Toxic cyanobacteria at Nakuru sewage oxidation ponds - A potential threat to wildlife

Limnologica

Volumn 40, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 47-53

  Kotut, Kiplagat ^a   Ballot, Andreas ^b   Wiegand, Claudia ^b   Krienitz, Lothar ^b  

^a KENYATTA UNIVERSITY   (Kenya)

^b LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY AND INLAND FISHERIES   (Germany)

Author keywords

Lake Nakuru National Park; Microcystins; Phytoplankton; Sewage ponds

Indexed keywords

BIOMASS; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); CYANOBACTERIUM; DRINKING WATER; ECOLOGICAL IMPACT; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; OXIDATION; POND; SEWAGE; TOXICITY; TOXIN; WATER QUALITY; WATER RESOURCE; WATER TREATMENT;

AFRICA; EAST AFRICA; KENYA; LAKE NAKURU NATIONAL PARK; RIFT VALLEY; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

CHLOROPHYTA; COCCOIDEA; CYANOBACTERIA; EUGLENIDA; MICROCYSTIS; MICROCYSTIS SP.;

EID: 70450245525     PISSN: 00759511     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.limno.2009.01.003     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Addico G., Hardege J., Komárek J., Babica P., and De Graft-Johnson K.A.A. Cyanobacteria species identified in the Weija and Kpong reservoirs, Ghana, and their implications for drinking water quality with respect to microcystin. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 28 (2006) 451-456
2. Albay M., Matthiensen A., and Codd G.A. Occurrence of toxic blue-green algae in the Kucukcekmece Lagoon (Istanbul, Turkey). Environ. Toxicol. 20 (2005) 277-284
3. APHA. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 20th Edition (1998), American Public Health Association, Washington DC
4. Ballot A., Pflugmacher S., Wiegand C., Kotut K., and Krienitz L. Cyanobacterial toxins in Lake Baringo, Kenya. Limnologica 33 (2003) 2-9
5. Ballot A., Krienitz L., Kotut K., Wiegand C., Metcalf J.S., Codd G.A., and Pflugmacher S. Cyanobacteria and cyanobacterial toxins in three alkaline lakes of Kenya - Lakes Bogoria, Nakuru and Elmenteita. J. Plankt. Res. 26 (2004) 925-935
6. Ballot A., Pflugmacher S., Wiegand C., Kotut K., and Krienitz L. Cyanobacteria and cyanobacterial toxins in the alkaline crater lakes Sonachi and Simbi. Harmful Algae 4 (2005) 139-150
7. Beasley V.R., Cook W.O., Dahlem A.M., Hooser S.B., Lovell R.A., and Valentine W.M. Algae intoxication in livestock and waterfowl. Vet. Clin. North Am.: Food Anim. Pract. 5 (1989) 345-361
8. Carmichael W.W. The cyanotoxins. Adv. Bot. Res. 27 (1997) 211-256
9. Carmichael W.W., Jones C.L.A., Mahmood N.A., and Theiss W.C. Algal toxins and water-based diseases. CRC Crit. Rev. Environ. Control 15 (1985) 275-313
10. Codd G.A., and Beattie K.A. Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) and their toxins: awareness and action in the United Kingdom. PHLS Microbiol. Dig. Suppl. 8 (1991) 82-86
11. Falconer I.R. Eutrophication by toxic blue-green algae. An increasing hazard in Australia. Aust. Biol. 1 (1988) 10-12
12. Haande S., Ballot A., Rohrlack T., Fastner J., Wiedner C., and Edvardsen B. Diversity of Microcystis aeruginosa isolates (Chroococcales, Cyanobacteria) from East-African water bodies. Arch. Microbiol. 188 (2007) 15-25
13. Haider S., Naithani V., Viswanathan P.N., and Kakkar P. Cyanobacterial toxins: a growing environmental concern. Chemosphere 52 (2003) 1-21
14. Harding W.R. New regional emergence of cyanobacterial toxicosis. Harmful Algae News 16 (1997) 12-13
15. Harding W.R., Rowe N., Wessels J.C., Beattie K.A., and Codd G.A. Death of a dog attributed to the cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) hepatotoxin nodularin in South Africa. J. South Afr. Vet. Ass. 66 (1995) 256-259
16. Hepperle, D., 2000. Opticount (distributed by the author). Available at 〈http://domix0.tripod.com〉.
17. Hoek C.v.d., Mann D.G., and Jahns H.M. Algae: An Introduction to Phycology (1995), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
18. Ihle T., Jähnichen S., and Benndorf J. Wax and wane of Microcystis (cyanophyceae) and microcystins in lake sediments: a case study in Quitzdorf Reservoir (Germany). J. Phycol. 41 (2005) 479-488
19. IUCN, 2006. Red List of Threatened Species, IUCN (〈www.iucnredlist.org〉).
20. Jähnichen S., Ihle T., Petzoldt T., and Benndorf J. Evidence for control of microcystin dynamics in Bautzen Reservoir (Germany) by cyanobacterial population growth rates and dissolved inorganic carbon. Arch. Hydrobiol. 150 (2001) 177-196
21. Jähnichen S., Petzoldt T., and Benndorf J. Impact of inorganic carbon availability on microcystin production by Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806. Environ. Microbiol. 73 (2007) 6994-7002
22. Kotut K., Ballot A., and Krienitz L. Toxic cyanobacteria and its toxins in standing waters of Kenya: implications for water resource use. J. Water Health 4 (2006) 233-245
23. Krienitz L., Ballot A., Wiegand C., Kotut K., Codd G.A., and Pflugmacher S. Cyanotoxin-producing bloom of Anabaena flos-aquae, Anabaena discoidea and Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanobacteria) in Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria, Kenya. J. Appl. Botany 76 (2002) 179-183
24. Krienitz L., Ballot A., Kotut K., Wiegand C., Pütz S., Metcalf J.S., Codd G.A., and Pflugmacher S. Contribution of hot spring cyanobacteria to the mysterious deaths of lesser flamingos at Lake Bogoria, Kenya. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 43 (2003) 141-148
25. Krienitz L., Ballot A., Casper P., Codd G.A., Kotut K., Metcalf J.S., Morrison L.F., Pflugmacher S., and Wiegand C. Contribution of toxic cyanobacteria to the massive deaths of Lesser Flamingos at saline-alkaline lakes of Kenya. Verh. Internat. Ver. Limnol. 29 (2005) 783-786
26. Kuiper-Goodman T.K., Falconer I., and Fitzgerald J. Human health aspects. In: Chorus I., and Bartram J. (Eds). Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water. A Guide to their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management (1999), E. & F. N. Spon, London, England 113-153
27. Kurmayer R., Dittmann E., Fastner J., and Chorus I. Diversity of microcystin genes within a population of the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis spp. in Lake Wannsee (Berlin, Germany). Microb. Ecol. 43 (2002) 107-118
28. Kurmayer R., Christiansen G., and Chorus I. The abundance of microcystin-producing genotypes correlates positively with colony size in Microcystis and determines its microcystin net production in Lake Wannsee. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69 (2003) 787-795
29. Lawton L.A., and Codd G.A. Cyanobacterial (Blue-green-algal) toxins and their significance in UK and European waters. J. Inst. Water Environ. Manage. 5 (1991) 460-465
30. Luckas B. Phycotoxins in the marine environment: control of marine organisms for contamination with algal toxins. Int. J. Environ. Pollut. 13 (2000) 148-172
31. Lugomela C., Pratap H.B., and Mgaya Y.D. Cyanobacteria blooms - A possible cause of mass mortality of Lesser Flamingos in Lake Manyara and Lake Big Momela, Tanzania. Harmful Algae 5 (2006) 534-541
32. Mara D., and Pearson H. Artificial freshwater environments: waste stabilization ponds. Biotechnology 8 (1986) 177-206
33. Metcalf J.S., Meriluoto J.A.O., and Codd G.A. Legal and security requirements for the air transportation of cyanotoxins and toxigenic cyanobacterial cells for legitimate research and analytical purposes. Toxicol. Lett. 163 (2006) 85-90
34. Mwaura F., Koyo A.O., and Zech B. Cyanobacterial blooms and the presence of cyanotoxins in small high altitude tropical headwater reservoirs in Kenya. J. Water Health 2 (2004) 49-57
35. Naselli-Flores L., Barone R., Chorus I., and Kurmayer R. Toxic cyanobacterial blooms in reservoirs under a semiarid Mediterranean climate: the magnification of a problem. Environ. Toxicol. 22 (2007) 399-404
36. Nasri A.B., Bouaicha N., and Fastner J. First report of a microcystin-containing bloom of the cyanobacteria Microcystis spp. in Lake Oubeira, eastern Algeria. Arch. Environ. Con. Tox. 46 (2004) 197-202
37. Oudra B., Loudiki M., Vasconcelos V., Sabour B., Sbiyyaa B., Oufdou K., and Mezrioui N. Detection and quantification of microcystins from cyanobacteria strains isolated from reservoirs and ponds in Morocco. Environ. Toxicol. 17 (2002) 32-39
38. Pflugmacher S., Wiegand C., Beattie K.A., Krausse E., Steinberg C.E.W., and Codd G.A. Uptake, effects and metabolism of cyanobacterial toxins in the emergent reed plant Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex. Steud. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20 (2001) 846-852
39. Ruttner F. Limnologische studien an einigen Seen der Ostalpen. Arch. Hydrobiol. 32 (1938) 167-319
40. Schwimmer M., and Schwimmer D. Medical aspects of phycology. In: Jackson D.F. (Ed). Algae, Man, and the Environment (1968), Syracuse University Press, New York 279-358
41. Scott W.E. Occurrence and significance of toxic cyanobacteria in Southern Africa. Water Sci. Technol. 23 (1991) 175-180
42. Sivonen K., and Jones G. Cyanobacterial toxins. In: Chorus I., and Bartram J. (Eds). Toxic cyanobacteria in Water. A Guide to their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management (1999), E. & F.N. Spon, London 41-112
43. Utermöhl H. Zur vervollkommnung der quantitativen phytoplankton-methodik. Mitt. Intern. Verein. Limnol. 9 (1958) 1-38
44. Van Ginkel, C.E., 2003. A national survey of the incidence of cyanobacterial blooms and toxin production in major impoundments. Internal Report no. N/0000/00/DEQ/0503. Resource Quality Services, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, v+44 pp+4 pp appendix.
45. Van Halderen A., Harding W.R., Wessels J.C., Scheider D.J., Heine E.W.P., Vandermerwe J., and Fourie J.M. Cyanobacterial (Blue green algae) poisoning of livestock in Western Cape Province of South Africa. J. South Afr. Vet. Ass. 66 (1995) 260-264
46. Vasconcelos V.M., and Pereira E. Cyanobacteria diversity and toxicity in a wastewater treatment plant (Portugal). Water Res. 35 (2001) 1354-1357
47. Wicks R.J., and Thiel P.G. Environmental factors affecting the production of peptides in floating scums of cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa in a hypertrophic African reservoir. Environ. Sci. Technol. 24 (1990) 1413-1418
48. Wray, M., Strauss, L., 2007. Hippos and Algae Implicated in Multiple Animal Deaths. 〈http://www.krugerpark.co.za/krugerpark-times-4-5-animal-deaths-241 80.html〉 (Viewed on 10th November 2007).
49. Yoo, R.S., Carmichael, W.W., Hoehn, R.C., Hrudey, S.C., 1995. Cyanobacterial (Blue green algae) Toxins: A Resource Guidebook. American Water Works Research Foundation, Denver.