Non-adherence to statin therapy: A major challenge for preventive cardiology

Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 10, Issue 18, 2009, Pages 2973-2985

  Bates, T R ^a   Connaughton, V M ^a   Watts, G F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

Adherence; Cardiovascular disease; Economic cost; Psychology; Statin intolerance; Statins

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; AMIODARONE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ATORVASTATIN; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; COLESEVELAM; COLESTYRAMINE; CYCLOSPORIN A; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; EZETIMIBE; FENOFIBRATE; FLUINDOSTATIN; GEMFIBROZIL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LAROPIPRANT; MACROLIDE; NICOTINIC ACID; PLACEBO; PRAVASTATIN; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; PYRROLE DERIVATIVE; ROSUVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN; TACROLIMUS; UBIDECARENONE;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ADVERSE OUTCOME; BRAIN TOXICITY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMMUNICATION SKILL; COMORBIDITY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DOCTOR PATIENT RELATION; DRUG COST; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT; FLUSHING; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH HAZARD; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MUSCLE CRAMP; MUSCLE DISEASE; MYALGIA; MYOPATHY; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PATIENT EDUCATION; PATIENT MONITORING; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUALITY ADJUSTED LIFE YEAR; REVIEW; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SIDE EFFECT; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; HEALTH CARE COSTS; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; MEDICATION ADHERENCE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 71449098211     PISSN: 14656566     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14656560903376186     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Beyond compliance, adherence, & concordance - supporting the patient's implementation of optimal treatment. Available from: http://alignmap.com/. [Last accessed 30 April 2009]
2. World Health Organisation (WHO). Mortality and Health Status 2009. Available from: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/ bodgbddeathdalyestimates.xls [Last accessed 30 July 2009]
3. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S; on behalf of the INTERHEART Study Investigators. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 2004;364:937-952
4. Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney P, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 2005;366:1267-1278
5. Ims Health. Top therapeutic classes by global sales. Available from: http://www. imshealth.com/portal/site/imshealth/ menuitem. a46c6d4df3db4b3d88f611019418c22a/? vgnextoid=cec0977ccedc0210VgnVCM 100000ed152ca2RCRD& cpsextcurrchannel=1. [Last accessed 30 July 2009]
6. Shepherd J, Cobbe S, Ford I, et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1301-1307
7. Downs J, Clearfield M, Weis S, et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. JAMA 1998;279:1615-1622
8. Ridker P, Danielson E, Fonseca F, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med 2008;359:2195-2207
9. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial, Lancet 2002;360:7-22
10. Strandberg T, Pyorala K, Cook T, et al.; for the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994;344:1383-1389
11. The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1349-1357
12. Cannon C, Braunwald E, McCabe C, et al. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1495-1504
13. LaRosa J, Grundy S, Waters D, et al. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1425-1435 (Pubitemid 40471450)
14. Shepherd J, Kastelein J, Bittner V, et al. Treating to New Targets Investigators. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and chronic kidney disease: the TNT (Treating to New Targets) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:1448-1454
15. Rockwood K, Kirkland S, Hogan D, et al. Use of lipid-lowering agents, indication bias, and the risk of dementia in community-dwelling elderly people. Arch Neurol 2002;59:223-227
16. Uzzan B, Cohen R, Nicolas P, et al. Effects of statins on bone mineral density: a meta-analysis of clinical studies. Bone 2007;40:1581-1587
17. Glynn R, Danielson E, Fonseca F, et al. A randomized trial of rosuvastatin in the prevention of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2009;360:1851-1861
18. Kotseva K, Wood D, De Backer G, et al. EUROASPIRE III: a survey on the lifestyle, risk factors and use of cardioprotective drug therapies in coronary patients from twenty-two European countries. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2009;16:121-137
19. Al-Omran M, Mamdani M, Lindsay T, et al. Systemic Assessment of Vascular Risk Investigators.Suboptimal use of statin therapy in elderly patients with atherosclerosis: a population-based study. J Vasc Surg 2008;48:607-612
20. Sabate E. Adherence to long-term therapies: evidence for action. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003
21. Falvo D. Effective patient education. A guide to increased compliance. 3rd edition. Sudbury MA: Jones & Bartlett; 1999
22. West of Scotland Study Group. Compliance and adverse event withdrawal: their impact on the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Eur Heart J 1997;18:1718-1724
23. Perreault S, Blais L, Lamarre D, et al. Persistence and determinants of statin therapy among middle aged patients for primary and secondary prevention. Br J Clin Pharm 2005;59:564-573
24. Donnelly L, Doney A, Morris A, et al. Long-term adherence to statin treatment in diabetes. Diab Med 2008;25:850-855
25. Vinker S, Shani M, Baevsky T, Elhayany A. Adherence with statins over 8 years in a usual care setting. Am J Man Care 2008;14:388-392
26. Benner J, Glynn R, Mogun H, et al. Long-term persistence in use of statin therapy in elderly patients. JAMA 2002;288:455-461
27. Ho P, Spertus J, Masoudi F, et al. Impact of medication therapy discontinuation on mortality after myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1842-1847
28. Eagle K, Kline-Rogers E, Goodman S, et al. Adherence to evidence-based therapies after discharge for acute coronary syndromes: an ongoing prospective, observational study. Am J Med 2004;117:73-81
29. Benner J, Tierce J, Ballantyne C, et al. Follow-up lipid tests and physician visits are associated with improved adherence to statin therapy. Pharm Econ 2004;22:13-23
30. Colivicchi F, Bassi A, Santini M, Caltagirone C. Discontinuation of statin therapy and clinical outcome after ischemic stroke. Stroke 2007;38:2652-2657
31. Brookhart M, Patrick A, Schweeweiss S, et al. Physician follow-up and provider continuity are associated with long-term medication adherence. A study of the dynamics of statin use. Arch Int Med 2007;167:847-852
32. Bouchard M, Dragomir A, Blais L, et al. Impact of adherence to statins on coronary artery disease in primary prevention. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007;63:698-708
33. Perreault S, Ellia L, Dragomir A, et al. Effect of statin adherence on cerebrovascular disease in primary prevention. Am J Med 2009;122:647-655
34. Jackevicius C, Li P, Tu J. Prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of primary nonadherence after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2008;117:1028-1036
35. Holme I, Szarek M, Cater N, et al. on behalf of the Incremental Decrease in End Points Through Aggressive Lipid Lowering Study Group.Adherence-adjusted efficacy with intensive versus standard statin therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction in the IDEAL study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehab 2009;16:315-320
36. Peterson A, McGhan W. Pharmacoeconomic impact of non-compliance with statins. Pharmacoeconomics 2005;23:13-25
37. Peterson A, McGhan W. A decision analysis model for enhancing medication adherence in patients taking statins. Value Health 2001;4:500 [abstract]
38. Gibson T, Mark T, Axelsen K, et al. Impact of statin copayments on adherence and medical care utilization and expenditures. Am J Manag Care 2006;12:SP11-19
39. Goldman D, Joyce G, Karaca-Mandic P. Varying pharmacy benefits with clinical status: the case of cholesterol-lowering therapy. Am J Manag Care 2006;12:21-28
40. Pletcher M, Lazar L, Bibbins-Domingo K, et al. Comparing impact and cost-effectiveness of primary prevention strategies for lipid-lowering. Ann Intern Med 2009;150:243-254
41. Gazmararian J, Kripalani S, Miller M, et al. Factors associated with medication refill adherence in cardiovascular-related diseases. J Gen Int Med 2006;21:1215-1221
42. Hermans M, Van Mieghem W, Vandenhoven G, Vissers E. Centralized pan-European Survey on the Undertreatment of Hypercholesterolemia (CEPHEUS). Acta Cardiol 2009:64:177-185
43. Goldman D, Joyce GF, Zheng Y. Prescription drug cost sharing: associations with medication and medical utilization and spending and health. JAMA 2007;298:61-69
44. Doshi JA, Zhu J, Lee B, et al. Impact of a prescription copayment increase on lipid-lowering medication adherence in veterans. Circulation 2009;119:390-397
45. Sung J, Nichol M, Venturini F, et al. Factors affecting patient compliance with antihyperlipidemic medications in an HMO population. Am J Manag Care 1998;4:1421-1430
46. Dormuth C, Patrick A, Shrank W, et al. Statin adherence and risk of accidents: a cautionary tale. Circulation 2009;119:2051-2057
47. Thiebaud P, Patel BV, Nichol MB, Berenbeim DM. The effect of switching on compliance and persistence: the case of statin treatment. Am J Manag Care 2005;11:670-674
48. Bauman A, Fardy H, Harris P. Getting it right: why bother with patient-centered care? Med J Aust 2003;179:253-256
49. Baum A, Posluszny D. Health psychology: mapping biobehavioural contributions to health and illness. Annu Rev Psychol 1999;50:137-163
50. Horne R, Weinman J, Hankins M. The beliefs about medicines questionnaire: the development and evaluation of a new method for assessing the cognitive representation of medication. Psychol Health 1999;14:1-24
51. Bandura A. Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Educ Behav 2004;31:143-164
52. Fuertes J, Mislowack A, Bennett J, et al. The physician-patient working alliance. Patient Educ Couns 2007;66:29-36
53. Stilley C, Sereika S, Muldoon M, et al. Psychological and cognitive function: predictors of adherence with cholesterol lowering treatment. Ann Behav Med 2004;27:117-124
54. Molloy G, Perkins-Porras L, Bhattacharyya M, et al. Practical support predicts medication adherence and attendance at cardiac rehabilitation following acute coronary syndrome. J Psychosom Res 2008;65:581-586
55. McHorney C. The adherence estimator: a brief, proximal screener for patient propensity to adhere to prescription medications for chronic disease. Curr Med Res Opin 2009;25:215-238
56. Teutsch C. Patient-doctor communication. Med Clin North Am 2003;87:1115-1145
57. QA & CPD: Quality Assurance and Continuing Professional Development: Program Handbook 2005-2007 Triennium. (2004). South Melbourne, Vic; Royal Australian College of General Practitioners.
58. Weng H. Does the physician's emotional intelligence matter? Impacts of the physician's emotional trust, patient- physician relationship, and satisfaction. Health Care Manage Rev 2008;33:280-288
59. Bruckert E, Hayem G, Dejager S, et al. Mild to moderate muscular symptoms with high-dosage statin therapy in hyperlipidemic patients-the PRIMO study. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2005;19:403-414
60. The SEARCH Collaborative Group. SLCO1B1 variants and statin-induced myopathy - a genomewide study. N Engl J Med 2008;359:789-799
61. Osterberg L, Blaschke T. Adherence to medication. N Engl J Med 2005;353:487-497
62. Erhardt L, Hobbs F. Public perceptions of cardiovascular risk in five European countries: the react survey. Int J Clin Pract 2002;56:638-644
63. Polednak A. Awareness and use of blood cholesterol tests in 40 - 74-year-olds by educational level. Public Health Rep 1992;107:345-351
64. Sprafka J, Burke G, Folsom A, et al. Hypercholesterolemia prevalence, awareness, and treatment in blacks and whites: the Minnesota Heart Survey. Prev Med 1989;18:423-432
65. Blount BW, Brown JB. Retiree awareness of levels of blood pressure and cholesterol. Mil Med 1996;161:683-686
66. Bairey Merz C, Felando M, Klein J. Cholesterol awareness and treatment in patients with coronary artery disease participating in cardiac rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1996;16:117-122
67. Marquez Contreras E, Casado Martinez J, Corchado A, et al. Therapeutic compliance in dyslipidemias. A trial of the efficacy of health education. Aten Primaria 1998;22:79-84
68. Casebeer L, Huber C, Bennett N, et al. Improving the physician-patient cardiovascular risk dialogue to improve statin adherence. BMC Fam Pract 2009, doi:10.1186/1471-2296-10-48 (30 June 2009)
69. Becker MH, Maiman LA. Strategies for enhancing patient compliance. J Community Health 1980;6:113-135
70. Mahler HI, Kulik JA, Tarazi RY. Effects of a videotape information intervention at discharge on diet and exercise compliance after coronary bypass surgery. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1999;19:170-177
71. Thomas H, Maynard C, Wagner G, Eisenstein L. Results from a practice-based lipid clinic model in achieving low density lipoprotein cholesterol goals. N C Med J 2003;63:263-266
72. Connolly S, Kotseva K, Jennings C, et al. EUROACTION: the achievement of blood pressure, lipid and glucose targets in a cardiovascular prevention programme in general practice - one year results. Lancet 2008;371:1999-2012
73. Fulmer T, Feldman P, Kim T, et al. An intervention study to enhance medication compliance in community-dwelling elderly individuals. J Gerontol Nurs 1999;25:6-14
74. Friedman R, Kazis L, Jette A, et al. A telecommunications system for monitoring and counseling patients with hypertension: impact on medication adherence and blood pressure control. Am J Hypertens 1996;9:285-292
75. Friedman R. Automated telephone conversations to assess health behaviour and deliver behavioural interventions. J Med Syst 1998;22:95-102
76. Lee J, Grace K, Taylor A. Effect of a pharmacy care program on medication adherence and persistence, blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006;296:2563-2571
77. Winland-Brown J, Vallante J. Effectiveness of different medication management approaches on elders' medication adherence. Outcomes Manag Nurs Pract 2000;4:172-176
78. Muhlestein J, Horne B, Bair T, et al. Usefulness of in-hospital prescription of statin agents after angiographic diagnosis of coronary artery disease in improving continued compliance and reduced mortality. Am J Cardiol 2001;87:257-261
79. Fonarow G, Gawlinski A, Cardin S, et al. Improved treatment of cardiovascular disease by implementation of a cardiac hospitalization atherosclerosis management program: CHAMP. Am J Cardiol 2001;87:819-822
80. Kalia N, Miller L, Nasir K, et al. Visualizing coronary calcium is associated with improvements in adherence to statin therapy. Atherosclerosis 2006;185;394-399
81. Bokhour B, Berlowitz D, Long J, Kressin N. How do providers assess antihypertensive medication adherence in medical encounters? J Gen Intern Med 2006;21:577-583
82. Wilson I, Schoen C, Neuman P, et al. Physician-patient communication about prescription medication nonadherence: a 50 state study of America's seniors. J Gen Intern Med 2007;22:6-12
83. Allen JK, Blumenthal R, Margolis S, et al. Nurse case management of hypercholesterolemia in patients with coronary heart disease: results of a randomized clinical trial. Am Heart J 2002;144:678-686
84. Gambino K, Planavsky L, Gaudette H. Transition toward a nurse practitioner-managed clinic. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2009;24:132-139
85. Lee J, Grace K, Taylor A. Effect of a pharmacy care program on medication adherence and persistence, blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006;296:2563-2571
86. Bellosta S, Paoletti R, Corsini A. Safety of statins. Focus on clinical pharmacokinetics and drug interactions. Circuation 2004;109(Suppl 3):50-57
87. Jacobson T. Towards 'pain-free' statin prescribing: clincial algorithm for diagnosis and management of myalgia. Mayo Clin Proc 2008;83:687-700
88. Liao J. Safety and efficacy of statins in Asians. Am J Cardiol 2007;9:410-414
89. FDA Public Health Advisory for Crestor (rosuvastatin). Available from: http://www. fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PublicHealthAdvisories/ucm051756.htm [Last accessed 30 July 2009]
90. Schachter M. Chemical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of statins: an update. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2005;19:117-125
91. Stein E, Ballantyne C, Windler E, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of fluvastatin XL 80 mg alone, ezetimibe alone, and the combination of fluvastatin XL 80 mg with ezetimibe in patients with a history of muscle-related side effects with other statins. Am J Cardiol 2008;101:490-496
92. Backes J, Carmelo V, Gibson C, et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of every-other-day rosuvastatin dosing in patients with prior statin intolerance. Ann Pharmacother 2008;42:341-6.
93. Ruisinger J, Backes J, Gibson C, Moriarty P. Once-a-week rosuvastatin (2.5 to 20 mg) in patients with a previous statin intolerance. Am J Cardiol 2009;103:393-394
94. Caso G, Kelly P, McNurlan M, Lawson W. Effect of coenzyme q10 on myopathic symptoms in patients treated with statins. Am J Cardiol 2007;99:1409-1412
95. Young J, Florkowski C, Molyneux S, et al. Effect of coenzyme q10 supplementation on simvastatin-induced myalgia. Am J Cardiol 2007;100:1400-1403
96. Ahmed W, Khan N, Glueck C, et al. Low serum 25 (OH) vitamin D levels (< 32 ng/ mL) are associated with reversible myositis-myalgia in statin-treated patients. Transl Res 2009; 153:11-16
97. Knopp R, Gitter H, Truitt T, et al. Effects ezetimibe; a new cholesterol absorptioon inhibitor on plasma lipids in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Eur Heart J 2003;24:729-741
98. Venero C, Venero J, Seip R, Thompson P. Effectiveness of thrice weekly ezetimibe. Am J Cardiol 2008;102:1205-1206
99. Rajamani K, Colman PG, Li L, et al. Effect of fenofibrate on amputation events in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (FIELD study): a prespecified analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2009;373:1780-1788
100. Gibbons L, Gonzalez V, Gordon N, Grundy S. The prevalence of side effects with regular and sustained-release nicotinic acid. Am J Med 1995;99:378-385
101. Maccubbin D, Koren M, Davidson M, et al. Flushing profile of extended-release niacin/laropiprant versus gradually titrated niacin extended-release in patients with dyslipidemia with and without ischemic cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 2009;104:74-81
102. Bays H, Dujovne C. Colesevelam HCl: a non-systemic lipid-altering drug. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2003;4:779-780
103. Becker D, Gordon R, Halbert S, et al. Red rice for dyslipidemia in statin intolerant patients: a randomized trial. Ann Int Med 2009;150:830-839
104. The NHS Confederation. Investing in General Practice: The New General Medical Services Contract. Available from: http://www.bma.org.uk/ap.nsf/ NewGMSContract [Last accessed 5 August 2009]
105. McGovern M, Boroujerdi M, Taylor M, et al. The effect of the UK incentive-based contract on the management of patients with coronary heart disease in primary care. Fam Pract 2008;25:33-39
106. Joy T, Hegele R. Narrative review: statin-related myopathy. Ann Intern Med 2009;150:858-868