Triassic palaeogeography and fluvial dispersal across the northwest European basins

Geological Journal

Volumn 44, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 711-741

  McKie, Tom ^a   Williams, Brian ^b  

^a Shell UK Limited   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Aeolian; Climate; Fluvial; Lacustrine; NW Europe; Playa; Triassic

Indexed keywords

DISPERSAL; EOLIAN DEPOSIT; LACUSTRINE ENVIRONMENT; PALEOGEOGRAPHY; PLAYA; PRECIPITATION (CLIMATOLOGY); RUNOFF; TRIASSIC; VEGETATION COVER;

EURASIA; EUROPE; FENNOSCANDIA;

EID: 71749092291     PISSN: 00721050     EISSN: 10991034     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/gj.1201     Document Type: Article

References (150)

1. Ahlberg A, Arndorff L, Guy-Ohlson D. 2002. Onshore climate change during the Late Triassic marine inundation of the Central European Basin. Terra Nova 14: 241-248.
2. Aigner T. 1985. Storm Depositional Systems. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 3. Springer-Verlag: Berlin.
3. Aigner T, Bachmann GH. 1992. Sequence stratigraphic framework of the German Triassic. Sedimentary Geology 80: 115-135.
4. Aigner T, Schauer M, Junghans W-D, Reinhardt L. 1995. Outcrop gamma-ray logging and its applications: examples from the German Triassic. Sedimentary Geology 100: 47-61.
5. Arthurton RS. 1980. Rhythmic sedimentary sequences in the Triassic Keuper Marl (Mercia Mudstone Group) of Cheshire, northwest England. Geological Journal 15: 43-58.
6. Arp G, Bielert F, Hoffmann V-E, Loffler T. 2005. Palaeoenvironmental significance of lacustrine stromatolites of the Arnstadt Formation (''Steinmergelkeuper'', Upper Triassic, N-Germany). Facies 51: 419-441.
7. Audley-Charles MG. 1970. Triassic palaeogeography of the British Isles. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 126: 49-74.
8. Borkhataria R, Aigner T, Pipping KJCP. 2006. An unusual, muddy, epeiric carbonate reservoir: the Lower Muschelkalk (Middle Triassic) of the Netherlands. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 90: 61-89.
9. Bourquin S, Bourges P, Rigollet C. 1998. High-resolution sequence stratigraphy of an alluvial fan-fan delta environment: stratigraphic and geodynamic implications - an example from the Keuper Chaunoy Sandstones, Paris Basin. Sedimentary Geology 121: 207-237.
10. Bourquin S, Guillocheau F, Péron S. In press. Braided rivers within an arid alluvial plain (example from Lower Triassic, western German Basin): recognition criteria and expression of stratigraphic cycles. Sedimentology. (in press)
11. Brookfield ME. 2004. The enigma of fine-grained alluvial basin fills: the Permo-Triassic (Cumbrian Coastal and Sherwood Sandstone Groups) of the Solway Basin, NW England and SW Scotland). International Journal of Earth Sciences 93: 282-296.
12. Brookfield ME. 2008. Palaeoenvironments and palaeotectonics of the arid to hyperarid intracontinental latest Permian-late Triassic Solway basin (U.K.). Sedimentary Geology 210: 27-47.
13. Buckman JO, Doughty PS, Benton MJ, Jeram AJ. 1997. Palaeoenvironmental interpretation of the Triassic sandstones of Scrabo, County Down, Northern Ireland: ichnological and sedimentological studies indicating a mixed fluviatile-aeolian succession. Irish Journal of Earth Sciences 16: 85-102.
14. Clemmensen LB. 1978. Alternating aeolian, sabkha and shallow-lake deposits from the middle Triassic Gipsdalen Formation, Scoresby Land, East Greenland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 24: 111-135.
15. Clemmensen LB. 1979. Triassic lacustrine red-beds and palaeoclimate: the ''Buntsandstein'' of Helgoland and the Malmros Klint Member of East Greenland. Geologische Rundschau 68: 748-774.
16. Clemmensen LB, Øxnevad IEI, de Boer PL. 1994. Climatic controls on ancient desert sedimentation: some late Paleozoic and Mesozoic examples from NW Europe and the Western Interior of the USA. In Orbital Forcing and Cyclic Sequences, de Boer PL, Smith DG (eds). International Association of Sedimentologists Blackwell; Oxford, Special Publication 19: 439-457.
17. Clemmensen LB, Kent DV, Farish A, Jenkins FA, Jr. 1998. A Late Triassic lake system in east Greenland; facies, depositional cycles and palaeoclimate. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 140: 135-159.
18. Cowan G, Ottesen C, Stuart IA. 1993. The use of dipmeter logs in the structural interpretation and palaeocurrent analysis of Morecambe Fields, East Irish Sea Basin. In Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe: Proceedings of the 4th Conference, Parker JR (ed.). The Geological Society of London: London; 867-882.
19. Coward MP. 1995. Structural and tectonic setting of the Permo-Triassic basins of northwest Europe. In Permian and Triassic Rifting in North West Europe, Boldy SAR (ed.). Geological Society of London: London; Special Publication 91: 7-39.
20. Coward MP, Dewey JF, Hempton M, Holroyd J. 2003. Tectonic evolution. In The Millennium Atlas: Petroleum Geology of the Central and Northern North Sea, Evans D, Graham C, Armour A, Bathurst P (editors and co-ordinators). The Geological Society of London: London; 17-33.
21. Dancer PN, Kenyon-Roberts SM, Downey JW, Baillie JM, Meadows NS, Maguire K. 2005. The Corrib gas field, offshore west of Ireland. In Petroleum Geology: North-West Europe and Global Perspectives - Proceedings of the 6th Petroleum Geology Conference, Dore ́ AG, Vining BA (eds). The Geological Society of London: London; 1035-1046.
22. Dean KP. 1993. Sedimentation of Upper Triassic reservoirs in the Beryl Embayment: lacustrine sedimentation in a semi-arid environment. In Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe: Proceedings of the 4th Conference, Parker JR (ed.). The Geological Society of London: London; 581.
23. De Jager J, Geluk MC. 2007. Petroleum geology. In Geology of the Netherlands, Wong ThE, Batjes DAJ, De Jager J (eds). Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences: Amsterdam; 241-264.
24. Doré AG. 1992. Synoptic palaeogeography of the Northeast Atlantic Seaway: late Permian to Cretaceous. In Basins on the Atlantic Seaboard: Petroleum Geology, Sedimentology and Basin Evolution, Parnell J (ed.). Geological Society of London: London; Special Publication 62: 421-446.
25. Eschard R, Lemouzy P, Desaubliaux G, Bacchiana C, Smart B. 1998. Combining sequence stratigraphy, geostatistical simulations, and production data for modeling a fluvial reservoir in the Chaunoy Field (Triassic, France). American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 82: 545-568.
26. Evans DJ, Rees JG, Holloway S. 1993. The Permian to Jurassic stratigraphy and structural evolution of the central Cheshire Basin. Journal of the Geological Society of London 150: 857-870.
27. Farquharson GW, Gibson JPC. 2005. A significant satellite: the Nevis South Field in Block 9/13. In Petroleum Geology: North-West Europe and Global Perspectives - Proceedings of the 6th Petroleum Geology Conference, Doré AG, Vining B (eds). Geological Society of London: London; 389-403.
28. Feist-Burkhardt S, Gotz AE, Szulc J, Borkhataria R, Geluk M, Haas J, Hornung J, Jordan P, Kempf O, Michalík J, Nawrocki J, Reinhardt L, Ricken W, Rohling H-G, Ruffer T, Torok Á, Zuhlke R. 2008. Triassic. In The Geology of Central Europe, Volume 2 - Mesozoic and Cenozoic, McCann T (ed.). Geological Society of London: London; 749-822.
29. Fisher JA, Krapf CBE, Lang SC, Nichols GJ, Payenberg TD. 2008. Sedimentology and architecture of the Douglas Creek terminal splay, Lake Eyre, central Australia. Sedimentology 55: 1915-1930.
30. Fisher MJ, Mudge DC. 1998. Triassic. In Petroleum Geology of the North Sea, 3rd edn, Glennie KW (ed.). Blackwell Scientific Publications: Oxford; 212-244.
31. Frostick LE, Reid I, Jarvis J, Eardley H. 1988. Triassic sediments of the Inner Moray Firth, Scotland: early rift deposits. Journal of the Geological Society of London 145: 235-248.
32. Frostick LE, Linsey TK, Reid I. 1992. Tectonic and climatic control of Triassic sedimentation in the Beryl Basin, Northern North Sea. Journal of the Geological Society of London 149: 13-26.
33. Geluk MC. 2005. Stratigraphy and tectonics of Permo-Triassic basins in the Netherlands and surrounding areas. PhD Thesis, University of Utrecht.
34. Geluk MC, Roehling HG. 1997. High-resolution sequence stratigraphy of the Lower Triassic ''Buntsandstein'' in the Netherlands and northwestern Germany. Geologie en Mijnbouw 76: 227-246.
35. Glennie KW, Evans G. 1976. A reconnaissance of the Recent sediments of the Ranns of Kutch, India. Sedimentology 23: 625-647.
36. Goldsmith PJ, Rich B, Standring J. 1995. Triassic correlation and stratigraphy in the South Central Graben, UK North Sea. In Permian and Triassic Rifting in Northwest Europe, Boldy SAR (ed.). Geological Society of London: London; Special Publication 91: 123-143.
37. Goldsmith PJ, Hudson G, Van Veen P. 2003. Triassic. In The Millenium Atlas: Petroleum Geology of the Central and Northern North Sea, Evans D, Graham C, Armour A, Bathurst P (editors and co-ordinators). The Geological Society of London: London; 105-127.
38. Goodall TM, North CP, Glennie KW. 2000. Surface and subsurface sedimentary structures produced by salt. Sedimentology 47: 99-118.
39. Gradziński R. 1992. Deep blowout depressions in the aeolian Tumlin Sandstone (Lower Triassic) of the Holy Cross Mountains, central Poland. Sedimentary Geology 81: 231-242.
40. Harker SD, Richardson G, Sides LE, Cooper R. 2003. Alwyn North Triassic main gas-condensate: drilling deeper promotes production. Petroleum Geoscience 9: 133-143.
41. Herries RD, Cowan G. 1997. Challenging the ''sheetflood'' myth; the role of water-table-controlled sabkha deposits in redefining the depositional model for the Ormskirk Sandstone Formation (Lower Triassic), East Irish Sea basin. In Petroleum Geology of the Irish Sea and Adjacent Areas, Meadows NS, Trueblood SP, Hardman M, Cowan G (eds). Geological Society of London: London; Special Publication 124: 253-276.
42. Herries R, Poddubiuk R, Wilcockson P. 1999. Solan, Strathmore and the back basin play, west of Shetland. In Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe, Proceedings of the 5th Conference, Fleet AJ, Boldy SAR (eds). Geological Society of London: London; 693-712.
43. Hornung J, Aigner T. 2002a. Reservoir architecture in a terminal alluvial plain; an outcrop analogue study (Upper Triassic, southern Germany); Part 1, Sedimentology and Petrophysics. Journal of Petroleum Geology 25: 3-29.
44. Hornung J, Aigner T. 2002b. Reservoir architecture in a terminal alluvial plain; an outcrop analogue study (Upper Triassic, southern Germany); Part II, Cyclicity, controls and models. Journal of Petroleum Geology 25: 151-178.
45. Hounslow MW, McIntosh G. 2003. Magnetostratigraphy of the Sherwood Sandstone Group (Lower and Middle Triassic), south Devon, UK: detailed correlation of the marine and non-marine Anisian. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 193: 325-348.
46. Hounslow MW, Ruffell AH. 2006. Triassic: seasonal rivers, dusty deserts and saline lakes. In Geology of England and Wales, Brenchley PJ, Rawson PF (eds). Geological Society of London: London; 295-324.
47. Hounslow MW, Maher BA, Thistlewood L, Dean K. 1995. Magnetostratigraphic correlations in two cores from the late Triassic Lunde Formation, Beryl Field, northern North Sea, UK, In Palaeomagnetic Applications in Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production. Turner P, Turner A (eds). Geological Society of London: London; Special Publication 98: 163-172.
48. Howard AS, Warrington G, Ambrose K, Rees JG. 2008. A formational framework for the Mercia Mudstone Group (Triassic) of England and Wales. British Geological Survey Research Report: RR/08/04.
49. Ireland RJ, Pollard JE, Steel RJ, Thompson DB. 1978. Intertidal sediments and trace fossils from the Waterstones (Scythian-Anisian?) at Daresbury, Cheshire. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 44: 399-436.
50. Jeans CV. 2006. Clay mineralogy of the Permo-Triassic strata of the British Isles: onshore and offshore. Clay Minerals 41: 309-354.
51. Jones NS, Ambrose K. 1994. Triassic sandy braidplain and aeolian sedimentation in the Sherwood Sandstone Group of the Sellafield area, West Cumbria. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 50: 61.
52. Knudsen T-L. 2001. Contrasting provenance of Triassic/Jurassic sediments in North Sea Rift: a single zircon (SIMS), Sm-Nd and trace element study. Chemical Geology 171: 273-293.
53. Koppen A, Carter A. 2000. Constraints on provenance of the central European Triassic using detrital zircon fission track data. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 161: 193-204.
54. Kostic B, Aigner T. 2004. Sedimentary and poroperm anatomy of shoal-water carbonates (Muschelkalk, South-German basin), an outcropanalogue study of inter-well spacing scale. Facies 50: 113-131.
55. Kovalevych V, Peryt TM, Beer W, Geluk M, Halas S. 2002. Geochemistry of early Triassic seawater as indicated by study of the Rot halite in the Netherlands, Germany, and Poland. Chemical Geology 182: 549-563.
56. Kutzbach JE, Gallimore RG. 1989. Pangean climates: megamonsoons of the megacontinent. Journal of Geophysical Research 94: 3341-3357.
57. Lang SC, Payenberg THD, Reilly MRW, Kassan J, Hicks T, Benson J. 2004. Modern analogues for dryland sandy fluvial-lacustrine deltas and terminal splay reservoirs. Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association Journal 44: 329-356.
58. Lervik K-S. 2006. Triassic lithostratigraphy of the Northern North Sea Basin. Norwegian Journal of Geology 86: 93-116.
59. Leslie AB, Spiro B, Tucker ME. 1993. Geochemical and mineralogical variations in the upper Mercia Mudstone Group (Late Triassic), southwest Britain: correlation of outcrop sequences with borehole geophysical logs. Journal of Geological Society London 150: 67-75.
60. Leslie AB, Tucker ME. 1995. Discussion on a hydrogeological model for the early diagenesis of Late Triassic alluvial sediments. Journal of the Geological Society of London 152: 732-734.
61. Loope DB, Steiner MB, Rowe CM, Lancaster N. 2004. Tropical westerlies over Pangaean sand seas. Sedimentology 51: 315-322.
62. Mader D. 1982a. Genese des mitteleuropaeischen Buntsandsteins; Entwicklungsgeschichte einer kontinentalen Rotformation. Naturwissenschaften 69: 311-325.
63. Mader D. 1982b. Aeolian sands in continental red beds of the middle Buntsandstein (lower Triassic) at the western margin of the German basin. Sedimentary Geology 31: 191-230.
64. Mader D. 1985. Fluvial conglomerates in continental red beds of the buntsandstein (lower Triassic) in the Eifel (F.R.G.) and their palaeoenvironmental, palaeogeographical and palaeotectonic significance. Sedimentary Geology 44: 1-64.
65. Mader D, Teyssen T. 1985. Palaeoenvironmental interpretation of fluvial red beds by statistical analysis of palaeocurrent data: examples from the Buntsandstein (lower Triassic) of the Eiffel and Bavaria in the German Basin (Middle Europe). Sedimentary Geology 41: 1-74.
66. Mader D, Yardley MJ. 1985. Migration, modification and merging in aeolian systems and the significance of the depositional mechanisms in Permian and Triassic dune sands of Europe and North-America. Sedimentary Geology 43: 85-218.
67. Mange-Rajetzky M. 1995. Subdivision and correlation of monotonous sandstone sequences using high-resolution heavy mineral analysis, a case study: the Triassic of the Central Graben. In Non-biostratigraphical Methods of Dating and Correlation, Dunay RE, Hailwood EA (eds). Geological Society of London: London; Special Publication 89: 23-30.
68. Mange M, Turner P, Ince D, Pugh J, Wright D. 1999. A new perspective on the zonation and correlation of barren strata: an integrated heavy mineral and palaeomagnetic study of the Sherwood Sandstone Group, East Irish Sea Basin and surrounding areas. Journal of Petroleum Geology 22: 325-348.
69. Manspeizer W. 1982. Triassie-Liassic Basins and climate of the Atlantic passive margins. Geologische Rundschau 71: 895-917.
70. McKie T, Audretsch P. 2005. Depositional and structural controls on Triassic reservoir performance in the Heron Cluster, ETAP, Central North Sea. In Petroleum Geology: North-West Europe and Global Perspectives - Proceedings of the 6th Petroleum Geology Conference, Doré AG, Vining B (eds). Geological Society of London: London; 285-298.
71. McKie T, Aggett J, Hogg AJC. 1997. Sequence architecture of a Triassic semi-arid, fluvio-lacustrine reservoir, Wytch Farm Field, southern England. In Shallow Marine and Nonmarine Reservoirs: Sequence Stratigraphy, Reservoir Architecture and Production Characteristics, 18th Annual SEPM Gulf Coast Section Research Conference Proceedings, Shanley KW, Perkins BF (eds); 197-207. Earth Enterprises, Austin, Texas.
72. McKie T, Aggett J, Hogg AJC. 1998. Reservoir architecture of the upper Sherwood Sandstone, Wytch Farm Field, southern England. In The Development and Evolution of the Wessex Basin and Adjacent Areas, Underhill JR (ed.). Geological Society of London: London; Special Publication 133: 399-406.
73. McKie T, Jolley S, Kristensen MB. In press. Stratigraphic compartmentalisation in dryland fluvial reservoirs - examples from the Triassic Skagerrak Formation, UKCS. In Reservoir Compartmentalization, Jolley SJ, Fisher QJ, Ainsworth AB, Vrolijk P, Delisle S (eds). Geological Society of London: London; Special Publication (in press).
74. Meadows NS. 2006. The correlation and sequence architecture of the Ormskirk Sandstone Formation in the Triassic Sherwood Sandstone Group of the East Irish Sea Basin, NW England. Geological Journal 41: 93-122.
75. Meadows NS, Beach A. 1993. Structural and climatic controls on facies distribution in a mixed fluvial and aeolian reservoir: the Triassic Sherwood Sandstone in the Irish Sea. In Characterization of Fluvial and Aeolian Reservoirs, North CP, Prosser DJ (eds). Geological Society of London: London; Special Publication 73: 247-264.
76. Mearns EW, Knarud R, Raestad N, Stanley KO, Stockbridge CP. 1989. Samarium-neodymium isotope stratigraphy of the Lunde and Statfjord formations of Snorre oil field, northern North Sea. Journal of the Geological Society of London 146: 217-228.
77. Michelsen O, Clausen OR. 2002. Detailed stratigraphic subdivision and regional correlation of the southern Danish Triassic succession. Marine and Petroleum Geology 19: 563-687.
78. Milroy PG, Wright VPA. 2000. Highstand oolitic sequence and associated facies from a Late Triassic lake basin, south-west England. Sedimentology 47: 187-209.
79. Milroy PG, Wright VPA. 2002. Facies, fabrics and diagenesis of lacustrine ooids and associated grains from the Upper Triassic, southwest England. Geological Journal 37: 35-53.
80. Morton AC, Herries R, Fanning CM. 2007. Correlation of Triassic sandstones in the Strathmore Field, west of Shetland, using heavy mineral provenance signatures. In Heavy Minerals in Use. Mange MA, Wright D (eds). Elsevier, Amsterdam; Developments in Sedimentology 58: 1037-1072.
81. Moscariello A. 2005. Exploration potential of the mature Southern North Sea basin margins: some unconventional plays based on alluvial and fluvial fan sedimentation models. In Petroleum Geology: North-West Europe and Global Perspectives - Proceedings of the 6th Petroleum Geology Conference, Doré AG, Vining B (eds). The Geological Society of London: London; 595-605.
82. Mountney NP, Thompson DB. 2002. Stratigraphic evolution and preservation of aeolian dune and damp/wet interdune strata: an example from the Triassic Helsby Sandstone Formation, Cheshire Basin, UK. Sedimentology 49: 805-833.
83. Muller R, Nystuen JP, Wright VP. 2004. Pedogenic mud aggregates and paleosol development in ancient dryland river systems: criteria for interpreting alluvial mudrock origin and floodplain dynamics. Journal of Sedimentary Research 74: 537-551.
84. Mutti M, Weissert H. 1995. Triassic monsoonal climate and its signature in ladinian-Carnian carbonate platforms (southern Alps, Italy). Journal of Sedimentary Research B65: 357-367.
85. Nystuen JP, Knarud R, Jorde K, Stanley KO. 1989. Correlation of triassic to lower jurassic sequences, Snorre Field and adjacent areas, Northern North Sea. In Correlation in Hydrocarbon Exploration, Collinsen JD (ed.). Norwegian Petroleum Society, Graham and Trotman: London; 273-289.
86. O'Donnell D. 1993. Enhancing the oil potential of secondary Triassic reservoirs in the Beryl A Field, UK North Sea. In Generation, Accumulation and Production of Europe's Hydrocarbons, Spencer AM (ed.). European Association of Petroleum Geoscientists, Oxford University Press, Oxford: Special Publication 3: 37-44.
87. Olsen H. 1987. Ancient ephemeral stream deposits: a local terminal fan model from the Bunter Sandstone Formation (L. Triassic) in the T0nder- 3, -4 and -5 wells, Denmark. In Desert Sediments: Ancient and Modern, Frostick L, Reid I (eds). Geological Society of London: London; Special Publication: 35: 69-86.
88. Palermo D, Aigner T, Geluk M, Poeppelreiter M, Pipping K. 2008. Reservoir potential of a lacustrine mixed carbonate/siliciclastic gas reservoir: the Lower Triassic Rogenstein in the Netherlands. Journal of Petroleum Geology 31: 61-96.
89. Parnell J. 1992. Hydrocarbon potential of northern Ireland: Part III. Reservoir potential of the Permo-Triassic. Journal of Petroleum Geology 15: 51-70.
90. Parrish JT. 1993. Climate of the supercontinent Pangea. Journal of Geology 101: 215-233.
91. Paul J. 1982. Der untere Buntsandstein des Germanischen Beckens. Geologische Rundschau 71: 795-811.
92. Péron S, Bourquin S, Fluteau F, Guillocheau F. 2005. Paleoenvironment reconstructions and climate simulations of the Early Triassic: impact of the water and sediment supply on the preservation of fluvial system. Geodinamica Acta 18: 431-446.
93. Pollard JE. 1981. A comparison between the Triassic trace fossils of Cheshire and south Germany. Palaeontology 24: 555-588.
94. Pollard JE, Steel RJ. 1978. Intertidal sediments in the Auchenhew Beds (Triassic) of Arran. Scottish Journal of Geology 14: 317-328.
95. Porter R. 2006. Ichnology and sedimentology of Triassic continental sequences: onshore and offshore UK. PhD Thesis, University of Bristol.
96. Porter RJ, Gallois RW. 2008. Identifying fluvio-lacustrine intervals in thick playa-lake successions: an integrated sedimentology and ichnology of arenaceous members in the mid-late Triassic Mercia Mudstone Group of south-west England, UK. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 270: 381-398.
97. Preston J. 2001. The correlation of Triassic red-beds from the Tern Field, Northern North Sea: a combined heavy mineral chemistry and wholerock geochemical approach. PhD Thesis, University of Aberdeen.
98. Preston J, Hartley A, Hole M, May G, Mange-Rajetzky M, Buck S, Vaughan L. 2002. The provenance of Triassic continental sandstones from the Beryl Field, northern North Sea: mineralogical, geochemical, and sedimentological constraints. Journal of Sedimentary Research 72: 18-29.
99. Price GD. 1999. The evidence and implications of polar ice during the Mesozoic. Earth-Science Reviews 48: 183-210.
100. Purvis K, Wright VP. 1991. Calcretes related to phreatophytic vegetation from the middle Triassic Otter Sandstone of south west England. Sedimentology 38: 539-551.
101. Radies D, Stollhofen H, Hollmann G, Kukla P. 2005. Synsedimentary faults and amalgamated unconformities: insights from 3D-seismic and core analysis of the Lower Triassic Middle Buntsandstein, Ems Trough, north-western Germany. International Journal of Earth Sciences 94: 863-875.
102. Reinhardt L, Ricken W. 2000. The stratigraphic and geochemical record of Playa Cycles: monitoring a Pangaean monsoon-like system (Triassic, Middle Keuper, S. Germany). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 161: 205-227.
103. Ruffell A, Shelton R. 1999. The control of sedimentary facies by climate during phases of crustal extension: examples from the Triassic of onshore and offshore England and Northern Ireland. Journal of the Geological Society of London 156: 779-789.
104. Ruffell A, McKinley JM, Worden RH. 2002. Comparison of clay mineral stratigraphy to other proxy palaeoclimate indicators in the Mesozoic of NW Europe. Philosophical Transactions: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 360: 675-693.
105. Rust BR, Nanson GC. 1989. Bedload transport of mud as pedogenic aggregates in modern and ancient rivers. Sedimentology 36: 291-306.
106. Saez A, Anadon P, Herrero MJ, Moscariello A. 2007. Variable style of transition between Palaeogene fluvial fan and lacustrine systems, southern Pyrenean foreland, NE Spain: Sedimentology 54: 367-390.
107. Schmid S, Worden RH, Fisher QJ. 2003. The origin and regional distribution of dolomite cement in sandstones from a Triassic dry river system, Corrib Field, offshore west of Ireland. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 78-79: 475-479.
108. Schmid S, Worden RH, Fisher QJ. 2006a. Sedimentary facies and the context of dolocrete in the Lower Triassic Sherwood Sandstone group: Corrib Field west of Ireland. Sedimentary Geology 187: 205-227.
109. Schmid S, Worden RH, Fisher QJ. 2006b. Carbon isotope stratigraphy using carbonate cements in the Triassic Sherwood Sandstone Group: Corrib Field, west of Ireland. Chemical Geology 225: 137-155.
110. Seidler L, Steel RJ, Stemmerik L, Surlyk F. 2004. North Atlantic marine rifting in the early Triassic: new evidence from east Greenland. Journal of the Geological Society of London 161: 583-592.
111. Sellwood BW, Valdes PJ. 2006. Mesozoic climates: general circulation models and the rock record. Sedimentary Geology 190: 269-287.
112. Sellwood BW, Valdes PJ. 2007. Mesozoic climate. In Deep-Time Perspectives on Climate Change: Marrying the Signal From Computer Models and Biological Proxies, Williams M, Haywood AM, Gregory FJ, Schmidt DN (eds). The Micropalaeontological Society Special Publications, The Geological Society of London: London; 201-224.
113. Shukla UK, Bachmann GH, Beutler G, Barnasch J, Franz M. 2006. Extremely distal fluvial sandstone within the playa system of Arnstadt Formation (Norian, Late Triassic), Central Germany. Facies 52: 541-554.
114. Simms MJ, Ruffell AH. 1990. Climatic and biotic change in the late Triassic. Journal of the Geological Society of London 147: 321-327.
115. Smith GA. 2000. Recognition and significance of streamflow-dominated piedmont facies in extensional basins. Basin Research 12: 399-411.
116. Smith SA. 1990. The sedimentology and accretionary styles of an ancient gravel-bed stream: the Budleigh Salterton Pebble Beds (Lower Triassic), southwest England. Sedimentary Geology 67: 199-219.
117. Smith SA, Edwards RA. 1991. Regional sedimentological variations in Lower Triassic fluvial conglomerates (Budleigh Salterton Pebble Beds), southwest England: some implications for palaeogeography and basin evolution. Geological Journal 26: 65-83.
118. Stanistreet IG, Stollhofen H. 2002. Hoanib River flood deposits of Namib Desert interdunes as analogues for thin permeability barrier mudstone layers in aeolianite reservoirs. Sedimentology 49: 719-736.
119. Stanley KO, Jorde K, Raestad N, Stockbridge CP. 1990. Stochastic modelling of reservoir sand bodies for input to reservoir simulation, Snorre Field, Northern North Sea, Norway. In North Sea Oil and Gas Reservoirs II, Buller AT, Berg E, Hjelmeland O, Kleppe J, Torsaeter O, Aasen JO (eds). The Norwegian Institute of Technology, Graham and Trotman, Kluwer, Malta; 91-101.
120. Steel R. 1993. Triassic-Jurassic megasequence stratigraphy in the Northern North Sea: rift to post-rift evolution. In Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe: Proceedings of the 4th Conference, Parker JR (ed.). The Geological Society of London: London; 299-315.
121. Steel R, Thompson DB. 1983. Structures and textures in Triassic braided stream conglomerates ('Bunter' Pebble Beds) in the Sherwood Sandstone Group, North Staffordshire, England. Sedimentology 30: 341-367.
122. Steel R, Ryseth A. 1990. The Triassic-early Jurassic succession in the northern North Sea: megasequence stratigraphy and intra-Triassic tectonics. In Tectonic Events Responsible for Britain's Oil and Gas Reserves, Hardman RFP, Brookes J (eds). Geological Society of London: London; Special Publication 55: 139-168.
123. Steel R, Wilson AC. 1975. Sedimentation and tectonism (?Permo-Triassic) on the margin of the North Minch Basin, Lewis. Journal of the Geological Society of London 131: 183-202.
124. Stewart SA, Clark JA. 1999. Impact of salt on the structure of the Central North Sea hydrocarbon fairways. In Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe: Proceedings of the 5th Conference, Fleet AJ, Boldy, SAR (eds). The Geological Society of London: London; 179-200.
125. Swiecicki T, Wilcockson P, Canham A, Whelan G, Homann H. 1995. Dating, correlation and stratigraphy of the Triassic sediments in the West Shetlands area. In Permian and Triassic Rifting in Northwest Europe, Boldy SAR (ed.). Geological Society of London: London; Special Publication 91: 57-85.
126. Talbot MR, Holm K, Williams MAJ. 1994. Sedimentation in low gradient desert margin systems- a comparison of the late Triassic of northwest Somerset (England) and the late Quaternary of east-central Australia. In Paleoclimate and Basin Evolution of Playa Systems, Rosen MR (ed.). Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado: Special Paper 289: 97-117.
127. Taylor SR. 1983. A stable isotope study of the Mercia Mudstone (Keuper Marl) and associated sulphate horizons in the English Midlands. Sedimentology 30: 11-31.
128. Thompson DB. 1970. Sedimentation of the Triassic (Scythian) red pebbly sandstones in the Cheshire Basin and its margins. Geological Journal 7: 183-215.
129. Thompson J, Meadows NS. 1997. Clastic sabkhas and diachroneity at the top of the Sherwood Sandstone Group: East Irish Sea Basin. In Petroleum Geology of the Irish Sea and Adjacent Areas, Meadows NS, Trueblood SP, Hardman M, Cowan G (eds). Geological Society of London: London; Special Publication 124: 237-251.
130. Tomasso M, Underhill JR, Hodgkinson RA, Young MJ. 2008. Structural styles and depositional architecture in the Triassic of the Ninian and Alwyn North fields: Implications for basin development and prospectivity in the Northern North Sea. Marine and Petroleum Geology 25: 588-605.
131. Tooth S. 1999. Floodouts in Central Australia. In Varieties of Fluvial Form, Miller AJ, Gupta A (eds). John Wiley and Sons: Chichester; 219-247.
132. Tooth S. 2005. Splay formation along the lower reaches of ephemeral rivers on the Northern Plains of arid central Australia. Journal of Sedimentary Research 75: 636-649.
133. Tucker ME. 1977. The marginal Triassic deposits of South Wales: continental facies and palaeogeography. Geological Journal 12: 169-188.
134. Tucker ME. 1978. Triassic lacustrine sediments from South Wales: shore-zone clastics evaporites and carbonates. In Modern Ancient Lake Sediments, Matter A, Tucker ME (eds). International Association of Sedimentologists, Blackwell, Oxford: Special Publication 2: 20-224.
135. Turner P, Heywood ML, Bird DJ, Chandler P. 1996. Magnetostratigraphy and depositional sequence analysis of Triassic fluvial sediments: UK Central North Sea. Cuadernos de Geología Ibérica 21: 117-147.
136. Tyrrell S, Haughton PDW, Daly JS. 2007. Drainage reorganization during breakup of Pangea revealed by in-situ Pb isotopic analysis of detrital K-feldspar. Geology 35: 971-974.
137. Ulicny D. 2004. A drying-upward aeolian system of the Bohdasin Formation (early Triassic), Sudetes of NE Czech Republic: record of seasonality and long-term palaeoclimate change. Sedimentary Geology 167: 17-39.
138. van der Zwan CJ, Spaak P. 1992. Lower to Middle Triassic sequence stratigraphy and climatology of the Netherlands, a model. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 91: 277-290.
139. van Wees J-D, Stephenson RA, Ziegler PA, Bayer U, McCann T, Dadlez R, Gaupp R, Narkiewicz M, Bitzer F, Scheck M. 2000. On the origin of the Southern Permian Basin, Central Europe. Marine and Petroleum Geology 17: 43-59.
140. Vecsei A. 1998. A sandy tidal coast in the uppermost Muschelkalk and the origin of the Muschelkalk/Keuper boundary in the southwestern Germanic basin. Geolische Rundschau 86: 835-851.
141. Visscher H, van Houte M, Brugman WA, Poort RJ. 1994. Rejection of a Carnian (late Triassic) ''pluvial event'' in Europe. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 83: 217-226.
142. Warrington G, Audley-Charles MG, Elliott RE, Evans WB, Ivimey-Cook HE, Kent PE, Robinson PL, Shotton FW, Taylor FM. 1980. A correlation of Triassic Rocks in the British Isles. Special Report of the Geological Society of London: London; 13.
143. Warrington G, Ivemey-Cook HC. 1992. Triassic. In Atlas of Palaeogeography and Lithofacies, Cope JCW, Ingham JK, Rawson PF (eds). Memoir 13. The Geological Society of London: London; 97-106.
144. West G, Atkinson JH, Fookes PG, Miglio BF, Pettifer GS. 2004. Discussion of 'Destructuring and disaggregation of Mercia Mudstone during full-face tunnelling' by J.H. Atkinson, P.G. Fookes, B.F. Miglio and G.S. Pettifer. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 37: 165-168.
145. Wills LJ. 1970. The Triassic succession in the central Midlands in its regional setting. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 126: 225-283.
146. Wilson AA. 1990. The Mercia Mudstone Group (Trias) of the East Irish Sea Basin. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 48: 1-22.
147. Wilson AA. 1993. The Mercia Mudstone Group (Trias) of the Cheshire basin. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 49: 171-188.
148. Wright VP, Sandler A. 1994. A hydrogeological model for the early diagenesis of Late Triassic alluvial sediments. Journal of the Geological Society of London 151: 897-900.
149. Ziegler PA. 1982. Triassic rifts and facies patterns in Western and Central Europe. Geologische Rundschau 71: 747-772.
150. Ziegler PA. 1992. Geological Atlas of Western and Central Europe, 2nd edn. Shell International Petroleum: The Hague.