Antiplatelet agents in stroke prevention: Acute and long-term treatment strategies

Hamostaseologie

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 326-333

  Weber, R ^a   Weimar, C ^a   Diener, Hans Christoph ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DUISBURG ESSEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Anticoagulation; Antiplatelet; Ischaemic stroke; Primary prevention; Secondary prevention; Transient ischaemic attack

Indexed keywords

ABCIXIMAB; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALTEPLASE; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; ANTIVITAMIN K; CLOPIDOGREL; DIPYRIDAMOLE; HEPARIN; IRBESARTAN; PLACEBO; WARFARIN;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; ARTERY DISEASE; ATHEROSCLEROTIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; BLEEDING; BRAIN EMBOLISM; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG MEGADOSE; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GROUPS BY AGE; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LOW DRUG DOSE; MONOTHERAPY; PATENT FORAMEN OVALE; PRIMARY PREVENTION; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REVIEW; STROKE; TENSION HEADACHE; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 70549113046     PISSN: 07209355     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1617130     Document Type: Review

References (72)

1. Abciximab in acute ischemic stroke: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study. The Abciximab in Ischemic Stroke Investigators. Stroke 2000; 31: 601-609. (Pubitemid 30131643)
2. Aspirin effects on mortality and morbidity in patients with diabetes mellitus. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report 14. ETDRS Investigators. JAMA 1992; 268: 1292-1300.
3. CAST: randomised placebo-controlled trial of early aspirin use in 20,000 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. CAST (Chinese Acute Stroke Trial) Collaborative Group. Lancet 1997; 349: 1641-1649.
4. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ 2002; 324: 71-86.
5. Dutch TIA Trial Study Group. A comparison of two doses of aspirin (30 mg vs. 283 mg a day) in patients after a transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1261-1266.
6. Emergency administration of abciximab for treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke: results of a randomized phase 2 trial. Stroke 2005; 36: 880-890. (Pubitemid 40490643)
7. Final report on the aspirin component of the ongoing Physicians' Health Study. Steering Committee of the Physicians' Health Study Research Group. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 129-135.
8. Guidelines for management of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack 2008. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) Executive Committee; ESO Writing Committee. Cerebrovasc Dis 2008; 25: 457-507.
9. The International Stroke Trial (IST): a randomised trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both, or neither among 19435 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group. Lancet 1997; 349: 1569-1581.
10. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE) . CAPRIE Steering Committee. Lancet 1996; 348: 1329-1339.
11. A randomized trial of anticoagulants versus aspirin after cerebral ischemia of presumed arterial origin. The Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischemia Trial (SPIRIT) Study Group. Ann Neurol 1997; 42: 857-865.
12. Secondary prevention in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke. EAFT (European Atrial Fibrillation Trial) Study Group. Lancet 1993; 342: 1255-1262.
13. Adams HP Jr, Effron MB, Torner J et al. Emergency administration of abciximab for treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke: results of an international phase III trial: Abciximab in Emergency Treatment of Stroke Trial (AbESTT-II). Stroke 2008; 39: 87-99.
14. Algra A. Medium intensity oral anticoagulants versus aspirin after cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin (ESPRIT): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6: 115-124. (Pubitemid 46097527)
15. Algra A, van Gijn J. Cumulative meta-analysis of aspirin efficacy after cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999; 66: 255. (Pubitemid 29103541)
16. Bartolucci AA, Howard G. Meta-analysis of data from the six primary prevention trials of cardiovascular events using aspirin. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98: 746-750. (Pubitemid 44301007)
17. Berger JS, Roncaglioni MC, Avanzini F et al. Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in women and men: a sex-specific meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2006; 295: 306-313.
18. Bhatt DL, Flather MD, Hacke W et al. Patients with prior myocardial infarction, stroke, or symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the CHARISMA trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49: 1982-1988. (Pubitemid 46694290)
19. Bhatt DL, Fox KA, Hacke W et al. Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 1706-1717.
20. Campbell CL, Smyth S, Montalescot G et al. Aspirin dose for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. JAMA 2007; 297: 2018-2024. (Pubitemid 46740354)
21. Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, Howlett-Smith H et al. Comparison of warfarin and aspirin for symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1305-1316.
22. Connolly S, Pogue J, Hart R et al. Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation in the Atrial fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for prevention of Vascular Events (ACTIVE W): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006; 367: 1903-1912.
23. Connolly SJ, Pogue J, Hart RG et al. Effect of clopidogrel added to aspirin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 2066-2078.
24. Costa J, Ferro JM, Matias-Guiu J et al. Triflusal for preventing serious vascular events in people at high risk. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005: CD004296.
25. de Gaetano G. Low-dose aspirin and vitamin E in people at cardiovascular risk: a randomised trial in general practice. Collaborative Group of the Primary Prevention Project. Lancet 2001; 357: 89-95. (Pubitemid 32094910)
26. Diener H and Davidai G. Dipyridamole and headache. Future Neurol 2007; 2: 279-283.
27. Diener HC. Stroke prevention: anti-platelet and antithrombolytic therapy. Neurol Clin 2000; 18: 343-355. (Pubitemid 30238775)
28. Diener HC, Aichner F, Bode C et al. Primär- und Sekundä rprävention der zerebralen Ischämie. In: Diener HC, Putzki N, Berlit P et al. (eds). Leitlinien für Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie. Stuttgart: Thieme 2008; 261-287.
29. Diener HC, Allenberg JR, Bode C et al. Leitlinien der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurologie und der Deutschen Schlaganfallgesellschaft zur Primär und Sekundärprophylaxe des Schlaganfalls: Aktualisierung 2007. Akt Neurol 2007; 34: 8-12.
30. Diener HC, Bogousslavsky J, Brass LM et al. Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in high-risk patients (MATCH): randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 364: 331-337.
31. Diener HC, Cunha L, Forbes C et al. European Stroke Prevention Study. 2. Dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid in the secondary prevention of stroke. J Neurol Sci 1996; 143: 1-13.
32. Diener HC, Darius H, Bertrand-Hardy JM et al. Cardiac safety in the European Stroke Prevention Study 2 (ESPS2). Int J Clin Pract 2001; 55: 162-163. (Pubitemid 32390152)
33. Farrell B, Godwin J, Richards S, et al. The United Kingdom transient ischaemic attack (UK-TIA) aspirin trial: final results. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991; 54: 1044-1054.
34. Flaker GC, Gruber M, Connolly SJ et al. Risks and benefits of combining aspirin with anticoagulant therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation: an exploratory analysis of stroke prevention using an oral thrombin inhibitor in atrial fibrillation (SPORTIF) trials. Am Heart J 2006; 152: 967-973. (Pubitemid 44637136)
35. Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2006; 114: e257-354.
36. Giles MF and Rothwell PM. Risk of stroke early after transient ischaemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6: 1063-1072.
37. Grau AJ, Weimar C, Buggle F et al. Risk factors, outcome, and treatment in subtypes of ischemic stroke: the German stroke data bank. Stroke 2001; 32: 2559-2566. (Pubitemid 33055306)
38. Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E et al. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 1317-1329.
39. Hagen PT, Scholz DG, Edwards WD. Incidence and size of patent foramen ovale during the first 10 decades of life: an autopsy study of 965 normal hearts. Mayo Clin Proc 1984; 59: 17-20.
40. Halkes PH, Gray LJ, Bath PM et al. Dipyridamole plus aspirin versus aspirin alone in secondary prevention after TIA or stroke: a meta-analysis by risk. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008; 79: 1218-1223.
41. Halkes PH, van Gijn J, Kappelle LJ et al. Aspirin plus dipyridamole versus aspirin alone after cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin (ESPRIT): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006; 367: 1665-1673.
42. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. HOT Study Group. Lancet 1998; 351: 1755-1762. (Pubitemid 28269185)
43. Hart RG, Benavente O, McBride R et al. Antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1999; 131: 492-501. (Pubitemid 29482392)
44. Hart RG, Halperin JL, Pearce LA et al. Lessons from the Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation trials. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138: 831-838. (Pubitemid 38124645)
45. Hart RG, Pearce LA, Aguilar MI. Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146: 857-867.
46. Homma S, Sacco RL, Di Tullio MR et al. Effect of medical treatment in stroke patients with patent foramen ovale: patent foramen ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke Study. Circulation 2002; 105: 2625-2631. (Pubitemid 34596039)
47. Huang Y, Cheng Y, Wu J et al. Cilostazol as an alternative to aspirin after ischaemic stroke: a randomised, double-blind, pilot study. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7: 494-499.
48. Iso H, Hennekens CH, Stampfer MJ et al. Prospective study of aspirin use and risk of stroke in women. Stroke 1999; 30: 1764-1771. (Pubitemid 29411812)
49. Kennedy J, Hill MD, Ryckborst KJ et al. Fast assessment of stroke and transient ischaemic attack to prevent early recurrence (FASTER): a randomised controlled pilot trial. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6: 961-969. (Pubitemid 47562312)
50. Lavallee PC, Meseguer E, Abboud H et al. A transient ischaemic attack clinic with round-the-clock access (SOS-TIA): feasibility and effects. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6: 953-960. (Pubitemid 47570023)
51. Leonardi-Bee J, Bath PM, Bousser MG et al. Dipyridamole for preventing recurrent ischemic stroke and other vascular events: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomized controlled trials. Stroke 2005; 36: 162-168. (Pubitemid 40054197)
52. Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M et al. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 2006; 367: 1747-1757.
53. Lovett JK, Coull AJ, Rothwell PM. Early risk of recurrence by subtype of ischemic stroke in population-based incidence studies. Neurology 2004; 62: 569-573.
54. Mant J, Hobbs FD, Fletcher K et al. Warfarin versus aspirin for stroke prevention in an elderly community population with atrial fibrillation (the Birmingham Atrial Fibrillation Treatment of the Aged Study, BAFTA): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007; 370: 493-503. (Pubitemid 47212371)
55. Mas JL, Arquizan C, Lamy C et al. Recurrent cerebrovascular events associated with patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, or both. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1740-1746. (Pubitemid 34940229)
56. Meissner I, Whisnant JP, Khandheria BK et al. Prevalence of potential risk factors for stroke assessed by transesophageal echocardiography and carotid ultrasonography: the SPARC study. Stroke Prevention: Assessment of Risk in a Community. Mayo Clin Proc 1999; 74: 862-869. (Pubitemid 29430352)
57. Mohr JP, Thompson JL, Lazar RM et al. A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1444-1451.
58. Overell JR, Bone I, Lees KR. Interatrial septal abnormalities and stroke: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. Neurology 2000; 55: 1172-1179. (Pubitemid 30802997)
59. Patrono C, Coller B, FitzGerald GA et al. Plateletactive drugs: the relationships among dose, effectiveness, and side effects: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 2004; 126: 234S-264S.
60. Patrono C, Garcia Rodriguez LA, Landolfi R et al. Low-dose aspirin for the prevention of atherothrombosis. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2373-2383.
61. Peto R, Gray R, Collins R et al. Randomised trial of prophylactic daily aspirin in British male doctors. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1988; 296: 313-316. (Pubitemid 18042841)
62. Rothwell PM, Giles MF, Chandratheva A et al. Effect of urgent treatment of transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke on early recurrent stroke (EXPRESS study): a prospective population-based sequential comparison. Lancet 2007; 370: 1432-1442. (Pubitemid 47576154)
63. Sacco RL, Diener HC, Yusuf S et al. Aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole versus clopidogrel for recurrent stroke. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 1238-1251.
64. Serebruany VL, Alberts MJ, Hanley DF. Prasugrel in the poststroke cohort of the TRITON Trial: the clear and present danger. Cerebrovasc Dis 2008; 26: 93-94.
65. Shinohara Y, Nishimaru K, Sawada T et al. Sarpogrelate-Aspirin Comparative Clinical Study for Efficacy and Safety in Secondary Prevention of Cerebral Infarction (S-ACCESS): A randomized, double-blind, aspirin-controlled trial. Stroke 2008; 39: 1827-1833.
66. Thijs V, Lemmens R, Fieuws S. Network meta-analysis: simultaneous meta-analysis of common antiplatelet regimens after transient ischaemic attack or stroke. Eur Heart J 2008; 29: 1086-1092. (Pubitemid 351844879)
67. Topol EJ, Easton D, Harrington RA et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, international trial of the oral IIb/IIIa antagonist lotrafiban in coronary and cerebrovascular disease. Circulation 2003; 108: 399-406. (Pubitemid 36935531)
68. Usman MH, Notaro LA, Nagarakanti R et al. Combination antiplatelet therapy for secondary stroke prevention: enhanced efficacy or double trouble? Am J Cardiol 2009; 103: 1107-1112.
69. Weimar C, Diener HC, Alberts MJ et al. The Essen stroke risk score predicts recurrent cardiovascular events: a validation within the REduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) registry. Stroke 2009; 40: 350-354.
70. Weimar C, Goertler M, Rother J et al. Predictive value of the Essen Stroke Risk Score and Ankle Brachial Index in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients from 85 German Stroke Units. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008; 79: 1339-1343.
71. Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2001-2015. (Pubitemid 350106708)
72. Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR et al. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 494-502. (Pubitemid 32758501)