Effects of Physical Activity on Cardiovascular and Noncardiovascular Outcomes in Older Adults

Clinics in Geriatric Medicine

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 677-702

  Sattelmair, Jacob R ^a   Pertman, Jeremy H ^a   Forman, Daniel E ^b,c  

^a HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center   (United States)

Author keywords

Aging; Cardiovascular; Elderly; Exercise; Physical activity

Indexed keywords

HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

AEROBIC EXERCISE; AGED; AGING; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BLOOD VESSEL COMPLIANCE; BODY EQUILIBRIUM; BODY FAT; BONE DENSITY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION; DEMENTIA; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; ELDERLY CARE; FRAIL ELDERLY; FUNCTIONAL STATUS; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; MORTALITY; MUSCLE ATROPHY; MUSCLE STRENGTH; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OSTEOPOROSIS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATIENT SAFETY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL BEING; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; AGED; BONE DENSITY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; COGNITION DISORDERS; COMORBIDITY; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; MOBILITY LIMITATION; MOTOR ACTIVITY; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; MUSCLE, SMOOTH, VASCULAR; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHYSICAL FITNESS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 70450215504     PISSN: 07490690     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2009.07.004     Document Type: Review

References (177)

1. Lunney J.R., Lynn J., Foley D.J., et al. Patterns of functional decline at the end of life. JAMA 289 18 (2003) 2387-2392
2. Province M.A., Hadley E.C., Hornbrook M.C., et al. The effects of exercise on falls in elderly patients. A preplanned meta-analysis of the FICSIT Trials. Frailty and injuries: cooperative studies of intervention techniques. JAMA 273 17 (1995) 1341-1347
3. Rhodes R.E., Martin A.D., Taunton J.E., et al. Factors associated with exercise adherence among older adults: an individual perspective. Sports Med 28 6 (1999) 397-411
4. DiPietro L. Physical activity in aging: changes in patterns and their relation to health and function. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 56A (2001) 13-22
5. Lakatta E.G., and Levy D. Arterial and cardiac aging: major shareholders in cardiovascular disease enterprises: part I: aging arteries: a "Set Up" for vascular disease. Circulation 107 1 (2003) 139-146
6. DeSouza C.A., Shapiro L.F., Clevenger C.M., et al. Regular aerobic exercise prevents and restores age-related declines in endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy men. Circulation 102 12 (2000) 1351-1357
7. Kitzman D.W. Diastolic heart failure in the elderly. Heart Fail Rev 7 1 (2002) 17-27
8. Grewal J., McCully R.B., Kane G.C., et al. Left ventricular function and exercise capacity. JAMA 301 3 (2009) 286-294
9. Xiao R.P., Tomhave E.D., Wang D.J., et al. Age-associated reductions in cardiac beta1- and beta2-adrenergic responses without changes in inhibitory G proteins or receptor kinases. J Clin Invest 101 6 (1998) 1273-1282
10. Kleiger R.E., Stein P.K., and Bigger J.T. Heart rate variability: measurement and clinical utility. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 10 1 (2005) 1-14
11. Grimby G., and Saltin B. The ageing muscle. Clin Physiol 3 3 (1983) 209-218
12. Visser M., Goodpaster B.H., Kritchevsky S.B., et al. Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle fat infiltration as predictors of incident mobility limitations in well-functioning older persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 60 3 (2005) 324-333
13. Jette A.M., and Branch L.G. The Framingham disability study: II. Physical disability among the aging. Am J Public Health 71 11 (1981) 1211-1216
14. Danneskiold-Samsøe B., Kofod V., Munter J., et al. Muscle strength and functional capacity in 78-81-year-old men and women. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 52 3 (1984) 310-314
15. Ji L.L. Antioxidant signaling in skeletal muscle: a brief review. Exp Gerontol 42 7 (2007) 582-593
16. Vasan R.S., Sullivan L.M., Roubenoff R., et al. Inflammatory markers and risk of heart failure in elderly subjects without prior myocardial infarction: the Framingham heart study. Circulation 107 11 (2003) 1486-1491
17. Roubenoff R. Catabolism of aging: is it an inflammatory process?. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 6 3 (2003) 295-299
18. Brinkley T.E., Leng X., Miller M.E., et al. Chronic inflammation is associated with low physical function in older adults across multiple comorbidities. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 64 4 (2009) 455-461
19. Reuben D.B., Cheh A.I., Harris T.B., et al. Peripheral blood markers of inflammation predict mortality and functional decline in high-functioning community-dwelling older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 50 4 (2002) 638-644
20. Cappola A.R., Xue Q.-L., Ferrucci L., et al. Insulin-like growth factor I and Interleukin-6 contribute synergistically to disability and mortality in older women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 5 (2003) 2019-2025
21. Demissie S., Levy D., Benjamin E.J., et al. Insulin resistance, oxidative stress, hypertension, and leukocyte telomere length in men from the Framingham heart study. Aging Cell 5 4 (2006) 325-330
22. Festa A., D'Agostino Jr. R., Williams K., et al. The relation of body fat mass and distribution to markers of chronic inflammation. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25 10 (2001) 1407-1415
23. Cesari M., Kritchevsky S.B., Baumgartner R.N., et al. Sarcopenia, obesity, and inflammation-results from the trial of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition and novel cardiovascular risk factors study. Am J Clin Nutr 82 2 (2005) 428-434
24. Ettinger M.P. Aging bone and osteoporosis: strategies for preventing fractures in the elderly. Arch Intern Med 163 18 (2003) 2237-2246
25. Looker A.C., Orwoll E.S., Johnston C.C.J., et al. Prevalence of low femoral bone density in older U.S. adults from NHANES III. J Bone Miner Res 12 11 (1997) 1761-1768
26. Wark J.D. Osteoporosis: the emerging epidemic. Med J Aust 164 6 (1996) 327-328
27. Fleg J.L., Morrell C.H., Bos A.G., et al. Accelerated longitudinal decline of aerobic capacity in healthy older adults. Circulation 112 5 (2005) 674-682
28. Koopman R., and van Loon L.J.C. Aging, exercise and muscle protein metabolism. J Appl Physiol (2008) in press
29. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee, Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, US Department of Health and Human Service. Washington, DC: 2008.
30. Gates P.E., and Seals D.R. Decline in large elastic artery compliance with age: a therapeutic target for habitual exercise. Br J Sports Med 40 11 (2006) 897-899
31. Seals D.R., DeSouza C.A., Donato A.J., et al. Habitual exercise and arterial aging. J Appl Physiol 105 4 (2008) 1323-1332
32. Tanabe T., Maeda S., Miyauchi T., et al. Exercise training improves ageing-induced decrease in eNOS expression of the aorta. Acta Physiol Scand 178 1 (2003) 3-10
33. Sugawara J., Otsuki T., Tanabe T., et al. Physical activity duration, intensity, and arterial stiffening in postmenopausal womenast. Am J Hypertens 19 10 (2006) 1032-1036
34. Tanaka H., DeSouza C.A., and Seals D.R. Absence of age-related increase in central arterial stiffness in physically active women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18 1 (1998) 127-132
35. Taddei S., Galetta F., Virdis A., et al. Physical activity prevents age-related impairment in nitric oxide availability in elderly athletes. Circulation 101 25 (2000) 2896-2901
36. Hambrecht R., Fiehn E., Weigl C., et al. Regular physical exercise corrects endothelial dysfunction and improves exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 98 24 (1998) 2709-2715
37. Stratton J.R., Levy W.C., Cerqueira M.D., et al. Cardiovascular responses to exercise. Effects of aging and exercise training in healthy men. Circulation 89 4 (1994) 1648-1655
38. Forman D.E., Manning W.J., Hauser R., et al. Enhanced left ventricular diastolic filling associated with long-term endurance training. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 47 2 (1992) M56-M58
39. Leosco D., Rengo G., Iaccarino G., et al. Exercise training and beta-blocker treatment ameliorate age-dependent impairment of beta-adrenergic receptor signaling and enhance cardiac responsiveness to adrenergic stimulation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 293 3 (2007) H1596-H1603
40. Lahiri M.K., Kannankeril P.J., and Goldberger J.J. Assessment of autonomic function in cardiovascular disease: physiological basis and prognostic implications. J Am Coll Cardiol 51 18 (2008) 1725-1733
41. Plisiene J., Blumberg A., Haager G., et al. Moderate physical exercise: a simplified approach for ventricular rate control in older patients with atrial fibrillation. Clin Res Cardiol 97 11 (2008) 820-826
42. Earnest C.P., Lavie C.J., Blair S.N., et al. Heart rate variability characteristics in sedentary postmenopausal women following six months of exercise training: the DREW study. PLoS ONE 3 6 (2008) e2288
43. Melo R.C., Santos M.D., Silva E., et al. Effects of age and physical activity on the autonomic control of heart rate in healthy men. Braz J Med Biol Res 38 9 (2005) 1331-1338
44. Buchheit M.S., Simon C., Viola A.U., et al. Heart rate variability in sportive elderly: relationship with daily physical activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36 4 (2004) 601-605
45. Dietrich D.F., Ackermann-Liebrich U., and Schindler C. Effect of physical activity on heart rate variability in normal weight, overweight and obese subjects: results from the SAPALDIA study. Eur J Appl Physiol 104 (2008) 557-565
46. Adamo M.L., and Farrar R.P. Resistance training, and IGF involvement in the maintenance of muscle mass during the aging process. Ageing Res Rev 5 3 (2006) 310-331
47. Vale RG, de Oliveira RD, Pernambuco CS, et al. Effects of muscle strength and aerobic training on basal serum levels of IGF-1 and cortisol in elderly women. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2009, Jan 6. [Epub ahead of print].
48. Abramson J.L., and Vaccarino V. Relationship between physical activity and inflammation among apparently healthy middle-aged and older US adults. Arch Intern Med 162 11 (2002) 1286-1292
49. Mora S., Lee I.M., Buring J.E., et al. Association of physical activity and body mass index with novel and traditional cardiovascular biomarkers in women. JAMA 295 12 (2006) 1412-1419
50. Pischon T., Hankinson S.E., Hotamisligil G.S., et al. Leisure-time physical activity and reduced plasma levels of obesity-related inflammatory markers. Obes Res 11 9 (2003) 1055-1064
51. Ford J.L., and Downes S. Cellularity of human annulus tissue: an investigation into the cellularity of tissue of different pathologies. Histopathology 41 6 (2002) 531-537
52. Geffken D.F., Cushman M., Burke G.L., et al. Association between physical activity and markers of inflammation in a healthy elderly population. Am J Epidemiol 153 3 (2001) 242-250
53. Reuben D.B., Judd-Hamilton L., Harris T.B., et al. The associations between physical activity and inflammatory markers in high-functioning older persons: macarthur studies of successful aging. J Am Geriatr Soc 51 8 (2003) 1125-1130
54. Covas M.I., Elosua R., Fito M., et al. Relationship between physical activity and oxidative stress biomarkers in women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34 5 (2002) 814-819
55. Elosua R., Molina L., Fito M., et al. Response of oxidative stress biomarkers to a 16-week aerobic physical activity program, and to acute physical activity, in healthy young men and women. Atherosclerosis 167 2 (2003) 327-334
56. Roberts C.K., Won D., Pruthi S., et al. Effect of a short-term diet and exercise intervention on oxidative stress, inflammation, MMP-9, and monocyte chemotactic activity in men with metabolic syndrome factors. J Appl Physiol 100 5 (2006) 1657-1665
57. Cherkas L.F., Hunkin J.L., Kato B.S., et al. The association between physical activity in leisure time and leukocyte telomere length. Arch Intern Med 168 2 (2008) 154-158
58. Renehan A.G., Tyson M., Egger M., et al. Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet 371 9612 (2008) 569-578
59. Field A.E., Coakley E.H., Must A., et al. Impact of overweight on the risk of developing common chronic diseases during a 10-year period. Arch Intern Med 161 13 (2001) 1581-1586
60. Klein S., Burke L.E., Bray G.A., et al. Clinical implications of obesity with specific focus on cardiovascular disease: a statement for professionals from the American Heart Association council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism: endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation 110 18 (2004) 2952-2967
61. Irwin M.L., Yasui Y., Ulrich C.M., et al. Effect of exercise on total and intra-abdominal body fat in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 289 3 (2003) 323-330
62. Ross R., Janssen I., Dawson J., et al. Exercise-induced reduction in obesity and insulin resistance in women: a randomized controlled trial. Obesity Research 12 5 (2004) 789-798
63. Olson T.P., Dengel D.R., Leon A.S., et al. Changes in inflammatory biomarkers following one-year of moderate resistance training in overweight women. Int J Obes 31 6 (2007) 996-1003
64. Iwamoto J., Takeda T., and Ichimura S. Effect of exercise training and detraining on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J Orthop Sci 6 2 (2001) 128-132
65. Gass M., and Dawson-Hughes B. Preventing osteoporosis-related fractures: an overview. Am J Med 119 4 Suppl 1 (2006) S3-11
66. Todd J.A., and Robinson R.J. Osteoporosis and exercise. Postgrad Med J 79 932 (2003) 320-323
67. Cussler E.C., Going S.B., Houtkooper L.B., et al. Exercise frequency and calcium intake predict 4-year bone changes in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 16 12 (2005) 2129-2141
68. Nelson M.E., Fiatarone M.A., Morganti C.M., et al. Effects of high-intensity strength training on multiple risk factors for osteoporotic fractures. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 272 24 (1994) 1909-1914
69. Goldspink D.F., Burniston J.G., and Tan L.B. Cardiomyocyte death and the ageing and failing heart. Exp Physiol 88 3 (2003) 447-458
70. Pimentel A.E., Gentile C.L., Tanaka H., et al. Greater rate of decline in maximal aerobic capacity with age in endurance-trained than in sedentary men. J Appl Physiol 94 6 (2003) 2406-2413
71. Fleg J.L., Pina I.L., Balady G.J., et al. Assessment of functional capacity in clinical and research applications: an advisory from the committee on exercise, rehabilitation, and prevention, council on clinical cardiology, American Heart Association. Circulation 102 13 (2000) 1591-1597
72. Frontera W.R., Meredith C.N., O'Reilly K.P., et al. Strength conditioning in older men: skeletal muscle hypertrophy and improved function. J Appl Physiol 64 3 (1988) 1038-1044
73. Halverstadt A., Phares D.A., Wilund K.R., et al. Endurance exercise training raises high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lowers small low-density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein independent of body fat phenotypes in older men and women. Metabolism 56 4 (2007) 444-450
74. Kelley G.A., and Kelley K.S. Aerobic exercise and resting blood pressure in older adults: a meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 56 5 (2001) M298-M303
75. O'Rourke M.F., and Hashimoto J. Mechanical factors in arterial aging: a clinical perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol 50 1 (2007) 1-13
76. Vaitkevicius P.V., Fleg J.L., Engel J.H., et al. Effects of age and aerobic capacity on arterial stiffness in healthy adults. Circulation 88 4 (1993) 1456-1462
77. Jeon C.Y., Lokken R.P., Hu F.B., et al. Physical activity of moderate intensity and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Care 30 3 (2007) 744-752
78. Helmrich S.P., Ragland D.R., Leung R.W., et al. Physical activity and reduced occurrence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 325 3 (1991) 147-152
79. Manson J.E., Stampfer M.J., Colditz G.A., et al. Physical activity and incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. Lancet 338 8770 (1991) 774-778
80. Hu F.B., Sigal R.J., Rich-Edwards J.W., et al. Walking compared with vigorous physical activity and risk of type 2 diabetes in women: a prospective study. JAMA 282 15 (1999) 1433-1439
81. Hu G., Qiao Q., Silventoinen K., et al. Occupational, commuting, and leisure-time physical activity in relation to risk for type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Finnish men and women. Diabetologia 46 3 (2003) 322-329
82. Lynch J., Helmrich S.P., Lakka T.A., et al. Moderately intense physical activities and high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness reduce the risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in middle-aged men. Arch Intern Med 156 12 (1996) 1307-1314
83. Pan X.R., Li G.W., Hu Y.H., et al. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance. The Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 20 4 (1997) 537-544
84. Eriksson J., Lindström J., Valle T., et al. Prevention of type II diabetes in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: the diabetes prevention study (DPS) in Finland. Study design and 1-year interim report on the feasibility of the lifestyle intervention programme. Diabetologia 42 7 (1999) 793-801
85. Tuomilehto J., Lindstrom J., Eriksson J.G., et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 344 18 (2001) 1343-1350
86. Hsia J., Wu L., Allen C., et al. Physical activity and diabetes risk in postmenopausal women. Am J Prev Med 28 1 (2005) 19-25
87. Folsom A.R., Kushi L.H., and Ching-Ping H. Physical activity and mellitus in postmenopausal women. Am J Public Health 90 1 (2000) 134-138
88. Schneider S.H., Amorosa L.F., Khachadurian A.K., et al. Studies on the mechanism of improved glucose control during regular exercise in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia 26 5 (1984) 355-360
89. Lanza I.R., Short D.K., Short K.R., et al. Endurance exercise as a countermeasure for aging. Diabetes 57 11 (2008) 2933-2942
90. Snowling N.J., and Hopkins W.G. Effects of different modes of exercise training on glucose control and risk factors for complications in type 2 diabetic patients: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 29 11 (2006) 2518-2527
91. DiPietro L., Seeman T.E., Stachenfeld N.S., et al. Moderate-intensity aerobic training improves glucose tolerance in aging independent of abdominal adiposity. J Am Geriatr Soc 46 7 (1998) 875-879
92. Van Dam R.M., Schuit A.J., Feskens E.J., et al. Physical activity and glucose tolerance in elderly men: the Zutphen Elderly study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34 7 (2002) 1132-1136
93. Hu G., Eriksson J., Barengo N.C., et al. Occupational, commuting, and leisure-time physical activity in relation to total and cardiovascular mortality among Finnish subjects with type 2 diabetes. Circulation 110 6 (2004) 666-673
94. Tanasescu M., Leitzmann M.F., Rimm E.B., et al. Physical activity in relation to cardiovascular disease and total mortality among men with type 2 diabetes. Circulation 107 19 (2003) 2435-2439
95. Hu F.B., Stampfer M.J., Solomon C., et al. Physical activity and risk for cardiovascular events in diabetic women. Ann Intern Med 134 2 (2001) 96-105
96. Balducci S., Iacobellis G., Parisi L., et al. Exercise training can modify the natural history of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Diabetes Complications 20 4 (2006) 216-223
97. Sofi F., Capalbo A., Cesari F., et al. Physical activity during leisure time and primary prevention of coronary heart disease: an updated meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 15 3 (2008) 247-257
98. Kohl III H.W. Physical activity and cardiovascular disease: evidence for a dose response. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33 6 (2001) S472-S483
99. Tanasescu M., Leitzmann M.F., Rimm E.B., et al. Exercise type and intensity in relation to coronary heart disease in men. JAMA 288 16 (2002) 1994-2000
100. Manson J.E., Hu F.B., Rich-Edwards J.W., et al. A prospective study of walking as compared with vigorous exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 341 9 (1999) 650-658
101. Donahue R.P., Abbott R.D., Reed D.M., et al. Physical activity and coronary heart disease in middle-aged and elderly men: the Honolulu Heart Program. Am J Public Health 78 6 (1988) 683-685
102. Hakim A.A., Curb J.D., Petrovitch H., et al. Effects of walking on coronary heart disease in elderly men: the Honolulu Heart Program. Circulation 100 1 (1999) 9-13
103. Smith Jr. S.C., Allen J., Blair S.N., et al. AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update: endorsed by the national heart, lung, and blood institute. J Am Coll Cardiol 47 10 (2006) 2130-2139
104. Suaya J.A., Shepard D.S., Normand S.-L.T., et al. Use of cardiac rehabilitation by medicare beneficiaries after myocardial infarction or coronary bypass surgery. Circulation 116 15 (2007) 1653-1662
105. Thomas S., and Rich M.W. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and prognosis of heart failure in the elderly. Heart Fail Clin 3 4 (2007) 381-387
106. Kitzman D.W., Gardin J.M., Gottdiener J.S., et al. Importance of heart failure with preserved systolic function in patients ≥ 65 years of age. Am J Cardiol 87 4 (2001) 413-419
107. Kitzman D.W., and Daniel K.R. Diastolic heart failure in the elderly. Heart Fail Clin 3 4 (2007) 437-453
108. Kenchaiah S., Sesso H.D., and Gaziano J.M. Body mass index and vigorous physical activity and the risk of heart failure among men. Circulation 119 1 (2009) 44-52
109. O'Connor C.M., Whellan D.J., Lee K.L., et al. Efficacy and safety of exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure: HF-ACTION randomized controlled trial. JAMA 301 14 (2009) 1439-1450
110. Duscha B.D., Schulze P.C., Robbins J.L., et al. Implications of chronic heart failure on peripheral vasculature and skeletal muscle before and after exercise training. Heart Fail Rev 13 1 (2008) 21-37
111. Witham M.D., Struthers A.D., and McMurdo M.E. Exercise training as a therapy for chronic heart failure: can older people benefit?. J Am Geriatr Soc 51 5 (2003) 699-709
112. Fiatarone M., O'Neill E., Ryan N., et al. Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people. N Engl J Med 330 25 (1994) 1769-1775
113. Trappe S., Williamson D., and Godard M. Maintenance of whole muscle strength and size following resistance training in older men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 57 4 (2002) B138-B143
114. Binder E.F., Yarasheski K.E., Steger-May K., et al. Effects of progressive resistance training on body composition in frail older adults: results of a randomized, controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 60 11 (2005) 1425-1431
115. Nordström A., Karlsson C., Nyquist F., et al. Bone loss and fracture risk after reduced physical activity. J Bone Miner Res 20 2 (2005) 202-207
116. Ringsberg K.A., Gärdsell P., Johnell O., et al. The impact of long-term moderate physical activity on functional performance, bone mineral density and fracture incidence in elderly women. Gerontology 47 1 (2001) 15-20
117. Vogel T., Brechat P.H., Lepretre P.M., et al. Health benefits of physical activity in older patients: a review. Int J Clin Pract 63 2 (2009) 303-320
118. Kohrt W.M., Bloomfield S.A., Little K.D., et al. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand: physical activity and bone health. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36 11 (2004) 1985-1996
119. Campbell A.J., Borrie M.J., and Spears G.F. Risk factors for falls in a community-based prospective study of people 70 years and older. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 44 4 (1989) M112-M117
120. Nevitt M.C., Cummings S.R., and Hudes E.S. Risk factors for injurious falls: a prospective study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 46 5 (1991) M164-M170
121. Tinetti M.E. Preventing falls in elderly persons. N Engl J Med 348 1 (2003) 42-49
122. Chang J.T., Morton S.C., Rubenstein L.Z., et al. Interventions for the prevention of falls in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ 328 7441 (2004) 680
123. Sherrington C., Lord S.R., and Finch C.F. Physical activity interventions to prevent falls among older people: update of the evidence. J Sci Med Sport 7 1 Suppl (2004) 43-51
124. Baker M.K., Atlantis E., and Fiatarone Singh M.A. Multi-modal exercise programs for older adults. Age Ageing 36 4 (2007) 375-381
125. Robertson M.C., Campbell A.J., Gardner M.M., et al. Preventing injuries in older people by preventing falls: a meta-analysis of individual-level data. J Am Geriatr Soc 50 5 (2002) 905-911
126. Li F., Harmer P., Fisher K.J., et al. Tai Chi and fall reductions in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 60 2 (2005) 187-194
127. Klein P.J., and Adams W.D. Comprehensive therapeutic benefits of Taiji: a critical review. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 83 9 (2004) 735-745
128. Voukelatos A., Cumming R.G., Lord S.R., et al. A randomized, controlled trial of tai chi for the prevention of falls: the Central Sydney tai chi trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 55 8 (2007) 1185-1191
129. Kramer A.F., Erickson K.I., and Colcombe S.J. Exercise, cognition, and the aging brain. J Appl Physiol 101 4 (2006) 1237-1242
130. Yaffe K., Barnes D., Nevitt M., et al. A prospective study of physical activity and cognitive decline in elderly women: women who walk. Arch Intern Med 161 14 (2001) 1703-1708
131. Weuve J., Kang J.H., Manson J.E., et al. Physical activity, including walking, and cognitive function in older women. JAMA 292 12 (2004) 1454-1461
132. Hamer M., and Chida Y. Physical activity and risk of neurodegenerative disease: a systematic review of prospective evidence. Psychol Med 39 01 (2009) 3-11
133. Rovio S., Kåreholt I., Helkala E.-L., et al. Leisure-time physical activity at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol 4 11 (2005) 705-711
134. Abbott R.D., White L.R., Ross G.W., et al. Walking and dementia in physically capable elderly men. JAMA 292 12 (2004) 1447-1453
135. Lautenschlager N.T., Cox K.L., Flicker L., et al. Effect of physical activity on cognitive function in older adults at risk for Alzheimer disease: a randomized trial. JAMA 300 9 (2008) 1027-1037
136. Heckman G.A., and McKelvie R.S. Cardiovascular aging and exercise in healthy older adults. Clin J Sport Med 18 6 (2008) 479-485
137. Churchill J.D., Galvez R., Colcombe S., et al. Exercise, experience and the aging brain. Neurobiol Aging 23 5 (2002) 941-955
138. Cotman C.W., and Berchtold N.C. Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity. Trends Neurosci 25 6 (2002) 295-301
139. van Praag H., Shubert T., Zhao C., et al. Exercise enhances learning and hippocampal neurogenesis in aged mice. J Neurosci 25 38 (2005) 8680-8685
140. Lopez-Lopez C., LeRoith D., and Torres-Aleman I. Insulin-like growth factor I is required for vessel remodeling in the adult brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 26 (2004) 9833-9838
141. Jonker J.T., De Laet C., Franco O.H., et al. Physical activity and life expectancy with and without diabetes: life table analysis of the Framingham heart study. Diabetes Care 29 1 (2006) 38-43
142. Wannamethee S.G., Shaper A.G., and Walker M. Physical activity and mortality in older men with diagnosed coronary heart disease. Circulation 102 12 (2000) 1358-1363
143. Landi F., Cesari M., Onder G., et al. Physical activity and mortality in frail, community-living elderly patients. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 59 8 (2004) 833-837
144. Fried L.P., Kronmal R.A., Newman A.B., et al. Risk factors for 5-year mortality in older adults: the cardiovascular health study. JAMA 279 8 (1998) 585-592
145. Sundquist K., Qvist J., Sundquist J., et al. Frequent and occasional physical activity in the elderly: a 12-year follow-up study of mortality. Am J Prev Med 27 1 (2004) 22-27
146. Hakim A.A., Petrovitch H., Burchfiel C.M., et al. Effects of walking on mortality among nonsmoking retired men. N Engl J Med 338 2 (1998) 94-99
147. Knoops K.T., de Groot L.C., Kromhout D., et al. Mediterranean diet, lifestyle factors, and 10-year mortality in elderly european men and women: the HALE project. JAMA 292 12 (2004) 1433-1439
148. Pressman S.D., and Cohen S. Does positive affect influence health?. Psychol Bull 131 6 (2005) 925-971
149. Wolin K.Y., Glynn R.J., Colditz G.A., et al. Long-term physical activity patterns and health-related quality of life in U.S. women. Am J Prev Med 32 6 (2007) 490-499
150. Kruger J., Bowles H.R., Jones D.A., et al. Health-related quality of life, BMI and physical activity among US adults (ges18 years): national physical activity and weight loss survey, 2002. Int J Obes 31 2 (2006) 321-327
151. Shih M., Hootman J.M., Kruger J., et al. Physical activity in men and women with arthritis: national health interview survey, 2002. Am J Prev Med 30 5 (2006) 385-393
152. Rejeski W.J., and Mihalko S.L. Physical activity and quality of life in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 56 2 (2001) 23-35
153. Drewnowski A., and Evans W.J. Nutrition, physical activity, and quality of life in older adults: summary. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 56 2 (2001) 89-94
154. Brown D.W., Balluz L.S., Heath G.W., et al. Associations between recommended levels of physical activity and health-related quality of life Findings from the 2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey. Prev Med 37 5 (2003) 520-528
155. Penedo F.J., and Dahn J.R. Exercise and well-being: a review of mental and physical health benefits associated with physical activity. Curr Opin Psychiatry 18 2 (2005) 189-193
156. Bazargan M. Self-reported sleep disturbance among African-American elderly: the effects of depression, health status, exercise, and social support. Int J Aging Hum Dev 42 2 (1996) 143-160
157. Morgan K. Daytime activity and risk factors for late-life insomnia. J Sleep Res 12 3 (2003) 231-238
158. Ohayon M.M. Interactions between sleep normative data and sociocultural characteristics in the elderly. J Psychosom Res 56 5 (2004) 479-486
159. King A.C., Oman R.F., Brassington G.S., et al. Moderate-intensity exercise and self-rated quality of sleep in older adults. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 277 1 (1997) 32-37
160. Singh N.A., Clements K.M., and Fiatarone M.A. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of exercise on sleep. Sleep 20 2 (1997) 95-101
161. Mazzeo R.S., Cavanagh P., Evans W.J., et al. Exercise and physical activity for older adults: ACSM position statement. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30 6 (1998) 992-1008
162. Nelson M.E., Rejeski W.J., Blair S.N., et al. Physical activity and public health in older adults: recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39 8 (2007) 1435-1445
163. Wisloff U., Stoylen A., Loennechen J.P., et al. Superior cardiovascular effect of aerobic interval training versus moderate continuous training in heart failure patients: a randomized study. Circulation 115 24 (2007) 3086-3094
164. Vogiatzis I., Terzis G., Nanas S., et al. Skeletal muscle adaptations to interval training in patients with advanced COPD*. Chest 128 6 (2005) 3838-3845
165. Broman G., Quintana M., Lindberg T., et al. High intensity deep water training can improve aerobic power in elderly women. Eur J Appl Physiol 98 2 (2006) 117-123
166. Cancela Carral J.M., and Ayán Pérez C. Effects of high-intensity combined training on women over 65. Gerontology 53 6 (2007) 340-346
167. Cress E.M., Buchner D.M., Prohaska T., et al. Physical activity programs and behavior counseling in older adult populations. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36 11 (2004) 1997-2003
168. Oka R., and King A. Sources of social support as predictors of exercise adherence in women and men age 50 to 65 years. Womens Health 1 (1995) 161-175
169. Petrella P.J., Koval J.J., Cunningham D.A., et al. Can primary care doctors prescribe exercise to improve fitness?. Am J Prev Med 24 4 (2003) 316-322
170. Dauenhauer J.A., Podgorski C.A., and Karuza J. Prescribing exercise for older adults: a needs assessment comparing primary care physician, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants. Gerontol Geriatr Educ 26 3 (2006) 81-99
171. Andersen R.E., Blair S.N., Cheskin L.J., et al. Encouraging patients to become more physically active: the physician's role. Ann Intern Med 127 (1997) 395-400
172. Dunstan D.W., Daly R.M., Owen N., et al. Home-based resistance training in not sufficient to maintain improved glycemic control following supervised training in older individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 28 1 (2005) 3-9
173. Nelson M., Layne J., Bernstein M., et al. The effects of multidimensional home-based exercise on functional performance in elderly people. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 59 2 (2004) 154-160
174. Ransdell L., Taylor A., Oakland D., et al. Daughters and mothers exercising together: effects of home- and community-based programs. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35 2 (2003) 286-296
175. Ravaud P., Giraudeau B., Logeart I., et al. Management of osteoarthritis (OA) with an unsupervised home based exercise programme and/or patient administered assessment tools. A cluster randomised controlled trial with a 2x2 factorial design. Ann Rheum Dis 63 6 (2004) 703-708
176. Daub W.D., Knapik G.P., and Black W.R. Strength training early after myocardial infarction. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 16 2 (1996) 100-109
177. Belardinelli R., Lacalaprice F., Ventrella C., et al. Waltz dancing in patients with chronic heart failure: new form of exercise training. Circ Heart Fail 1 2 (2008) 107-114