Glutamate-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor modulation and minocycline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia: An update

Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research

Volumn 42, Issue 11, 2009, Pages 1002-1014

  Chaves, C ^a   Marque, C R ^a   Trzesniak, C ^a   Machado De Sousa, J P ^a   Zuardi, A W ^a   Crippa, J A S ^a   Dursun, S M ^a,b   Hallak, J E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Clinical trial; Glutamate; Glycine; Minocycline; NMDA agonist; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

CLOZAPINE; CYCLOSERINE; DEXTRO ALANINE; DEXTRO SERINE; GLYCINE; GLYCINE TRANSPORTER 1; MINOCYCLINE; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; PLACEBO; RISPERIDONE; SARCOSINE;

ADD ON THERAPY; ADJUVANT THERAPY; AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS; BINDING AFFINITY; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; HUMAN; HUNTINGTON CHOREA; ISCHEMIA; NEGATIVE SYNDROME; NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NEUROPROTECTION; NEUROTOXICITY; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; PARKINSON DISEASE; POSITIVE SYNDROME; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION;

SYRINGA;

EID: 71049163451     PISSN: 0100879X     EISSN: 1414431X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1590/S0100-879X2009001100002     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. Andreasen NC. Schizophrenia: the fundamental questions. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2000; 31: 106-112.
2. Potkin SG, Jin Y, Bunney BG, Costa J, Gulasekaram B. Effect of clozapine and adjunctive high-dose glycine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 145-147. (Pubitemid 29034896)
3. Hashimoto K, Engberg G, Shimizu E, Nordin C, Lindstrom LH, Iyo M. Reduced D-serine to total serine ratio in the cerebrospinal fluid of drug naive schizophrenic patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005; 29: 767-769. (Pubitemid 40897791)
4. Krystal JH, Karper LP, Seibyl JP, Freeman GK, Delaney R, Bremner JD, et al. Subanesthetic effects of the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in humans. Psychotomimetic, perceptual, cognitive, and neuroendocrine responses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51: 199-214. (Pubitemid 24081509)
5. Hashimoto K, Fukushima T, Shimizu E, Komatsu N, Watanabe H, Shinoda N, et al. Decreased serum levels of Dserine in patients with schizophrenia: evidence in support of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60: 572-576. (Pubitemid 36682314)
6. Heresco-Levy U, Ermilov M, Shimoni J, Shapira B, Silipo G, Javitt DC. Placebo-controlled trial of D-cycloserine added to conventional neuroleptics, olanzapine, or risperidone in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 480-482. (Pubitemid 34184748)
7. Heresco-Levy U, Ermilov M, Lichtenberg P, Bar G, Javitt DC. High-dose glycine added to olanzapine and risperidone for the treatment of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55: 165-171. (Pubitemid 38367720)
8. Stahl SM. Novel therapeutics for schizophrenia: targeting glycine modulation of NMDA glutamate receptors. CNS Spectr 2007; 12: 423-427.
9. Miya K, Inoue R, Takata Y, Abe M, Natsume R, Sakimura K, et al. Serine racemase is predominantly localized in neurons in mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 2008; 510: 641-654.
10. Tsai G, Yang P, Chung LC, Lange N, Coyle JT. D-serine added to antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 44: 1081-1089. (Pubitemid 28547143)
11. Tsai GE, Yang P, Chang YC, Chong MY. D-alanine added to antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 59: 230-234. (Pubitemid 43208969)
12. Goff DC, Herz L, Posever T, Shih V, Tsai G, Henderson DC, et al. A six-month, placebo-controlled trial of D-cycloserine co-administered with conventional antipsychotics in schizophrenia patients. Psychopharmacology 2005; 179: 144-150. (Pubitemid 40576701)
13. Watson GB, Bolanowski MA, Baganoff MP, Deppeler CL, Lanthorn TH. D-cycloserine acts as a partial agonist at the glycine modulatory site of the NMDA receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Brain Res 1990; 510: 158-160.
14. Tsai G, Lane HY, Yang P, Chong MY, Lange N. Glycine transporter I inhibitor, N-methylglycine (sarcosine), added to antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55: 452-456. (Pubitemid 38338531)
15. Tuominen HJ, Tiihonen J, Wahlbeck K. Glutamatergic drugs for schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2005; 72: 225-234. (Pubitemid 39550993)
16. Shim SS, Hammonds MD, Kee BS. Potentiation of the NMDA receptor in the treatment of schizophrenia: focused on the glycine site. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2008; 258: 16-27.
17. Domercq M, Matute C. Neuroprotection by tetracyclines. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2004; 25: 609-612.
18. Denovan-Wright EM, Devarajan S, Dursun SM, Robertson HA. Maintained improvement with minocycline of a patient with advanced Huntington's disease. J Psychopharmacol 2002; 16: 393-394. (Pubitemid 35470587)
19. Zhang L, Shirayama Y, Shimizu E, Iyo M, Hashimoto K. Protective effects of minocycline on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine- induced neurotoxicity in serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons of mouse brain. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 544: 1-9. (Pubitemid 44148565)
20. Zhang L, Shirayama Y, Iyo M, Hashimoto K. Minocycline attenuates hyperlocomotion and prepulse inhibition deficits in mice after administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32: 2004-2010. (Pubitemid 47258509)
21. Fujita Y, Ishima T, Kunitachi S, Hagiwara H, Zhang L, Iyo M, et al. Phencyclidine-induced cognitive deficits in mice are improved by subsequent subchronic administration of the antibiotic drug minocycline. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32: 336-339. (Pubitemid 351178944)
22. Levkovitz Y, Levi U, Braw Y, Cohen H. Minocycline, a second-generation tetracycline, as a neuroprotective agent in an animal model of schizophrenia. Brain Res 2007; 1154: 154-162. (Pubitemid 46856336)
23. Levkovitz Y, Mendlovic S, Issak Si, Braw Y, Levkovitch- Verbin H, Gal G, et al. Minocycline ameliorates negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in early-phase schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study. Schizophr Res 2008; 14 (Abstract).
24. Miyaoka T, Yasukawa R, Yasuda H, Hayashida M, Inagaki T, Horiguchi J. Possible antipsychotic effects of minocycline in patients with schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007; 31: 304-307. (Pubitemid 44959270)
25. Javitt DC, Zylberman I, Zukin SR, Heresco-Levy U, Lindenmayer JP. Amelioration of negative symptoms in schizophrenia by glycine. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151: 1234-1236. (Pubitemid 24240973)
26. Heresco-Levy U, Javitt DC, Ermilov M, Mordel C, Horowitz A, Kelly D. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of glycine adjuvant therapy for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1996; 169: 610-617. (Pubitemid 26373164)
27. Heresco-Levy U, Javitt DC, Ermilov M, Mordel C, Silipo G, Lichtenstein M. Efficacy of high-dose glycine in the treatment of enduring negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56: 29-36. (Pubitemid 29055047)
28. Evins AE, Fitzgerald SM, Wine L, Rosselli R, Goff DC. Placebo-controlled trial of glycine added to clozapine in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157: 826-828. (Pubitemid 30249667)
29. Javitt DC, Silipo G, Cienfuegos A, Shelley AM, Bark N, Park M, et al. Adjunctive high-dose glycine in the treatment of schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2001; 4: 385-391. (Pubitemid 33151682)
30. Diaz P, Bhaskara S, Dursun SM, Deakin B. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of clozapine plus glycine in refractory schizophrenia negative results. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005; 25: 277-278. (Pubitemid 40685796)
31. Buchanan RW, Javitt DC, Marder SR, Schooler NR, Gold JM, McMahon RP, et al. The Cognitive and Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia Trial (CONSIST): the efficacy of glutamatergic agents for negative symptoms and cognitive impairments. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164: 1593-1602.
32. Rosse RB, Fay-McCarthy M, Kendrick K, Davis RE, Deutsch SI. D-cycloserine adjuvant therapy to molindone in the treatment of schizophrenia. Clin Neuropharmacol 1996; 19: 444-450. (Pubitemid 26314863)
33. Heresco-Levy U, Javitt DC, Ermilov M, Silipo G, Shimoni J. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of D-cycloserine adjuvant therapy for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 1998; 1: 131-135. (Pubitemid 128538374)
34. Goff DC, Tsai G, Levitt J, Amico E, Manoach D, Schoenfeld DA, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of D-cycloserine added to conventional neuroleptics in patients with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56: 21-27. (Pubitemid 29055046)
35. Goff DC, Henderson DC, Evins AE, Amico E. A placebo-controlled crossover trial of D-cycloserine added to clozapine in patients with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45: 512-514. (Pubitemid 29130454)
36. van Berckel BN, Evenblij CN, van Loon BJ, Maas MF, van der Geld MA, Wynne HJ, et al. D-cycloserine increases positive symptoms in chronic schizophrenic patients when administered in addition to antipsychotics: a double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled study. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999; 21: 203-210.
37. Duncan EJ, Szilagyi S, Schwartz MP, Bugarski-Kirola D, Kunzova A, Negi S, et al. Effects of D-cycloserine on negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2004; 71: 239-248. (Pubitemid 39330502)
38. Tsai GE, Yang P, Chung LC, Tsai IC, Tsai CW, Coyle JT. Dserine added to clozapine for the treatment of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 1822-1825. (Pubitemid 29517581)
39. Heresco-Levy U, Javitt DC, Ebstein R, Vass A, Lichtenberg P, Bar G, et al. D-serine efficacy as add-on pharmacotherapy to risperidone and olanzapine for treatment-refractory schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 57: 577-585. (Pubitemid 40409697)
40. Lane HY, Chang YC, Liu YC, Chiu CC, Tsai GE. Sarcosine or D-serine add-on treatment for acute exacerbation of schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62: 1196-1204.
41. Lane HY, Huang CL, Wu PL, Liu YC, Chang YC, Lin PY, et al. Glycine transporter I inhibitor, N-methylglycine (sarcosine), added to clozapine for the treatment of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 60: 645-649.
42. Lane HY, Liu YC, Huang CL, Chang YC, Liau CH, Perng CH, et al. Sarcosine (N-methylglycine) treatment for acute schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind study. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 63: 9-12. (Pubitemid 350234891)
43. Rosse RB, Theut SK, Banay-Schwartz M, Leighton M, Scarcella E, Cohen CG, et al. Glycine adjuvant therapy to conventional neuroleptic treatment in schizophrenia: an open-label, pilot study. Clin Neuropharmacol 1989; 12: 416-424. (Pubitemid 20008765)
44. Costa J, Khaled E, Sramek J, Bunney W Jr, Potkin SG. An open trial of glycine as an adjunct to neuroleptics in chronic treatment-refractory schizophrenics. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990; 10: 71-72. (Pubitemid 20096229)
45. Leiderman E, Zylberman I, Zukin SR, Cooper TB, Javitt DC. Preliminary investigation of high-dose oral glycine on serum levels and negative symptoms in schizophrenia: an open-label trial. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 39: 213-215. (Pubitemid 26072716)
46. Cascella NG, Macciardi F, Cavallini C, Smeraldi E. D-cycloserine adjuvant therapy to conventional neuroleptic treatment in schizophrenia: an open-label study. J Neural Transm Gen Sect 1994; 95: 105-111. (Pubitemid 2051955)
47. Goff DC, Tsai G, Manoach DS, Coyle JT. Dose-finding trial of D-cycloserine added to neuroleptics for negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 1213-1215.
48. Goff DC, Tsai G, Manoach DS, Flood J, Darby DG, Coyle JT. D-cycloserine added to clozapine for patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 1628-1630. (Pubitemid 26406177)
49. van Berckel BN, Hijman R, van der Linden JA, Westenberg HG, van Ree JM, Kahn RS. Efficacy and tolerance of D-cycloserine in drug-free schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 40: 1298-1300. (Pubitemid 27006415)
50. Evins AE, Amico E, Posever TA, Toker R, Goff DC. D-cycloserine added to risperidone in patients with primary negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2002; 56: 19-23. (Pubitemid 34655463)
51. Miyaoka T, Yasukawa R, Yasuda H, Hayashida M, Inagaki T, Horiguchi J. Minocycline as adjunctive therapy for schizophrenia: an open-label study. Clin Neuropharmacol 2008; 31: 287-292.
52. Javitt DC. Glycine transport inhibitors and the treatment of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 63: 6-8.
53. Stone JM, Morrison PD, Pilowsky LS. Glutamate and dopamine dysregulation in schizophrenia - a synthesis and selective review. J Psychopharmacol 2007; 21: 440-452.
54. Black MD. Therapeutic potential of positive AMPA modulators and their relationship to AMPA receptor subunits. A review of preclinical data. Psychopharmacology 2005; 179: 154-163.
55. Papadia S, Hardingham GE. The dichotomy of NMDA receptor signaling. Neuroscientist 2007; 13: 572-579.
56. Waxman EA, Lynch DR. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtype mediated bidirectional control of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 29322-29333.
57. Song Y, Wei EQ, Zhang WP, Ge QF, Liu JR, Wang ML, et al. Minocycline protects PC12 cells against NMDA-induced injury via inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase activation. Brain Res 2006; 1085: 57-67. (Pubitemid 43728193)
58. Pi R, Li W, Lee NT, Chan HH, Pu Y, Chan LN, et al. Minocycline prevents glutamate-induced apoptosis of cerebellar granule neurons by differential regulation of p38 and Akt pathways. J Neurochem 2004; 91: 1219-1230. (Pubitemid 39587460)
59. Haddad JJ. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways: a revolving neurochemical axis for therapeutic intervention? Prog Neurobiol 2005; 77: 252-282.
60. Moghaddam B. Bringing order to the glutamate chaos in schizophrenia. Neuron 2003; 40: 881-884. (Pubitemid 37522046)