Neoliberalism's two faces in Asia globalization, educational policies, and religious schooling in India, Pakistan, and Malaysia

Comparative Politics

Volumn 41, Issue 4, 2009, Pages

  Thachil, Tariq ^a  

^a Department Graduate Colloquium ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 70849113241     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5129/001041509x12911362972593     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Percentage of GDP spent by the government on education is the most widely used in policy analyses.
2. See United Nations Development Program's Human Development Reports.
3. Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
4. The extensive literature advocating private solutions, even for schooling for the poor, includes Milton Friedman, "Public Schools: Make Them Private", Working Paper No. 23, (Washington, D. C.: Cato Institute, 1995) ;
5. Anne Krueger, "Government Failure in Development", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 4 (Summer 1990), 9-23;
6. Gabriel Roth, The Private Provision of Public Services in Developing Countries (Washington, D. C.: World Bank, 1987) ;
7. James Tooley and Pauline Dixon, Private School Is Good for the Poor (Washington, D. C.: Cato Institute, 2005).
8. Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002) ;
9. Amartya Sen, "Introduction", in Kumar Rana, Abdur Rafique, and Amrita Sengupta, The Pratichi Education Report (New Delhi: TLM Books, 2002), pp. 1-11.
10. Alan Tonelson, The Race to the Bottom (Boulder: Westview Press, 2000).
11. Peter Katzenstein, Small States in World Market (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985) ;
12. John Ruggie, "International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order", International Organization, 36 (1982), 379-416.
13. Dani Rodrik, Has Globalization Gone Too Far? (Washington, D. C.: Institute for International Economics, 1997) ;
14. Layna Mosley, "Globalisation and the State: Still Room to Move?", New Political Economy, 10 (September 2005), 355-62.
15. See Daniel W. Drezner, "The Race to the Bottom Hypothesis: An Empirical and Theoretical Review" (Fletcher School, Tufts University, 2006).
16. See "National Responses to Make Globalization Work for Human Development", in Human Development Report, "Globalization with a Human Face" (UNDP, 1999), ch. 4.
17. Nita Rudra, "Globalization and the Decline of the Welfare State in Less-Developed Countries", International Organization, 56 (Spring 2002), 411-45;
18. Robert Kaufman and Alex Segura-Ubiergo, "Globalization, Domestic Politics, and Social Spending in Latin America: A Time-Series, Cross-Section Analysis, 1973-1997", World Politics, 53 (July 2001), 553-87. (Pubitemid 33038295)
19. Gøsta Esping-Anderson, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990) ;
20. Elmar Rieger and Stephan Leibfried, Limits to Globalization: Welfare States and the World Economy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2003).
21. George Avelino, David S. Brown, and Wendy Hunter, "The Effects of Capital Mobility, Trade Openness, and Democracy on Social Spending in Latin America, 1980-1999", American Journal of Political Studies, 49 (July 2005), 625-41.
22. See Nita Rudra and Stephan Haggard, "Globalization, Domestic Politics, and Welfare Spending in the Developing World", paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, 2001.
23. See also Kaufman and Segura-Ubergio; Avelino, Brown, and Hunter.
24. Steven Haggard and Robert Kaufman, "Fiscal Crisis, Welfare Legacies and Social Policy", paper presented at Political Economy Research Colloquium, Cornell University, March 28, 2006.
25. Chris Rowley and Mainder Bhopal, "The Ethnic Factor in State-Labor Relations: The Case of Malaysia", Capital and Class (Spring 2006), 1-11.
26. Geoffrey Garrett and Peter Lange, "Internationalization, Institutions and Political Change", in Robert Keohane and Helen Milner, eds., Internationalization and Domestic Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
27. Ghulam Saquib, Modernization of Muslim Education (Lahore: Islamic Book Service, 1983).
28. Tariq Rahman, Denizens of Alien Worlds: A Study of Education, Inequality and Polarization in Pakistan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).
29. See Pakistan Ministry of Finance, Economic Survey 2006-07, ch. 11.
30. Government of Pakistan Report (1959), quoted in Rahman, p. 13.
31. Vijay Prasad, "Pakistan's Vise", South Asia Watch, 1 (September 19, 2001).
32. Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Finance, Economic Survey 2006-07, ch. 1.
33. Data from Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Finance, Economic Survey 2006-07, ch. 6;
34. State Bank of Pakistan, "Domestic and External Debt", in Annual Report (2005-2006).
35. Mahmood Monshipouri and Amjad Samuel, "Democracy and Development in Pakistan: Tenuous or Plausible Nexus?", Asian Survey, 35 (November 1995), p. 981.
36. Shaheed Shafqat, "Pakistan under Benazir Bhutto", Asian Survey, 36 (July 1996), 655-72.
37. Mohammad Waseem, "Pakistan's Lingering Crisis of Dyarchy", Asian Survey, 32 (July 1992), 617-34.
38. Samina Ahmed, Testimony to U. S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee Hearing on Combating Terrorism through Education: The Near East and South Asian Experience, Washington, D. C., April 19, 2005.
39. Sartaj Aziz, Keynote Address, in Published Report of Conference on Financing Pakistan's Development in the 1990s (Lahore: Lahore University of Management Sciences, 1991).
40. See Tahir Amin, "Pakistan in 1993: Some Dramatic Changes", Asian Survey, 34 (March 1992), 617-34.
41. A. R. Kemal, "Privatization in Pakistan", in Gopal Joshi, ed., Privatization in South Asia: Minimizing Negative Social Effects through Restructuring (New Delhi: ILO, 2000), 143-74.
42. See S. Akhtar, "Ghost Schools Galore in Education System", The Nation, Nov. 1, 1999.
43. Rahman, p. 19.
44. Pervez Musharraf, Vision for a Prosperous Pakistan (2005).
45. Pakistan Ministry of Finance, (2005-06), Pakistan Economic Survey, www.finance.gov. pk/survey/home.htm: 9), accessed on December 2, 2006.
46. Pakistan Ministry of Education (2001), Education Sector Reform Action Plan.
47. Government of Pakistan, "Education Sector Reforms: Action Plan 2001-2004" (Islamabad: Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Education), p. 48;
48. Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Finance, Economic Survey 2006-07, ch. 11.
49. See International Republic Institute, Survey of Pakistani Public Opinion.
50. Mariana Baabar, "An Islamic Escape Route", Outlook, Sept. 7, 1998;
51. Staff Report, "Sharif s Election Promise to Make Koranic Education Compulsory", Agence France Presse, Jan. 15, 1997.
52. K. Akhtar, "Pakistan Education System Starved of Funds", Dawn, Nov. 6, 1997.
53. Akhtar, "Ghost Schools;" Suzanne Goldenberg, "Pakistan Civil Society Loses to Shari'a", The Guardian, Oct. 10, 1998.
54. See Hasan-Askari Rizvi, "Pakistan in 1998: The Polity under Pressure", Asian Survey, 39 (1998), p. 180.
55. Rick Bragg, "A Nation Challenged: Shaping Young Islamic Hearts and Hatreds", New York Times, Oct. 14, 2001.
56. Zahid Hussein, "A Mixed Message: Under Pressure from the Religious Right Is Musharraf Backsliding on Civil Reforms?", Newsweek International, July 4, 2005.
57. Najam Mushtaq, "Musharraf's Madrassa Muddle", Foreign Policy in Focus, July 13, 2007.
58. Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Finance, Economic Survey 2006-07, ch. 11, p. 5.
59. Suba Chandran, Madrassas in Pakistan, Briefing Paper 11 (Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. 2003) ;
60. K. Alan Kronstadt, Education Reform in Pakistan, Congressional Research Service Report for U. S. Department of State, Library of Congress, December 24, 2004;
61. Peter Singer, Pakistan's Madrassas, Brookings Institutions Analysis Papers, 41 (2001).
62. Government of Pakistan, Economic Survey 2006-07, ch. 11, p. 4.
63. Singer, p. 2.
64. S. Akhtar, "Madrassa Education in Pakistan", Indo-Asian News Service, May 5, 2003.
65. See Myron Weiner, The Child and the State in India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
66. Government of India, Ministry of Finance, Economic Survey 2006-07
67. World Bank, World Bank Development Data (2006).
68. UNESCO, Global Education Digest: Comparing Educational Statistics from around the World (Montreal: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2005), p. 55.
69. Ben Ansell, "Traders, Teachers, and Tyrants: Democracy, Globalization and Public Investment in Education", Working Paper (Cambridge, MA.: Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, 2005).
70. Stuart Corbridge and John Harriss, Reinventing India (Cambridge: Polity, 2000), p. 62;
71. Stanley Kochanek, "Mrs. Gandhi's Pyramid", in Zoya Hasan, ed., Parties and Party Politics (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002).
72. National Election Studies (New Delhi: Lokniti Programme for Comparative Democracy, 1998, 2004).
73. Yogendra Yadav, "The New Congress Voter", Seminar, 526 (June 2003), 1-5.
74. National Election Study, 2004
75. See Roth; Krueger; James Tooley, The Global Education Industry (London: Institute of Economic Affairs, 1999).
76. Public Report on Basic Education (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 132.
77. Siddhartha Vardhrajan, "Class and Classroom: What's Wrong with Indian Schooling", Times of India, Jan. 22, 1999.
78. Bharatiya Janata Party Election Manifesto, 2005.
79. UNESCO, Education for All Report (2000).
80. Neema Kudva, "Strong States, Strong NGOs", in Raka Ray and Mary Katzenstein, eds., Social Movements in India: Poverty, Power and Politics (Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005), p. 234.
81. Rana, Rafique, and Sengupta.
82. National Council for Education Research and Training, All India Educational Survey (New Delhi: NCERT Press, 1993, 2002).
83. Christophe Jaffielot, The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), p. 532.
84. Venkatesh Ramakrishnan, "A Spreading Network", Frontline, 15 (November 7, 1998), 10-17;
85. Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, Statistics on Schools (2005), http://www.rss.org/New-RSS/Organisation/Shakhalnfo.jsp, accessed on Nov. 11, 2004.
86. Anil Pathak, "RSS Shakhas Poised to Swell in State", Times of India, May 28, 2002, p. 7.
87. Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.
88. Ramakrishnan.
89. Angaria Chatterji, "Learning in Saffron: RSS Schools in Orissa", Asian Age, Nov. 12, 2003, p. 17.
90. James Tooley, The Global Education Industry (London: Institute of Economic Affairs, 1999), p. 14.
91. Lalit Vachani, The Boy in the Branch (New Delhi: Wide Eye Films, 1993) ;
92. Lalit Vachani, Men in the Tree (New Delhi: Wide Eye Films, 2002).
93. Jaffrelot, p. 532.
94. David Camroux, "State Responses to Islamic Resurgence in Malaysia: Accommodation, Co-option and Confrontation", Asian Survey, 36 (September 1996), 852-68.
95. Larry Diamond, "Thinking about Hybrid Regimes", Journal of Democracy, 13 (April 2002), 21-35. On Malaysia see Harold Crouch, "Authoritarian Trends, the UNMO Split and the Limits to State Power", in Joel Kahn and Francis Loh Kok Wah, eds., Fragmented Vision (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1992).
96. See Harold A. Crouch, Government and Society in Malaysia (St. Leonard's: Allen and Unwin, 1996).
97. Abdul Rafie Mahat, "Introduction Speech", in Abdul Razak Baginda and Peter Schier, eds., Education in Malaysia: Unifying or Divisive? (Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Strategic Research Center, 2003), p. 5.
98. R. S. Milne, "The Politics of Malaysia's New Economic Policy", Pacific Affairs, 49 (Summer 1976), 235-62.
99. Elsa Lafeye de Micheaux, The Role of Education in Overcoming Ethnic Divisions and Building Malaysia's Nation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997).
100. Donald Crone, "State, Social Elites, and Government Capacity in Southeast Asia", World Politics, 40 (January 1988), p. 259.
101. See Crouch.
102. Jacob Meerman, Public Expenditure in Malaysia: Who Benefits and Why (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979).
103. Graham Brown, "Making Ethnic Citizens: The Politics and Practice of Education in Malaysia" (Oxford: CRISE Working Paper No. 23, 2005), p. 10.
104. "Urban-Rural Education Gap to Be Further Narrowed", Business Times, Sept. 10, 2004.
105. Graham Brown, Siti Hawa Ali, and Wan Manan Wan Muda, "Policy Levers in Malaysia" (Oxford: CRISE Policy Context Paper 4, 2004), p. 4.
106. Marc Beeson, "Mahathir and the Markets: Globalisation and the Pursuit of Economic Autonomy in Malaysia", Pacific Affairs, 73 (Autumn 2000), 335-51.
107. Staff Report, "Be Careful about Globalisation, Warns Dr. Mahathir", Pertubuhan Berita Nasional Malaysia, Sept. 7, 2005.
108. Abdullah Ahmed Badawi, "Moving Forward towards Excellence", Speech to UNMO General Assembly, Kuala Lumpur, Sept. 23, 2004.
109. On UMMO and Islam, see K. S. Jomo and Ahmad Cheek, "Malaysia's Islamic Movements", in Kahn and Loh, eds., pp. 79-105.
110. "Minister Says Malaysia Emphasizes Democratization, Economic Development", Bernama News, Oct. 5, 2005.
111. "Abdullah Wants Malaysian to Be Strong to Face Competition", Pertubuhan Berita Nasional Malaysia, July 6, 2001.
112. De Micheaux, p. 13.
113. D. K. Mauzy and R. S. Milne, "The Mahathir Administration: Discipline through Islam", Pacific Affairs, 56 (Winter 1986), 617-48.
114. Mohammad Bakri Musa, An Education System Worthy of Malaysia (Petaling Jaya: Strategic Information Research Development, 2003).