2001. STR data for the AmpFlSTR profiler plus loci from Macau (China). Forensic Sci Int 123:74-75. (Pubitemid 33122065)
25. Hammer MF. 1994. A recent insertion of an alu element on the Y chromosome is a useful marker for human population studies. Mol Biol Evol 11:749-761.
26. Hammer MF, Blackmer F, Garrigan D, Nachman MW, Wilder JA. 2003. Human population structure and its effects on sampling Y chromosome sequence variation. Genetics 164:1495-1509. (Pubitemid 37102211)
27. Hammer MF, Horai S. 1995. Y chromosomal DNA variation and the peopling of Japan. Am J Hum Genet 56:951-962.
28. Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Park H, Omoto K, Harihara S, Stoneking M, Horai S. 2006. Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes. J Hum Genet 51:47-58. (Pubitemid 43162251)
29. Han GR, Lee YW, Lee HL, Kim SM, Ku TW, Kang IH, Lee HS, Hwang JJ. 2000. A Korean population study of the nine STR loci FGA, VWA, D3S1358, D18S51, D21S11, D8S1179, D7S820, D13S317 and D5S818. Int J Legal Med 114:41-44.
30. Haneji K, Hanihara T, Sunakawa H, Toma T, Ishida H. 2007. Non-metric dental variation of Sakishima Islanders, Okinawa, Japan: a comparative study among Sakishima and neighboring populations. Anthropol Sci 115:35-45.
31. Hanihara K. 1991. Dual structure model for the population history of the Japanese. Jpn Rev 2:1-33.
32. Hanihara K. 1998. Reanalysis of local variations in the Ainu crania. Anthropol Sci 106:1-15. (Pubitemid 128687685)
33. Hanihara K, Masuda T, Tanaka T. 1974. Affinities of dental characteristics in Okinawa Islanders. J Anthropol Soc Nippon 99:399-409.
34. Hashiyada M, Itakura Y, Nagashima T, Nata M, Funayama M. 2003. Polymorphism of 17 STRs by multiplex analysis in Japanese population. Forensic Sci Int 133:250-253. (Pubitemid 36638304)
35. Hatta Y, Ohashi J, Imanishi T, Kamiyama H, Iha M, Simabukuro T, Ogawa A, Tanaka H, Akaza T, Gojobori T, Juji T, Tokunaga K. 1999. HLA genes and haplotypes in Ryukyuans suggest recent gene flow to the Okinawa Islands. Hum Biol 71:353-365. (Pubitemid 29257228)
36. Higa T, Hanihara T, Sunakawa H, Ishida H. 2003. Dental variation of Ryukyu islanders: a comparative study among Ryukyu, Ainu, and other Asian populations. Am J Hum Biol 15:127-143. (Pubitemid 36335910)
37. Horai S, Murayama K, Hayasaka K, Matsubayashi S, Hattori Y, Fucharoen G, Harihara S, Park KS, Omoto K, Pan IH. 1996. mtDNA polymorphism in East Asian Populations, with special reference to the peopling of Japan. Am J Hum Genet 59:579-590. (Pubitemid 26269036)
38. Huang TY, Hsu YT, Li JM, Chung JH, Shun CT. 2008. Polymorphism of 17 Y-STR loci in Taiwan population. Forensic Sci Int 174:249-254.
39. Imamura K. 1996. Prehistoric Japan: new perspectives on insular East Asia. London: UCL Press.
40. Karafet T, Zegura SL, Vuturo-Brady J, Posukh O, Osipova L, Wiebe V, Romero F, Long JC, Harihara S, Jin F, Dashnyam B, Gerelsaikhan T, Omoto K, Hammer MF. 1997. Y chromosome markers and Trans-Bering Strait dispersals. Am J Phys Anthropol 102:301-314. (Pubitemid 27154650)
41. Kayser M, Brauer S, Cordaux R, Casto A, Lao O, Zhivotovsky LA, Moyse-Faurie C, Rutledge RB, Schiefenhoevel W, Gil D, Lin AA, Underhill PA, Oefner PJ, Trent RJ, Stoneking M. 2006. Melanesian and Asian origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y chromosome gradients across the Pacific. Mol Biol Evol 23:2234-2244. (Pubitemid 44540181)
42. Kayser M, Brauer S, Weiss G, Underhill PA, Roewer L, Schiefenhovel W, Stoneking M. 2000. Melanesian origin of Polynesian Y chromosomes. Curr Biol 10:1237-1246.
43. Kayser M, Caglia A, Corach D, Fretwell N, Gehrig C, Graziosi G, Heidorn F, Herrmann S, Herzog B, Hidding M, Honda K, Jobling M, Krawczak M, Leim K, Meuser S, Meyer E, Oesterreich W, Pandya A, Parson W, Penacino G, Perez-Lezaun A, Piccinini A, Prinz M, Schmitt C, Roewer L. 1997. Evaluation of Y-chromosomal STRs: a multicenter study. Int J Legal Med 110:125-133, 141-1129
44. Kayser M, Choi Y, van Oven M, Mona S, Brauer S, Trent RJ, Suarkia D, Schiefenhovel W, Stoneking M. 2008. The impact of the Austronesian expansion: evidence from mtDNA and Y chromosome diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia. Mol Biol Evol 25:1362-1374. (Pubitemid 351882008)
45. Kimura M. 1996. Studies of land bridges and the migration of men and other animals along them - quaternary paleogeography of the Ryukyu Arc (in Japanese). J Geogr 105:259-285.
46. Kivisild T, Tolk HV, Parik J, Wang Y, Papiha SS, Bandelt HJ, Villems R. 2002. The emerging limbs and twigs of the East Asian mtDNA tree. Mol Biol Evol 19:1737-1751.
47. Kolman CJ, Sambuughin N, Bermingham E. 1996. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Mongolian populations and implications for the origin of New World founders. Genetics 142:1321-1334. (Pubitemid 26115511)
48. Kumagai R, Kumagai A, Saigusa K, Aoki Y. 2007. Haplotype analysis of 17 Y-STR loci in a Japanese population. Forensic Sci Int 172:72-78. (Pubitemid 47223592)
49. Lansing JS, Cox MP, Downey SS, Gabler BM, Hallmark B, Karafet TM, Norquest P, Schoenfelder JW, Sudoyo H, Watkins JC, Hammer MF. 2007. Coevolution of languages and genes on the island of Sumba, eastern Indonesia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:16022-16026. (Pubitemid 350099353)
50. Li SL, Yamamoto T, Yoshimoto T, Uchihi R, Mizutani M, Kurimoto Y, Tokunaga K, Jin F, Katsumata Y, Saitou N. 2006. Phylogenetic relationship of the populations within and around Japan using 105 short tandem repeat polymorphic loci. Hum Genet 118:695-707. (Pubitemid 43225015)
51. Li W, Hu L, Chen S, Qiu N. 2004. 10 Y-STRs haplotypes in Chinese. Forensic Sci Int 139:85-88.
52. Matsumura H. 1994. A microevolutional history of the Japanese people from a dental characteristics perspective. Anthropol Sci 102:93-118.
53. Matsumura H, Hudson MJ. 2005. Dental perspectives on the population history of Southeast Asia. Am J Phys Anthropol 127:182-209. (Pubitemid 40664277)
54. Melton T, Peterson R, Redd AJ, Saha N, Sofro AS, Martinson J, Stoneking M. 1995. Polynesian genetic affinities with Southeast Asian populations as identified by mtDNA analysis. Am J Hum Genet 57:403-414.
55. Meyer S, Weiss G, von Haeseler A. 1999. Pattern of nucleotide substitution and rate heterogeneity in the hypervariable regions I and II of human mtDNA. Genetics 152:1103-1110. (Pubitemid 29330909)
56. Morikawa T, Nakaki S, Moriyoshi H, Nakayama H, Hino D, Miyoshi M, Itohara K. 2006. Allele frequencies and haplotypes of the 12 Y-STR loci using the PowerPlex Y system in Japanese population. J Forensic Sci 51:941-944. (Pubitemid 44015211)
57. Nei M, Chesser RK. 1983. Estimation of fixation indices and gene diversities. Ann Hum Genet 47 (Part 3):253-259. (Pubitemid 13000183)
58. Nei M, Li WH. 1979. Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction endonucleases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:5269-5273. (Pubitemid 10236121)
59. Omoto K, Ishimoto G, Harada S, Misawa S. 1975. Distribution of genetic markers in blood-samples from Okinawa, Ryukyus 2. Distribution of several red-cell enzyme types in Ishigaki island. J Anthropol Soc Nippon 83:253-260. (Pubitemid 8010368)
60. Omoto K, Ishizaki K, Harada S, Akaishi S, Kudo T, Takahash. K. 1973. Distribution of serum protein and red cell enzyme types among blood donors of Okinawa-IS, Ryukyus. J Anthropol Soc Nippon 81:159-173.
61. Omoto K, Saitou N. 1997. Genetic origins of the Japanese: a partial support for the dual structure hypothesis. Am J Phys Anthropol 102:437-446. (Pubitemid 27190762)
62. Oota H, Kitano T, Jin F, Yuasa I, Wang L, Ueda S, Saitou N, Stoneking M. 2002. Extreme mtDNA homogeneity in continental Asian populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 118:146-153. (Pubitemid 34521286)
63. Oota H, Pakendorf B, Weiss G, von Haeseler A, Pookajorn S, Settheetham-Ishida W, Tiwawech D, Ishida T, Stoneking M. 2005. Recent origin and cultural reversion of a hunter-gatherer group. PLoS Biol 3:e71.
64. Oota H, Saitou N, Matsushita T, Ueda S. 1995. A genetic study of 2,000-year-old human remains from Japan using mitochondrial DNA sequences. Am J Phys Anthropol 98:133-145.
65. Oota H, Settheetham-Ishida W, Tiwawech D, Ishida T, Stoneking M. 2001. Human mtDNA and Y-chromosome variation is correlated with matrilocal versus patrilocal residence. Nat Genet 29:20-21. (Pubitemid 32801801)
66. Ossenberg NS, Dodo Y, Maeda T, Kawakubo Y. 2006. Ethnogenesis and craniofacial change in Japan from the perspective of nonmetric traits. Anthropol Sci 114:99-115. (Pubitemid 44232187)
67. Pakendorf B, Novgorodov IN, Osakovskij VL, Stoneking M. 2007. Mating patterns amongst Siberian reindeer herders: inferences from mtDNA and Y-chromosomal analyses. Am J Phys Anthropol 133:1013-1027. (Pubitemid 46919581)
68. Park MJ, Lee HY, Yoo JE, Chung U, Lee SY, Shin KJ. 2005. Forensic evaluation and haplotypes of 19 Y-chromosomal STR loci in Koreans. Forensic Sci Int 152:133-147. (Pubitemid 40839280)
69. Pilkington MM, Wilder JA, Mendez FL, Cox MP, Woerner A, Angui T, Kingan S, Mobasher Z, Batini C, Destro-Bisol G, et al. 2008. Contrasting signatures of population growth for mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes among human populations in Africa. Mol Biol Evol 25:517-525. (Pubitemid 351301908)
70. Quinque D, Kittler R, Kayser M, Stoneking M, Nasidze I. 2006. Evaluation of saliva as a source of human DNA for population and association studies. Anal Biochem 353:272-277. (Pubitemid 43775441)
71. Quintana-Murci L, Semino O, Bandelt HJ, Passarino G, McElreavey K, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS. 1999. Genetic evidence of an early exit of Homo sapiens from Africa through eastern Africa. Nat Genet 23:437-441. (Pubitemid 30195361)
72. Redd AJ, Takezaki N, Sherry ST, McGarvey ST, Sofro AS, Stoneking M. 1995. Evolutionary history of the COII/tRNALys intergenic 9 base pair deletion in human mitochondrial DNAs from the Pacific. Mol Biol Evol 12:604-615.
73. Richards M, Oppenheimer S, Sykes B. 1998. mtDNA suggests Polynesian origins in Eastern Indonesia. Am J Hum Genet 63:1234-1236. (Pubitemid 30418597)
74. Rozas J, Sanchez-DelBarrio JC, Messeguer X, Rozas R. 2003. DnaSP. DNA polymorphism analyses by the coalescent and other methods. Bioinformatics 19:2496-2497.
75. Saitou N, Nei M. 1987. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol 4:406-425.
76. Sajantila A, Salem AH, Savolainen P, Bauer K, Gierig C, Paabo S. 1996. Paternal and maternal DNA lineages reveal a bottleneck in the founding of the Finnish population. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:12035-12039. (Pubitemid 26347244)
77. Seielstad MT, Minch E, Cavalli-Sforza LL. 1998. Genetic evidence for a higher female migration rate in humans. Nat Genet 20:278-280. (Pubitemid 28507673)
78. Shibatani M. 1990. The languages of Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
79. Slatkin M. 1995. A measure of population subdivision based on microsatellite allele frequencies. Genetics 139:457-462.
80. Smouse PE, Peakall R. 1999. Spatial autocorrelation analysis of individual multiallele and multilocus genetic structure. Heredity 82 (Part 5):561-573. (Pubitemid 29285226)
81. Sokal RR, Thomson BA. 1998. Spatial genetic structure of human populations in Japan. Hum Biol 70:1-22. (Pubitemid 28091515)
82. Tajima A, Hayami M, Tokunaga K, Juji T, Matsuo M, Marzuki S, Omoto K, Horai S. 2004. Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages. J Hum Genet 49:187-193. (Pubitemid 38657567)
83. Tajima A, Pan IH, Fucharoen G, Fucharoen S, Matsuo M, Tokunaga K, Juji T, Hayami M, Omoto K, Horai S. 2002. Three major lineages of Asian Y chromosomes: implications for the peopling of east and southeast Asia. Hum Genet 110:80-88. (Pubitemid 36067422)
84. Tajima A, Sun CS, Pan IH, Ishida T, Saitou N, Horai S. 2003. Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in nine aboriginal groups of Taiwan: implications for the population history of aboriginal Taiwanese. Hum Genet 113:24-33. (Pubitemid 36869035)
85. Tajima F. 1983. Evolutionary relationship of DNA sequences in finite populations. Genetics 105:437-460. (Pubitemid 14247444)
86. Tajima F. 1989. Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism. Genetics 123:585-595. (Pubitemid 19274682)
87. Takamiya H, Obata H. 2002. Peopling of western Japan, focusing of Kyushu. Shikoku, and Ryukyu archipelago. Radiocardon 44:495-502.
88. Tamura K, Nei M. 1993. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Mol Biol Evol 10:512-526. (Pubitemid 23157236)
89. Tie J, Wang X, Oxida S. 2006. Genetic polymorphisms of 15 STR loci in a Japanese population. J Forensic Sci 51:188-189.
90. Toma T, Hanihara T, Sunakawa H, Haneji K, Ishida H. 2007. Metric dental diversity of Ryukyu islanders: a comparative study among Ryukyu and other Asian populations. Anthropol Sci 115:119-131.
91. Trejaut JA, Kivisild T, Loo JH, Lee CL, He CL, Hsu CJ, Lee ZY, Lin M. 2005. Traces of archaic mitochondrial lineages persist in Austronesian-speaking Formosan populations. PLoS Biol 3:e247.
92. Turner CG II. 1987. Late pleistocene and holocene population history of east Asia based on dental variation. Am J Phys Anthropol 73:305-321.
93. Turner CG II. 1990. Major features of Sundadonty and Sinodonty, including suggestions about East Asian microevolution, population history, and late Pleistocene relationships with Australian aboriginals. Am J Phys Anthropol 82:295-317.
94. Umetsu K, Tanaka M, Yuasa I, Saitou N, Takeyasu I, Fuku N, Naito E, Ago K, Nakayashiki N, Miyoshi A, Kashimura S, Watanabe G, Osawa M. 2001. Multiplex amplified product-length polymorphism analysis for rapid detection of human mitochondrial DNA variations. Electrophoresis 22:3533-3538. (Pubitemid 32970667)
95. Vigilant L, Pennington R, Harpending H, Kocher TD, Wilson AC. 1989. Mitochondrial DNA sequences in single hairs from a southern African population. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:9350-9354. (Pubitemid 20010423)
96. Wang CW, Chen DP, Chen CY, Lu SC, Sun CF. 2003. STR data for the AmpFlSTR SGM Plus and Profiler loci from Taiwan. Forensic Sci Int 138:119-122. (Pubitemid 37464742)
97. Watanabe T, Saiki K, Okamoto K, Wakebe T. 2004. Metrical and nonmetrical analyses of modem female crania in the northwestern Kyushu area. Anthropol Sci 112:147-159. (Pubitemid 39539967)
98. Wilder JA, Mobasher Z, Hammer MF. 2004. Genetic evidence for unequal effective population sizes of human females and males. Mol Biol Evol 21:2047-2057. (Pubitemid 39391981)
99. Yamaguchi-Kabata Y, Nakazono K, Takahashi A, Saito S, Hosono N, Kubo M, Nakamura Y, Kamatani N. 2008. Japanese population structure, based on SNP genotypes from 7003 individuals compared to other ethnic groups: effects on population-based association studies. Am J Hum Genet 83:445-456.
100. Yan J, Shen C, Li Y, Yu X, Xiong X, Mu H, Huang Y, Deng Y, Yu J. 2007. Genetic analysis of 15 STR loci on Chinese Tibetan in Qinghai Province. Forensic Sci Int 169:e3-e6. (Pubitemid 46702440)
101. Yao YG, Kong QP, Bandelt HJ, Kivisild T, Zhang YP. 2002. Phylogeographic differentiation of mitochondrial DNA in Han Chinese. Am J Hum Genet 70:635-651. (Pubitemid 34177919)
102. Zhu B, Li X, Wang Z, Wu H, He Y, Zhao J, Liu Y. 2005a. Y-STRs haplotypes of Chinese Mongol ethnic group using Y-PLEX 12. Forensic Sci Int 153:260-263. (Pubitemid 41219683)
103. Zhu BF, Wang ZY, Yang CH, Li XS, Zhu J, Yang G, Huang P, Liu Y. 2005b. Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in Chinese Uigur ethnic group. Int J Legal Med 119:306-309. (Pubitemid 41253155)