Pakistan under Benazir Bhutto

Asian Survey

Volumn 36, Issue 7, 1996, Pages 655-668

  Shafqat, Saeed ^a  

^a Civil Services Academy   (Pakistan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 5844287569     PISSN: 00044687     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2645715     Document Type: Article

References (23)

1. Benazir Bhutto, Daughter of Destiny (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989).
2. Ibid., pp. 58-61.
3. Lawrence Ziring, "Benazir Bhuno: A Political Portrait" Asian Affairs: An American Review, 18:3 (Fall 1991), p. 179.
4. Khawar Mumtaz and Farida Shaheed, Women of Pakistan: Two Steps Forward, One Step Back? (Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Zed Books, 1987), p. 65.
5. During the campaign, IJI leaders not only used slanderous language against Benazir and Nusrat Bhutto but also distributed handbills with obscene language and pictures of the Bhutto women.
6. Saeed Shafqat, "Transition to Democracy: The Experience of Pakistan," paper presented at the conference on Political Development and Democracy in Pakistan, Columbia University, September 1992 (mimeograph).
7. Interviews with senior officers of the armed forces.
8. The committee, headed by the air chief, had three members: M. A. K, Chaudry, S. K. Mahmud (the secretary of interior), and Air Commodore Muhammad Yamin. It was to examine the workings of ISI, IB, ASF and the provincial special branches.
9. Muneer Ahmed, Political Role of Intelligence Agencies in Pakistan (Lahore: Jehangir Book Depot, 1993), pp. 108-23 (in Urdu).
10. Observations of a U.S. diplomat based in Pakistan.
11. Interviews with senior army officers.
12. In Hyderabad in January 1991, the author met a number of officials and citizens who in one way or another were affected by the events. The Sindhi interpretation is perhaps best conveyed by Nur-ul-Huda Shah, a Sindhi writer, in a short story, "Pucca Qila," which she read before Lahore audiences in December 1991. An analysis of the incident and circumstances surrounding it are in Mushahid Hussein, "After Black Sunday: Benazir-Back to the Bunker," The Nation, Lahore, June 3, 1990.
13. Interviews in Hyderabad.
14. An interesting analysis of the events leading to the widening gulf between Bhutto and the army and ultimately the dismissal of her government by the president is by Maleeha Lodhi in Jang, a Lahore daily, 16 August 1991.
15. Interviews with senior military officers.
16. General Beg revealed this in a talk at the Civil Services Academy in January 1992.
17. The president's dismissal order is in Dawn (Karachi), 7 August 1990.
18. On the growth and emergence of trader/merchant classes and industrialists in Punjab, see Anita M. Weiss, Culture, Class and Development in Pakistan: The Emergence of Industrial Bourgeoisie in Punjab (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1991), ch. 4.
19. See an assessment by Arif Nizami, "A Balance Sheet in the Deficit," Nation, December 2, 1989.
20. Interviews.
21. Bhutto speech at Harvard University, June 1989.
22. Interviews.
23. For example, in a speech Bhutto claimed that the "Battle of Pakistan has begun; the armed forces and a popular leadership should join together," and she demanded new elections. Text is in Frontier Post, Lahore, June 16, 1992.