Potential of direct-fed-microbials on lactation performance in ruminants - a critical review

Livestock Research for Rural Development

Volumn 21, Issue 10, 2009, Pages

  Dutta, T K ^a   Kundu, S S ^b   Kumar, M ^a  

^a CENTRAL INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH ON GOATS   (India)

^b NATIONAL DAIRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (India)

Author keywords

Cow; Intake; Milk yield; Probiotics; Rumen

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); BOVIDAE; ENTEROCOCCUS FAECIUM; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; SUIDAE;

EID: 70450199166     PISSN: None     EISSN: 01213784     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Adams A L, Harris Jr B, Van Horn H H and Wilcox C J 1995 Effects of varying forage types on milk production responses to whole cottonseed, tallow and yeast. Journal of Dairy Science 78: 573-581 http://jds.fass.org/cgi/reprint/78/3/573.pdf
2. Agovino M 2006 Effects of supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1026 (Yea-Sacc ® 1026) in the diet on the performance of lactating buffalo. Page No. 71, in Proc. of the 22nd Annual Symposium ";Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries" (Suppl. 1), Lexington, KY, USA, April 23-26 (Poster)
3. Arambel M J and Kent B A 1990 Effect of yeast culture on nutrient digestibility and milk yield response in early to mid lactation dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 73: 1560-1563 http://jds.fass.org/cgi/reprint/73/6/1560.pdf
4. Bach A, Iglesias C and Devant M 2007 Daily rumen pH pattern of loose-housed dairy cattle as affected by feeding pattern and live yeast supplementation. Animal Feed Science and Technology 136:146-153
5. Beauchemin KA, Yang W Z, Morgavi D P, Ghorbani G R, Kautz W, and Leedle J A 2003 Effects of bacterial direct-fed microbials and yeast on site and extent of digestion, blood chemistry, and subclinical ruminal acidosis in feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science 81: 1628-1640 http://jas.fass.org/cgi/reprint/80/7/1977
6. Bertin G and Andrieu S 2005 Effect of yeast culture (Yea-Sacc®1026) supplementation on performance of high-producing dairy cows. Page No. 126, in Proc. of the 21st Annual Symp. On ";Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries"; (Supplement 1), Lexington, KY, USA, May 23-25
7. Bhoi G 1992 Growth performance and feed conversion efficiency in goat kids kept on dietary additive of L.acidophilus and S.cerevisiae. M.Sc. Dissertation, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana), India
8. Bruning C L and Yokoyamma M T 1988 Characteristics of live and killed brewer's yeast slurries and intoxication by intraruminal administration to cattle. Journal of Animal Science 66: 585 http://jas.fass.org/cgi/reprint/66/2/585.pdf
9. Callaway E S and Martin S A 1997 Effects of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture on ruminal bacteria that utilize lactate and digest cellulose. Journal of Dairy Science 80: 2035-2044 http://jds.fass.org/cgi/reprint/80/9/2035
10. Carro M D, Libzien P and K Rohr 1992a Influence of yeast culture on the in vitro fermentation (Rusitech) of diets containing variable portions of concentrates. Animal Feed Science and Technology 37: 209-220
11. Carro M D, Libzien P and K Rohr 1992b Effect of yeast culture on rumen fermentation, digestibility and duodenal flow in dairy cows fed a silage based diet. Livestock Production Science 32: 219-229
12. Chademana I and Offer N W 1990 The effect of dietary inclusion of yeast culture on digestion in the sheep. Animal Production 50: 483-489
13. Chaucheyras F, Fonty G, Bertin G, Salmon J M and Gouet P 1995 Effects of a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Levu- cell SC), a microbial additive for ruminants, on lactate metabolism in vitro. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 42: 927-933
14. Chaucheyras-Durant F and Fonty G 2001 Establishment of cellulolytic bacteria and development of fermentative activities in the rumen of gnotobiotically reared lambs receiving the microbial additive Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNM I-1077. Reproduction and Nutrition Development 41: 57-68 http://rnd.edpsciences.org/index.php?option=article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/rnd/pdf/2001/01/r1108.pdf
15. Chevaux E and Fabre M M 2007 Probiotic yeast in small ruminants. Feed Mixture 15: 28-29
16. Dann H M, Drackely J K, McCoy G C, Hutjens M F and Garrett J E 2000 Effects of a yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on prepartum intake and postpartum intake and milk production of Jersey cows. Journal of Dairy Science 83:123-127 http://jds.fass.org/cgi/reprint/83/1/123
17. Das K C, Kamra D N and N N Pathak 2001 Effect of lactic acid bacteria in the diet of female crossbred cattle calves fed on grain based or grainless concentrate mixtures. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology 1: 69-77
18. Dawson K A 1990 Designing the yeast culture of tomorrow: Mode of action of yeast culture for ruminants and non-ruminants. Page No. 59-78, in Biotechnology in the Feed Industry., T.P. Lyons (Editor), Alltech Technical Publications, Nicholasville, KY
19. Dawson K A 1992 Current and future role of yeast culture in animal production: A review of research over the last six years. Asia Pacific Lecture Tour on Improving Nutrient Utilization while reducing pollution: New Dimensions Through Biotechnology, Page no. 15-37
20. Dawson K A 1993 Current and future role of yeast culture in animal production: a review of research over the last six years. Page No. 269 in Supplement of Proceedings of Alltech's 9th Annual Symposium Alltech Technical Publication, Nicholasville, KY.
21. Dawson K A and Newman KE 1988 Fermentations in rumen-simulating continuous cultures receiving probiotic supplements. Journal of Animal Science 66 (Supplement I): 500
22. Dawson K A, Newman K E and Boiling J A 1990 Effects of microbial supplements containing yeast and lactobacilli on roughage-feed ruminal microbial activities. Journal of Animal Science 68: 3392-3398 http://jas.fass.org/cgi/reprint/68/10/3392.pdf
23. Dawson K A and Tricarico J 2002 The evolution of yeast cultures-20 years of research. Page No. 26-43, in Navigating from Niche Markets to Mainstream: Proceedings of Alltech's European, Middle Eastern and African Lecture Tour.
24. Dobos R C, Dickens A J and Norris T J 1989 Veterinary GC: 91.
25. Doreau M, Jouany J 1998 Effect of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae on nutrient digestion in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 81: 3214-3221 http://jds.fass.org/cgi/reprint/81/12/3214
26. Dutta T K and Kundu S S 2008 Response of mixed viable probiotics culture on milk production and nutrient availability in crossbred mid-lactating cows. Indian Journal of Animal Science 78: 531-535
27. El-Ghani A A Abd 2004 Influence of diet supplementation with yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on performance of Zaraibi goats. Small Ruminant Research 52: 223-229
28. El-Waziry Ahmed, I M and Ibrahim Hisham R 2007 Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeast on fiber digestion in sheep fed berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) hay and cellulase activity. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Science 1: 379-385
29. Erasmus L J 1991 The importance of the duodenal amino acid profile for dairy cows and the impact of changes in these profiles following the use of Yea-sacc1026. Feed Compounder, 11: 24-29
30. Erasmus L J, Botha P M, and Kistner A 1992 Effect of yeast culture supplement on production, rumen fermentation and duodenal nitrogen flow in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 75: 3056 http://jds.fass.org/cgi/reprint/75/11/3056.pdf
31. Formigoni A, P Pezzi, M Tassinari, G Bertin and S Andrieu 2005 Effect of yeast culture (Yea-Sacc®1026) supplementation on Italian dairy cow performance. Page No. 125, in the Proc. of the 21st Annual Symposium of Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries, (Supplement 1), Lexington, KY, USA, May 23-25
32. Francia A D, Masucci F, De Rosa G, Varricchio M L and Proto V 2008 Effects of Aspergillus oryzae extract and a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on intake, body weight gain and digestibility in buffalo. Animal Feed Science and Technology 1-2: 67-77
33. Fuller R 1989 Probiotics in man and animals. Applied Bacteriology 66:365-378
34. Giger-Reverdin S, Bezault N, Sauvant D and G Bertin 1996 Effects of a probiotic yeast in lactating ruminants: interaction with dietary nitrogen level, Animal Feed Science and Technology 63: 149-162
35. Girard I D and Dawson K A 1994 Effects of a yeast culture on the growth characteristics of representative ruminal bacteria. Journal of Animal Science 72 (Supplement I) Journal of Dairy Science 77: (Supplement I):100
36. Gomez-Alarcon, R, Dubas C and Huber J T 1987 Effect of Aspergillus oryzae (Amaferm) and yeast on feed utilization by Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 70 (Supplement I): 218
37. Gomez-Alarcon, R A, Dudas C and Huber J T 1990 Influence of cultures of Aspergillus oryazae on rumen and total tract digestibility of dietary components. Journal of Dairy Science 73: 703-709 http://jds.fass.org/cgi/reprint/73/3/703
38. Grutzen P J, Asselmann I and W Seiler 1986 Methane production by domesticated animals, wild ruminants, other herbivorous fauna and humans. Tellus Series B. Chemical Physical Meteorology 38: 271
39. Gunther K D 1989 Yeast culture's success under German dairy conditions. In: T.P.Lyons (Editor), Biotechnology in the Feed Industry, Volume 11. Alltech Technical Publications, Nicholasville. KY
40. Harris Jr B and Lobo R 1988 Feeding yeast culture to lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 71 (Supplement I): 276
41. Harrison G A, Hemken R W, Dawson K A, Harmon R J and Barker K B 1988 Influence of addition of yeast culture supplement to diets of lactating cows on ruminal fermentation and microbial populations. Journal of Dairy Science 71: 2967-2975 http://jds.fass.org/cgi/reprint/71/11/2967
42. Harrison G A, Hemken R W, Dawson K A, Harmon R J, Newman K E and Morehead M C 1987 Yeast culture supplement in diets of lactating cows. II. Effects on liquid dilution rate and apparent digestibility. Journal of Dairy Science 70 (Supplement I): 218
43. Higginbotham G E, Coller C A, Aseltine M S and Bath D L 1994 Effect of yeast culture and Aspergillus oryzae extract on milk yield in a commercial dairy herd. Journal of Dairy Science 77: 343-348 http://jds.fass.org/cgi/reprint/77/1/343.pdf
44. Holter J B and Young A J 1992 Methane prediction in dry and lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 75:165-174 http://jds.fass.org/cgi/reprint/75/8/2165.pdf
45. Hoyos G, Garcia L and Medina F 1987 Effects of feeding viable microbial feed additives on performance of lactating cows in a large dairy herd. Journal of Dairy Science 70 (Supplement I): 217
46. Huber J T, Sullivian J, Taylor B, Burgostion A and Cramer S 1989 Effects of Yea-Sacc1026 on milk production and related responses in a commercial dairy herd in Arizona. In Biotechnology in the Feed Industry (T.P.Lyons (Editor)), Vol.III, Alltech Technical Publications, Nicholasville, KY
47. Jouany J P 2001 Dvacet let výzkumu kvasinkových kultur a jejich masivní nástup v soucasné dobe ve výzive prezvýkavcu. Page No. 29-39, in the Sbor. 15. evropského prednáškového turné firmy Alltech, Brno
48. Jouany J P 2006 Optimizing rumen functions in the close-up transition period and early lactation to drive dry matter intake and energy balance in cows, Animal Reproduction Science 96: 250-264
49. Jung H G and Varel V H 1987 Adoption of the rumen microflora to different forage fiber types. Jounal of Animal Science 65 (Supplement I): 45.
50. Kaup S M 1988 Bioavailability of calcium on yoghurt and its relationship to the hypocholesterolemic properties of yoghurt. Disease Abstract International B. 48: 1959
51. Kawas J R, García-Castillo R, Fimbres-Durazo H, Garza-Cazares F, Hernández-Vidal J F G, Olivares-Sáenz E and Lu C D 2007 Effects of sodium bicarbonate and east on nutrient intake, digestibility, and ruminal fermentation of light-weight lambs fed finishing diets. Small Ruminant Research 67: 149-156
52. Kim D Y, Dawson D P, Kent B A and Arambel M J 1994 Effect of supplemental viable yeast culture with or without Aspergillus oryzae on body weight gain, milk production and nutrient digestibility in early lactating Holstein heifers. Journal of Animal Science 72 (Supplement I)/ Journal of Dairy Science 77 (Supplement I): 299
53. Kim D Y, Figueroa M R, Dawson D P, Batallas C E, Arambel M J and Walters J L 1992b Efficacy of supplemental viable yeast culture with or without Aspergillus oryzae on nutrient digestibility and milk production in early to midlactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 75 (Supplement I): 206
54. Kim D Y, Kent B A, Figueroa M R, Dawson D P, Batallas C E, Arambel M J and Walters J L 1992a Effect of added yeast culture with or without Aspergillus oryzae on rumen fermentation and nutrient digestibility when fed to non-lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 75 (Supplement I): 206
55. Kim H S, Ahn Chung S G, Moon Y H, Ha J K, So I J, Ahn B H and Lee S S 2006 Effect of yeast culture, fungal fermentation extract and non-ionic surfactant on performance of Holstein cows during transition period. Animal Feed Science and Technology 126: 23-29
56. Kobayashi T, Oda S, Takenaka A and Itabashi H 1995 Effects of yeast culture supplement on milk protein yield, ruminal fermentation and blood components in early to mid-lactation dairy cows. Bulletin National Institute Animal Industry 55: 13-20
57. Kravale D, Bertin G and Andrieu S 2005 Effect of yeast culture (Yea-Sacc®1026) supplementation on Latvian dairy herd performance and economic impact. Page No. 126, in the Proceedings of 21st Annual Symposium on "Nutrition Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries", (Supplement I), Lexington, KY, USA.
58. Kumar U, Sareen V K and Singh S 1992a Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast culture supplement on ruminal metabolism in buffalo calves given a high concentrated diet, Animal Production 59: 209-215
59. Kumar U, Sareen V K and Singh S 1992b A note on the effect of supplementation of yeast culture (Sccharomyces cerevisiae plus growth medium) in the diet of buffalos on milk yield and composition. Animal Production 55: 440-442
60. Kung Jr L, Kreck E M, Tung R S, Hession A O, Sheperd A C, Cohen M A, Swain H E and Leedle J A Z 1997 Effects of a live yeast culture and enzymes on in vitro ruminal fermentation and milk production of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 80: 2045-2051 http://jds.fass.org/cgi/reprint/80/9/2045.pdf
61. Kvanta E and Fischier M 1989 Method and preparation for increasing the protein contents of milk in ruminants. European Patent Application. E.P.O., 299, 183A2, pp 7
62. Harris Jr B and Lobo R 1988 Feeding yeast culture to lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 71 (Supplement I): 276
63. Lila Z A, Mohammed N, Yasui T, Kurokawa Y, Kanda S and Itabashi H 2004 Effects of a twin strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae live cells on mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation in vitro. Journal of Animal Science 82: 1847-1854 http://jas.fass.org/cgi/reprint/82/6/1847
64. Lynch H A and Martin S A 2002 Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture and Saccharomyces cerevisiae live cells on in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation, Journal of Dairy Science 85: 2603-2608 http://jds.fass.org/cgi/reprint/82/9/2011
65. Malik R 1993 Effect of live microbes as dietary adjunct on ruminal fermentation, nutrient utilization and growth of calves. Ph.D. Thesis, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana), India.
66. Martin S A, Nisbet D J and Dean R G 1989 Influence of a commercial yeast supplement on the in vitro ruminal fermentation. Nutrition Report International 40:395
67. Mathieu J P, Jouany J, Senaud J, Bohatier G, Bertin and Mercier M 1996 The effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus oryzae on fermentations in the rumen of faunated and defaunated sheep; protozoal and probiotic interactions. Reproduction and Nutrition Development 36: 271-287
68. McGinn S M, Beauchemin K A, Coates T and Colombatto D 2004 Methane emissions from beef cattle: effects of monensin, sunflower oil, enzymes, yeast, and fumaric acid. Journal of Animal Science 82: 3346-3356 http://jas.fass.org/cgi/reprint/82/11/3346
69. Metchnikoff E 1907 Prolongation of life. London, Heinemann.
70. Moloney A P and Drennan M J 1994 The influence of the basal diet on the effects of yeast culture on ruminal fermentation and digestibility in steers. Animal Feed Science and Technology 50: 55-73
71. Newbold C J and L M Rode 2006 Dietary additives to control methanogenesis in the rumen. International Congress Series 1293: 138-147
72. Newbold C J, Wallace R J, Chen X B and Mclntosh F M 1995 Different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae differ in their effects on ruminal bacterial numbers in vitro and in sheep. Journal of Animal Science 73: 1811-1818 http://jas.fass.org/cgi/reprint/73/6/1811.pdf
73. Newbold C J, Williams P E V, McKain N, Walker A and Wallace R J 1990 The effect of yeast culture on numbers and fermentation in the rumen of sheep. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 49: 47A
74. Nikkhah A, Bonadaki M D and Zali A 2004 Effects of feeding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on productive performance of lactating Holstein dairy cow. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science 35: 53-60
75. Nisbet D J and Martin S A 1991 Effect of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture on lactate utilization by the rumen bacterium Selenomonas ruminantium. Journal of Animal Science 69: 4628-4633 http://jas.fass.org/cgi/reprint/69/11/4628.pdf
76. Nocek J E, and Kautz W P 2006 Direct-fed microbial supplementation on ruminal digestion, health and performance of pre- and postpartum dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 89: 260-266 http://jds.fass.org/cgi/reprint/89/1/260
77. Nocek J E, Kautz W P, Leedle J A Z and Block E 2003 Direct-fed microbial supplementation on the performance of dairy cattle during the transition period. Journal of Dairy Science 86: 331-335 http://jds.fass.org/cgi/reprint/86/1/331.pdf
78. Oetzel G R, Emery K M, Kautz W P and Nocek J E 2007 Direct-Fed Microbial Supplementation on Health and Performance of Pre- and Postpartum Dairy Cattle: A Field Trial. Journal of Dairy Science 90: 2058-2068 http://jds.fass.org/cgi/reprint/90/4/2058
79. Olson K C, Caton J S, Kirby D R, Norton P L 1994 Influence of yeast culture supplementation and advancing season on steers grazing mixed-grass paraire in the Northern great plains: II. Ruminal fermentation, site of digestion and microbial efficiency. Journal of Animal Science 72: 2158-2170 http://jas.fass.org/cgi/reprint/72/8/2158
80. Orskov E R, Soliman H S and MacDearmid A 1978 Intake of hay by cattle given supplements of barley subjected to various forms of physical treatment or treatment with alkali. Journal of Agricultual Science 90: 611-615
81. Parker R B 1974 Probiotics, the other half of the antibiotics story. Animal Nutrition and Health 29: 4-8
82. Paryad A and Rashidi M 2009 Effect of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on apparent digestibility and nitrogen retention of tomato pomace in sheep. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 8: 273-278 http://www.pjbs.org/pjnonline/fin1112.pdf
83. Piva G, Belladonna S, Fusconi G and Siebaldi F 1993 Effects of yeast on dairy cows performance, ruminal fermentation, blood components, and milk manufacturing properties. Journal of Dairy Science 76: 2717-2722 http://jds.fass.org/cgi/reprint/76/9/2717.pdf
84. Plata P F, Nendoza M G D, Barcena-Gama J R and Gonzalez M S 1994 Effect of yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on neutral detergent fibre digestion in steers fed oat straw based diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 49: 203-210
85. Putnam D E, Schwab C G, Socha M T, Whitehouse N L, Kierstead N A and Garthwaite B D 1997 Effect of yeast culture in the diets of early lactation dairy cows on ruminal fermentation and passage of nitrogen fractions and amino acids to the small intestine. Journal of Dairy Science 80: 374-384 http://jds.fass.org/cgi/reprint/80/2/374
86. Raeth-Knight M L, Linn J G and Jung H 2007 Effect of direct-fed microbials on performance, diet digestibility, and rumen characteristics of Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 90: 1802-1809 http://jds.fass.org/cgi/reprint/90/4/1802
87. Reklewska B, Ryniewicz Z, Krzyzewski J, Karaszewska A, Góralczyk, K. Zdziarski M, Nalecz-Tarwacka T and Strzalkowska N 2000 Dietary manipulation of milk protein content in goats. Annals of Warsaw Agriculture University Agriculture 35: 133-143
88. Robinson P H and Garrett J E 1999 Effect of yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on adaption of cows to postpartum diets and on lactational performance. Journal of Animal Science 77: 988-999 http://jas.fass.org/cgi/reprint/77/4/988
89. Sara A, Cighi V, Odagui A, and Sichet C 2004 The effect of Yea-Sacc ®1026 on performance in sheep. Page No. 76, in the Proceedings of the 20th Annual Symposium on "Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries" (Supplement I), Lexington, KY, USA
90. Schaafsma G, Dekker P R and deWaard H 1988 Nutritional aspects of yoghurt. II. Bioavailability of essential minerals and trace elements. Netherland Milk Dairy Journal 42: 135-146
91. Schingoethe D J, Linke K N, Kalscheur K F, Hippen A R, Rennich D R and Yoon I 2004 Feed efficiency of mid lactating dairy cows fed yeast culture during summer. Journal of Dairy Science 87: 4178-4181 http://jds.fass.org/cgi/reprint/87/12/4178.pdf
92. Scott S K, Arambel M J, Kim D Y, Kent B A, Hardcastle B J and Dawson D P 1994 Effect of feeding yeast culture on milk production, composition, feed intake and nutrient digestibility in lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science 77 (Suppl.1)/ Journal of Animal Science 72 (Supplement I): 300
93. Sinclair L A, Ranson K, Ames S and Wilde D 2006 The effect of including Yea-Sacc ®1026 yeast culture on the intake and performance of high yielding dairy cows fed a diet high in starch. Page No. 62, in the Proceedings of 22nd Annual Symposium on "Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries" (Supplement I), Lexington, KY, USA.
94. Sniffen C J, Chaucheyras-Durand F, De Ordanza M B, and Donaldson G 2004 Predicting the impact of a live yeast strain on rumen kinetics and ration formulation. Page No. 53-60, in the Proceedings of South West Nutritional Conferencem Phoenix, AZ
95. Soder K J, and Holden L A 1999 Dry matter intake and milk yield and composition of cows fed yeast prepartum and postpartum. Journal of Dairy Science 82: 605-610 http://jds.fass.org/cgi/reprint/82/3/605.pdf
96. Sohn H J, and Song M K 1996 Effect of feeding yeast diets on the digestibility by sheep. Korean Journal of Animal Science 38: 578-588
97. Spruzs J and Selegovska E 2004 Feeding of goats under conditions of organic farming. Veterinarija ir Zootechnika 27: 101-105
98. Stella A V, Paratte R, Valnegri L, Cigalino G, Soncini G, Chevaux E, Dell'Orto V, and Savoini G 2007 Effect of administration of live Saccharomyces cerevisiae on milk production, milk composition, blood metabolites, and faecal flora in early lactating dairy goats. Small Ruminant Research 67:7-13
99. Swartz D L, Muller L D, Rogers G W and Varga1 G A 1994 Effect of yeast cultures on performance of lactating dairy cows:A field study. Journal of Dairy Science 77: 3073-3080 http://jds.fass.org/cgi/reprint/77/10/3073.pdf
100. Teh T H, Sahlu T, Escobar E N and J LCushaw 1987. Effects of live yeast culture and sodium bicarbonate on lactating goats. Journal of Dairy Science 70 (Supplement I): 200
101. Thomas P C and Rook A F 1981 Recent Developments in Animal Nutrition, Page No. 157-183, in: W Haresign and D J A Cole (Editor). Butterworths, U.K.
102. Tricarico J M, Harrison G A and Johnston J D 2006 Modeling Yea-Sacc ®1026 effects on ruminal function and performance in lactating dairy cattle within the framework of the CPM dairy ration analyzer. Page No. 72, in the Proceedings of 22nd Annual Symposium on "Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries" (Supplement I), Lexington, KY, USA
103. Weidmeier R D, Arambel M J and Walters J L 1987 Effect of yeast culture and Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract on ruminal characteristics and nutrient digestibility. Journal of Dairy Science 70: 2063-2071 http://jds.fass.org/cgi/reprint/70/10/2063.pdf
104. Williams P E V 1987 Understanding the biochemical mode of action of yeast culture. In the Proceedinga of Alltech's 4th Annual Technical Publications on "Biotechnology in the feed industry",. Nicholasville, USA.
105. Williams P E V 1989a The mode of action of yeast culture in ruminant diets: A review of the effect on rumen fermentation patterns. Page No. 65-84, in Proc. of Alltech's fifth Annual Symp. on "Biotechnology in the feed industry" (Edited by T P Lyons) Alltech Technical Publications, Nicholasville, USA
106. Williams P E V 1989b Understanding the biochemical mode of action of yeast culture. in Proc. of Alltech's fifth Annual Symp. on "Biotechnology in the feed industry" (Editor by T.P. Lyons) Alltech Technical Publications, Nicholasville, USA
107. Williams P E V 1989c Understanding the biochemical mode of action of yeast culture. Pag No. 79-101, in Proceedings No.119 on "Animal Feeds Biochemical Additives", University of Sydney, Australia.
108. Williams P E V 1990 Understanding the biochemical mode of action of the yeast culture Yea-Sacc. Indian Dairyman XLI, 7: 353-366
109. Williams P E V and Newbold C J 1990 Rumen probiosis: The effects of novel microorganisms on rumen fermentation and ruminant productivity. Page No. 211-227, in Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition: W Haresing and D J A Cole (Editor)., Butterworths, London.
110. Williams P E V, Tait C A G, Innes G M and Newbold C J 1991 Effects of the inclusion of yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae plus growth medium) in the diet of dairy cows on milk yield and forage degradation and fermentation patterns in the rumen of steers. Journal of Animal Science 69: 3016-3026 http://jas.fass.org/cgi/reprint/69/7/3016.pdf
111. Williams P E V, Walker A and MacRae J C 1990 Rumen probiosis: The effects of addition f yeast culture (viable Yeast [Saccharomyces cerevisiae ] plus growth medium) on duodenal protein flow in wether sheep. Proceedings of Nutrition Society 49: 128A.
112. Wohlt J E, Corcione T T and Zajac P K 1998 Effect of yeast on feed intake and performance of cows fed diets based on corn silage during early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 81: 1345-1352 http://jds.fass.org/cgi/reprint/81/5/1345
113. Wohlt J E, Finkelstein A D and Ghung C H 1991 Yeast culture to improve intake, nutrient digestibility and performance by dairy cattle during early lactation. Journal Dairy Science 74: 1395-1400 http://jds.fass.org/cgi/reprint/74/4/1395.pdf
114. Zheng W, Schingoethe D J, Stegeman G A, Hippen A R and Treacher R J 2000 Determination of time during the lactation cycle to start feeding a cellulase and xylanase enzyme mixture to dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 83: 2319-2325 http://jds.fass.org/cgi/reprint/83/10/2319.pdf